USE OF FLY ASH IN CONCRETE AS CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL

A Project Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In

Environmental Engineering

By

ANAND SINGH (1542200018)

ANKIT SINGH (1542200022)

MUNNA BHARTI (1542200103)

MANVENDRA PRTAP YADAV (1542200091)

RAKESH RAWAT (1542200118)

Under the Guidance of

Mr. GAURAV SRIVASTVA

Assistant Professor

(Civil Engineering Department)

BANSAL INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

LUCKNOW

2018-2019
 CERTIFICATE

Certified that Anand Singh (1542200018), Ankit Singh (1542200022), Munna Bharti
(1542200103), Rakesh Rawat (1542200118), Manvendra Pratap Yadav (1542200091) has
carried out the research work presented in this “USE OF FLY ASH IN CONCRETE” for
the award of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from Bansal Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Lucknow under my supervision. This project embodies result
of original work and studies carried out by student himself and the contents of the project do
not from the basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody from this
or any other university

Mr. Gaurav Srivastava Mr. Mohd Wasiq

(Assistant Professor) (Head of Department)

(Prpject Guide) (Civil Engineering)

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 DECLRATION

Anand Singh, Ankit Singh, Rakesh Rawat , Munna Bharti, Manvendra Pratap
Yadav hereby to certify that the work which is being, presented in the B.Tech project
report entitled “USE OF FLY ASH IN CONCRETE”, in the fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of Bachlor of Technology in Civil Engineering and
submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Bansal Institute of Engineering
and Technology, Lucknow is the authentic record of my own work carried out under
the guidance of Mr. Gaurav Srivastav.
The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by us for the award of any
other degree elsewhere.

ANAND SINGH (1542200018)

ANKIT SINGH (154220022)
MUNNA BHARTI (1542200103)
RAKESH RAWAT (1542200118)
MANVENDRA PRATAP YADAV (1542200091)

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 ABSTRACT

This study presents the investigation of effect of fly-ash on concrete. Cement is costly
material and is used extensively for construction work all over the world. Replacing a certain
fraction of cement by fly-ash contributes to the strength of concrete due to its pozzolanic
reaction is slow, the initial strength is low. This pozzolanic reaction also makes the structure
of concrete denser, resulting in decrease in water and gas permeability.

India has a vast coal reverse of 211 billion tones making coal one of the most extensively
used fossil fuel for generating power. More than 175 million tones of fly ash are expected to
be generated in the country due to combustion of coal by the year 2012. This would require
about 40000 hectares of land for the construction of ash ponds for ash disposal.

The project aims at studying the influence of industrial wastes on the compressive strength of
concrete. The methodology adopted for the test is the standard one taken up from Indian
Standard code of concrete testing is used.

The test result obtained after 7 day and 28 day are then analysed on the basis of their
compressive strengths and leaching characteristics. The optimum value of slag and fly-ash is
found which gives largest compressive strength. The more leaching takes place, more the
porous structure is formed.

Fly-ash available are low cost or zero cost materials and therefore can be used economizing
the cost of project. Apart from economy it also saves the environmental cost of cement as it
leads to a production of high amount of carbon dioxide that cause greenhouse effect.

Power plant ashes are generated as the fine pozzolanic fly ash. Recognizing the reutilization
of fly ash, the huge pressure on land and water and the grave environmental consequences,
power plants are shifting to separating the bottom ash and the fly ash and collecting ash to
send it to alternative users.

Fly ash utilization has great potential to lower greenhouse gas emission by decreased mining
activities and reducing Carbon dioxide production during manufacture of materials that can
be substituted by fly ash. Fly ash holds a potential to improve the physical health of the soil.
Owing to its pozzolanic properties, fly ash is used as a replacement for some of the Portland
cement contents of concrete. Use of fly ash as a partial replacement for Portland cement is
generally limited to Class F fly ashes. Fly ash can substitute up to 66% of cement in the
construction of dams. It is also used as a pozzolanic substitute for cement in Roller
Compacted Concrete dams. Fly ash from coal thermal power plants is an excellent material
for the manufacture of other construction materials like fly ash bricks, mosaic titles and
hollow blocks. The manufacture of conventional clay bricks requires the consumption of
large amounts of clay. This depletes top soil and leads to degradation of land. Some of the
high volume application of fly ash in bricks and road save top soil, avoids creation of low

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areas, does not deprive the nation of the productivity of top soil and reduces the demand of
land for fly ash disposal. It also finds use in stabilization of soil.

The use of fly ash has really good impacts on the environment. The replacement of Portland
cement with fly ash is considered by its promoters to reduce the greenhouse gas “footprint”
of concrete, as the production of one ton of Portland cement produces approximately one ton
of carbon dioxide as compared to zero CO2 being produced using existing fly ash. Utilization
of fly ash not only minimizes the disposal problem but also help in utilizing land in a better
way. The Indian Government has taken a lot of initiatives and made certain stipulations to
encourage reuse of fly ash. Proper and efficient use of fly ash results in saving of hundreds of
crores of rupees resulting in a positive impact on the economy.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we are really thankful to our Project Guide Mr. GAURAV SRIVASTAVA,
Asst. Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bansal Institute of Engineering and
Technology, LUCKNOW, and are ineffably indebted for his invaluable guidance,
encouragement and assistance, without which the accomplishment of the project would have
never been possible.

We would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the role of the Mr. MOHD
WASIQ, Head of Department and whole staff of concrete laboratory, who gave the
permission to use all required machinery and the necessary material.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

PAGE NO.
Certificate ii

Declaration iii

Abstract iv

Acknowledgement vi

List of Tables ix

List of Figures x

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTIONS
1.1 General 1
1.2 Composition 2
1.3 Classification 2
1.3.1 Class F fly ash 2
1.3.2 Class C fly ash 3
1.4 How fly ash can be used in cement concrete 3
1.4.1 Additional Method 3
1.4.2 Modified Replacement Method 4
1.5 Mix Design for fly ash based concrete 4
1.5.1 Criteria for mix design 4
1.5.1.1 Workability and Consistency 4
1.5.1.2 Strength 5
1.5.1.3 Durability 5
1.5.1.4 Density 5
1.5.1.5 Het of Hydration 6
1.6 Proportioning of Concrete 6
1.7 Example of use of fly ash in Concrete 10
1.7.1 World Over 10
1.7.2 In India 10

CHAPTER 2: LITRATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3:- METHODOLOGY

3.1. Property Determination of Material used 21
3.1.1. Cement 21
3.1.2. Fine Aggregate (FA) 22
3.1.3. Coarse Aggregate (CA) 22

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 3.1.4. Fly Ash 22
3.1.5. Mix Design 23
3.2. Test performed 23
3.2.1. Compressive Strength Test 23
3.2.1.1. Procedure 23
3.2.1.2. Calculation 26
3.2.1.3. Formula 27
3.2.2. Slump Test 27
3.2.2.1. Factors which influence the concrete slump value 27
3.2.2.2. Equipments required 28
3.2.2.3. Procedure 28
3.2.2.4. Slump value observation 29
CHAPTER 4: RESULT & DISCUSSION
4.1. Compression Strength Result 33
4.2. Slump Test Result 34
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES

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 LIST OF TABLES:-

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 SLUMP VALUE 6~7

1.2 VOLUME OF C.A. 9

3.1 PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF CEMENT 21

3.2 PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF F.A. 22

3.3 PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF C.A. 22

3.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF FLY ASH 22

3.5 PHYSICAL PROPERTY OF MIX DESIGN 23

4.1 RESULT OF 5% REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT 32

4.2 RESULT OF 10% REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT 32

4.3 RESULT OF 15% REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT 32

4.4 RESULT OF 20% REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT 32

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 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO. TITEL PAGE NO.

3.1 MOULD 24
3.2 CONCRETE CUBE 25
3.3 GRAPH OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 26
3.4 SLUMP TEST EQUIPMENT 28
3.5 PROCEDURE OF SLUMP TEST 29
3.6 OBSERVATION 29
3.7 TYPE OF RESULT IN SLUMP TEST 30

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 Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION

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