Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Iodine
Physical properties
Vapour pressure (rhombic)
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
Atomic properties
Other properties
History
124 124
I syn 4.176 d ε Te
125 125
I syn 59.40 d ε Te
131
I syn 8.02070 d β−, γ 131
Xe
135
I syn 6.57 h β− 135
Xe
History
In 1811, iodine was discovered by French
chemist Bernard Courtois,[5][6] who was
born to a manufacturer of saltpetre (an
essential component of gunpowder). At
the time of the Napoleonic Wars, saltpetre
was in great demand in France. Saltpetre
produced from French nitre beds required
sodium carbonate, which could be isolated
from seaweed collected on the coasts of
Normandy and Brittany. To isolate the
sodium carbonate, seaweed was burned
and the ash washed with water. The
remaining waste was destroyed by adding
sulfuric acid. Courtois once added
excessive sulfuric acid and a cloud of
purple vapour rose. He noted that the
vapour crystallised on cold surfaces,
making dark crystals.[7] Courtois
suspected that this material was a new
element but lacked funding to pursue it
further.[8]
Properties
Violet iodine vapour in a round-bottomed flask
Isotopes
Hydrogen iodide
H2O
2 I2 + N2H4 ⟶ 4 HI + N2
Iodine halides
Polyiodine compounds
When iodine dissolves in strong acids,
such as fuming sulfuric acid, a bright blue
paramagnetic solution including I+2 cations
is formed. A solid salt of the diiodine
cation may be obtained by oxidising iodine
with antimony pentafluoride:[21]
SO2
2 I2 + 5 SbF5 ⟶ 2 I2Sb2F11 + SbF3
20°C
Organoiodine compounds
Applications
Unlike chlorine and bromine, which have
one significant main use dwarfing all
others, iodine is used in many applications
of varying importance. About half of all
produced iodine goes into various
organoiodine compounds; another 15%
remains as the pure element, another 15%
is used to form potassium iodide, and
another 15% for other inorganic iodine
compounds. The remaining 5% is for
minor uses. Among the major uses of
iodine compounds are catalysts, animal
feed supplements, stabilisers, dyes,
colourants and pigments, pharmaceutical,
sanitation (from tincture of iodine), and
photography; minor uses include smog
inhibition, cloud seeding, and various uses
in analytical chemistry.[17]
Chemical analysis
Medicine
Elemental iodine
Others
Biological role
Dietary intake
Deficiency
Toxicity
Iodine
Hazards
GHS pictograms
NFPA 704 0
[105]
3 0
Occupational exposure
Allergic reactions
References
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