CHAPTER 8
DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE EAST AND
AFRICA
INTRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC
REFORMS
Economic Reform
- Are the measures which aim at radically changing
the very basic character of the economy? It means a
change from "regulated economy" to a "liberalized
economy"
SACHS-HILLMAN - Historical debate in UN led
to the discussion of a more serious development
focus in international aid and better governance.
• The new consensus made was express in the
millennium initiative or millennium
declaration signed by 189 countries.
• Socioeconomic condition was the mantra of
the ambitious 2015 millennium
development goals.
• The declaration focuses on the problems of
countries that are severely affected by
decades-long problems like poverty and
hunger, maternal health, universal access to
education, employment and trade
opportunities.
IMF - International Monetary Fund
- Lending institution that works with some
countries to improve the management of fiscal
policies.
• Microlending - Small loans offered to local
farmers and entrepreneurs who have no
access to credit were established by
multilateral institutions.
POLITICAL REFORMSSSA
(Sub-Saharan African Countries) never had a
chance to experience democracy.
-There are only five countries that held elections
with competing political parties which are Botswana,
Gambia, Mauritius, Senegal, and Zimbabwe.
(Colonialism): the colonial system, sanctioned by
the berlin conference (1884-85), carved Africa into
colonies, interrupted its indigenous processes and
gave it its present geopolitical formation. Driven by
nascent Europe's rising demand for labor, raw
materials, minerals and markets, the berlin
conference laid the groundwork for European
conquest and partition of Africa. As the late Basil
Davidson, the renowned British Africa historian, put
it: “(Europe invaded Africa, took possession of
Africa, and divided Africa into colonies of Europe).”
(The cold war): the cold war, fed by east-west
rivalry, turned Africa into a battlefield of proxy
warfare, both at the interstate and intrastate levels.
Many postcolonial African regimes, dubbed
neocolonial, served as willing pawns in the east-west
conflict to the detriment of real self-determination,
democratic development and functional governance.
Wars and conflicts, and the attendant waste,
destabilization and insecurity, hampered the
political, economic and social development of Africa
and degraded the human condition of Africans.
• What do we mean by democracy?
• Is democracy the best or ideal solution to the
long political struggles of Africans?
• Will democracy solve the political and
economic challenges of SSA?
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT AND WOMEN
FOREIGN AID ANDINITIATIVES
FOREIGN AID
 Foreign Aid or Official Development
Assistance (ODA)
- Support from developed and advance governments
to developing or less developing countries
- Tactical tool between provider and receiver of the
aid.
• There are aids that do not contain any
political motives on providing ODA
• It is a non-political objectives where funds
utilized are usually spent intended to the
recipient community of the program
• Africa is a centerpiece of foreign aid from
the government and international
organizations.
• Aid given is usually in a form of grant that
needs not to be paid back by the recipient or
beneficiary
• The US government is the top aid provider
in SSA followed by World Bank, France and
European Union.
• Foreign aid given by IMF to heavily indebted
poor countries (HIPC) through its relief
initiative. This practice involves
rescheduling loans to HIPC to stretch and
make adjustment on the loans over a long
period of time or forgiving the loan and
making the country debt free.
1. Bilateral Aid - assistance given by a
government directly to the government of
another country
2. Multilateral Aid - assistance provided
by many governments who pool funds to
international organizations like World Bank,
UN and IMF
3. Tied Aid - providing the support in a
group of selected countries
4. Project Aid - funds that are used to
finance a particular project such as school or
hospital
5. Military Aid - fund will use to buy arms
or defense contracts
6. Voluntary Aid - charity
ADVANTAGES
• For humanitarian reasons
• Improve the countries international image
• Build positive working relationships with
other governments
• Promote conditions for peace and stability
DISADVANTAGES
• Doesn't promote faster growth
 • Increases gap between the rich and the poor  ROOTS OF CONFLICT AND
COOPERATION
• Effects of increasing the inflation
1. External powers
MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA
2. Adventurism of regional leaders
3. Blaming the religion
• Regional development and reform
MENA • Political reforms and regional peace
settlement
MENA- Middle East and North Africa
-it is a region encompassing approximately 22
countries in the Middle East and North Africa
-6% of the world's population
-60% of the world's oil reserves
-The rich oil and natural gas deposit in the area is a -45% of the world's natural gas reserves
fundamental engine of functioning global economy
where most countries in the modern world rely oil 1.External powers
supply in Middle East.
• Intervention of the other countries in the
internal and regional affairs of MENA
resulted to a worsening divides and splits of
religious communities and ethnic groups.
World’s top oil producing countries
 BAHRAIN 2. Adventurism of regional leaders
 IRAN  Saddam Hussein
 IRAQ  Muammar Gaddafi
 SAUDI ARABIA  Iran’s Shi'ite
 KUWAIT  Qaddafi of Libya
 QATAR  Mubarak of Egypt
 UAE  Ayatollahs of Iran
 OMAN 3. Blaming the religion
Oil poor countries • The public conception every time conflict
 JORDAN like suicide bombing arises, radical Islamist
movement is always at the point where
 SYRIA public (non-Islam) blame Islam and religion
as political tools in promoting violence.
 LEBANON
OPENING TRADE AND INVESTMENT
 ISRAEL
• 90’s
Economically dependent on sectors of
agriculture and manufacturing industry • MENA- Middle East and North Africa
 Morocco • US, Europe and Wealthier Gulf States
 Algeria • Market Protectionism
 Tunisia • Two Main Reforms
 Libya • Inter-regional
 Egypt • Intra-regional
 Yemen EMPOWERING WOMEN IN SOCIETY
 Turkey "Empowering Women in Society"
-Gender divided in most countries in the region is
Oil titans: National Oil Companies in Middle East interpreted as ancient and traditional in nature.
and North Africa There are some significant improvements in country
 Saudi Arabia’s Aramco where women challenged barriers for their full entry
and participation in politics and development.
 National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
 The following factors are the reason why
 Kuwait Petroleum Company (KPC) women in MENA remain far behind the
standards for other countries.
 Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ABNOC)
• The family orientation
 Algeria’s Sonatrach
• Religious laws
ROOTS OF CONFLICT AND COOPERATION
 • The idea of modesty code B. Aid Official Development Assistance
• The idea of two-income household C. Aid Official Development Association
-Empowering Arab women is a continuous struggle D. Aid Official Organization Assistance
among females. They do not expect enormous
changes and improvements in the efforts of the 7. The MENA region accounts approximately
national governments in the region the flow of ______ of world's oil reserves.
foreign aid intended to the agenda of women a. 50% b. 60%
participation like the rights to education and
suffrage are strictly oversee and monitored by donor c. 70% d. 80%
and sponsor.
8. Intervention of other countries in the internal and
-Data below shows the gender gap climate of regional affairs of MENA resulted into worst effect in
the region during the year 2015 where 145 the region?
countries around the world were surveyed by
the WEF. A. Internal powers B. External powers
C. Regional affairs D. blaming the
Top 10 MENA Global Rank religion
Countries
9. It is also a referenced when describing the state of
Israel 53 deteriorating relations between Arab states in the
Kuwait 117 region?
A. Roots of conflict and cooperation
United Arab 119 B. Regional development and reform
Emirates C. OPEC
D. Mena
Qatar 122
10. Which is not included to the 5 SSA countries that
Bahrain 123 held election?
A. Botswana
Tunisia 127 b. Cambodia
c. Zimbabwe
Algeria 128 d. Alvindia Aguso
Mauritania 132 11. This country invaded Africa to took possession of
its resources and divided it into their colonies.
Saudi Arabia 134 a. Europe
b. Spain
Oman 135 c. Portugal
d. Malaysia

QUESTIONS: 12. This are the suggestions or proposals about

overcoming various challenges to democracy.
1. Which is not a main reform utilized to address the a. Cold war
regional development of MENA? b. Colonialism
c. Political reforms
A. Inter-regional B. Market protectionism d. Democracy
C. Intra-regional D. Market trading 13. It is a traditionally observed in most places where
women's reputation should be maintained at all
2. When did IMF use a new analytical region called
times.
MENAP?
A. The idea of modesty code
A. 2007 B. 2011 b. The family orientation
c. The idea of two-income household
C. 2013 D. 2010 d. Religious laws
3. When did the unstable growth and economic 14. It is a very critical role in changing the
downturn of economies happened? preferences and interest of women in MENA.
A. The idea of modesty code
A. 80’s B. 60’s C. 90’s D. b. The family orientation
70's c. Religious laws
4. Type of foreign aid that provides the support in a d. The idea of two-income household.
group of selected countries? 15. It is an unacceptable norm.
A. Bilateral aid B. Voluntary aid A. The idea of modesty code
b. The family orientation
C. Tied aid D. Military aid c. Religious laws
d. The idea of two-income household
5. Type of foreign aid where fund utilized will use to
buy arms or defense contracts? 16. The following are oil poor countries. Which is
NOT belong to the group?
A. Military aid B. Project aid a. Jordan
C. Multilateral aid D. Bilateral aid b. Libya
c. Syria
6. Also known as foreign aid? d. Lebanon

A. Aid Organizational Development Assistance 17. Most countries in the modern world rely oil
supply in this area.
A. North Africa the resulting high savings of those countries
b. Middle East facilitated borrowing abroad.
c. A & B
d. None of the above  This borrowing was supposed to finance
infrastructure projects but ended up
18. This term is used in the areas located or near financing consumption.
Eastern Mediterranean.
A. Lever Economic Protectionism
b. Levant  Protectionism is the economic policy of
c. Titan restricting imports from other countries
d. To rise through methods such as tariffs on imported
19. In economic reform, it means a change from goods, import quotas, and a variety of other
"regulated economy" to _________. government regulations.
a. Mobilize economy  The objective of trade protectionism is to
b. free economy protect a nation's vital economic interests
c. Democratic economy such as its key industries, commodities, and
d. Liberalized economy employment of workers. Free trade,
20. The declaration focuses on the problems of however, encourages a higher level of
countries that are severely affected by decades-long domestic consumption of goods and a more
problems like (which is not included). efficient use of resources, whether natural,
a. Poverty and hunger human, or economic.
b. marital health The Debt Crisis
c. Universal access to education
d. Employment and trade opportunities  -situation in which a country is without the
ability of paying back its government
21. Small loans offered to local farmers and department.
entrepreneurs who have no access to credit were
established by multilateral institutions.  Debt------> Crisis-----> Economic
A. Major lending Downturn-----> Great Recession-----> Great
B. IMF Depression-----> Severe worldwide
C. Micro lending economic depression
D. Minor lending
Major Fail in Stock Prices
22-25 (give at least 4 countries under Middle East
and North Africa or MENA)  reduction in consumption and investment
spending
Chapter 9
Crisis and Development of Latin America and  deregulation of global economy and major
East Asia technological breakthroughs

Latin America  receiving minimal aid/foreign aid (Latin

America)
 They decided to end their membership with
GATT system and based their economic  some international market rejected the
strategies on imports after WWII. agricultural products

 Movement of development was at a very low  unemployment rate skyrocket due to

pace due to poor export capacity. fluctuation of their economy

 Most economies were heavily indebted to  desperate measures were put on but not
western countries and financial institutions enough to cover the whole problem
like IMF and World Bank.
 some US Department restricted the coming
 The era of ‘70s (15 year period, 1973-1987) of their products in their country
was described as lost decade. (Nau, 2008)
How the Latin America is Recovering?
 Incurred a drastic increase of debt from $35
 serious economic adjustments and
to $248 billion.
recoveries
 It was a learning cave for all countries in the
 turned into IMF who provided money to
region.
loans and unpaid debt but in return they
 The problem of economic protectionism did would favor free-market
not work well as a formula.
 some countries are still ongoing economic
 In late ‘80s, numerous reforms were crisis
initiated, inflation was dealt with sound
Example Banks in the World
measurements, economic liberalization was
introduced, and foreign investment started  IMF (International Monetary Fund)
to operate.
 World Bank
The Era of Lost Decade
 GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and
 Output, investment and per capita Trade)
consumption were surging.
 MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee
 The excess liquidity generated by oil- Agency)
exporting countries when oil prices rose and
 IFC (International Finance Corporation)
Debt Trap
 Creditors allow debtor who is in financial
trouble to borrow higher amount of money.
The seven stages of financial crisis
1. Displacement
-characterized by the occurrence of external
shocks or information that affects the
economic outlook of the country.
2. Expansion
-happens when an economy has increase in
liquidity or investment money.
3. Euphoria
- period called "over-trading".
4. Distress
-overall environment of the economy is risky
and fragile.
5. Revulsion
-happens when there is a sharp shift of
public behavior on a particular economic
event of activity.
6. Crisis
-unstable and dangerous situation.
7. Contagion
- transitional and global effect of crisis.
THE ASIAN DEVELOPMENT
 The remarkable success of some Asian
economies in the last decades is a symbol of
dynamism of East Asia.
Emergence of Countries
 The emergence of countries like Hong Kong,
Korea, Singapore and Taiwan signaled the
emergence of new global economic powers.
 The different state strategies and initiatives
employed by these countries were used as
tools also by their neighboring economies in
Asia like Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and
Philippines.
 Asia is home to countries that fits
symbolisms of underdevelopment. China
and India have similarities in terms of
domestic problems and barriers for growth.
 >Overpopulation
 >Poverty
 >Problematic system of land policy
 >Agrarian Society
 The shift of the economic development in
China and India today is explained as a
product of two mechanisms aimed for
growth. (Park, 2002).
 The idea of invisible hand espoused by
Adam Smith is considered as a major engine
in the development process of these
countries.
 The strong economic decision-making was
introduced to induce growth of its
unproductive economy. Another strategy
was the more aggressive government
planning in resource mobilization and
deployment of key economic materials that
generate growth.
EAST ASIAN DEVELOPMENT: ASIAN
MIRACLE
 Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong,
Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia
are the 8 east Asian countries that are
known as the "EAST ASIAN MIRACLE"
because of their economies dramatic growth.
FOUR ASIAN TIGERS:
 Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea
All 4 Asian tigers has accomplished rapid
economic growth in a short period of time.
NICS or Newly Industrialized Countries
 Are developing economies that have
advanced towards industrialization and
might become developed, at some point, in
the near future countries that are considered
as newly industrialized are: China, India,
Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, South
Africa, Brazil, Turkey and Mexico.
States as Economic Managers
 State intervention in economic decision
making essential tool in managing the
internal and external relations and
conditions of the national economy.
 Strategies of the state as economic managers
require variations and consistencies.
 Strategies produced by the government must
address the needs of development and not
by political agenda and interests of political
parties and entities.
Chapter 11
GLOBAL RELIGION
Religions around the World
Mission
- IS VERY MUCH MISUNDERSTOOD IN MANY
WAYS.
Who can separate us from the love of God?
2 Areas of Mission
1. Adientes
2. Inter - dientes
5 ELEMENT'S OF MISSION
1. Presence
2. Human Development
3. Proclamation
4. Ecumenism
5. Prayer and Liturgy
“Learning about different religion's help us
to understand each other better and to live
more peacefully together.”
Philosophy
"PILO" and "SOPHIA"
LOVE OF WISDOM
3 Types of Philosophy
• Speculative
• Analytical
• Perspective
4 Branches of Philosophy -Tao means path or way
• Metaphysics -simplicity and selflessness
• Epistemology JAPANESE PHILOSOPHIES

• Logic 1. Zen Buddhism

• Axiology -Prince Shotoku

Ethics -has no saviors, paradise, faith or God, no books or

scriptures
 Optimism
 Pessimism 2. Shintoism
 Meliorism
-KAMI NO MICHI means "the way of the KAMI"
Aesthetic
MUSLIM PHILOSOPHY
3 VALUES
Islam
• RELIGION
• EDUCATION -MUHAMMAD
• SOCIAL "al-islam" means committing oneself
Realms value Believe in one God (allah), angels and holy books.
• - Utilitarian CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY
4 THEORY'S Christianity
• Interest -abrahanic religion
• Existence -based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
• Experimentalist -believes that Jesus Christ is the son of God and
savior
• Part – whole
Idealism
Naturalism
Pragmatism
Essentialism
FIVE EASTERN PHILOSOPHIES
1. Hinduism- major religion in India
- 85% of the population
Religions Conflict and Violence
-developed over 4000 years
• British Colonial Policy in India
DHARMA means "protection"
Subcontinent- The Results of Partition
BRAHMAN- many forms that some Hindus
The Role of United Nations in Resolving
worship as goddesses.
Kashmir Problem between India and
*REINCARNATION Pakistan

2. Modern Hinduism  Voluntarily offered assistance to both

countries in providing security and
-to seek God, man needs to seek truth by practicing maintenance of order in conflicted area.
non-violence.
 Successfully implemented rules that aim to
3. Buddhism lessen the violence and disturbances.
-major religions of the world.  UNCIP (United Nations Commission for
India and Pakistan)
-Siddharta Gutama
-to oversee the investigation on the issue.
"Meditation"- qualities of awareness, kindness and January 1948
wisdom
 UNMOGIP (United Nations Military
CHINESE PHILOSOPHIES Observer Group in India and Pakistan)
1. Confucianism -Both countries signed Karachi Agreement to be
-the belief of Confucius supervised by the military to observe, report,
investigate complaints of ceasefire violations and
-moral education is more important than submit its finding to the Secretary General. July
information. 1949
Kindness and righteousness The Future of Global Religions
2. Taoism
 • The number of Muslims will nearly equal the
number of Christians around the world.
• Atheists, agnostics and other people who do
not affiliate with any religion.
• The global Buddhist population will be
about the same size it was in 2010, while the
Hindu and Jewish populations will be larger
than they are today.
• In Europe, Muslims will make up 10% of the
overall population.
• India will retain a Hindu majority but also
will have the largest Muslim population of
any country in the world, surpassing
Indonesia.
• In the United States, Christians will decline
from more than three-quarters of the
population in 2010 to two-thirds in 2050,
and Judaism will no longer be the largest
non-Christian religion. Muslims will be
more numerous in the U.S. than people who
identify as Jewish on the basis of religion.
• Four out of every 10 Christians in the world
will live in sub-Saharan Africa.
ROLE OF RELIGION
 Human beings are by their very nature
superstitious creatures. It is the way of
explaining of the unexplainable.
 As of today everyone, especially the college
students may be struggling to balance the
various aspects of their livers, from
Academic, Family and Social Life.
 Some students any own some charms that
could help them is such ways
 As the common belief is that foreign charms
have the power to help them with their
studies or examination, or may improve
their luck with money or health.
Difference between Amulets, Lucky charms
and Talismans.
● LUCKY CHARMS
- were originally songs that were sung to cast off evil
and invoke luck.
- When it was feared that the effect of the
songs would not last long enough, many
people began to believe that the song could
be cast upon the charm, resulting in a longer
lasting effect.
●TALISMANS
- are items that can be charged with supernatural
powers so as to bring about ku k and positive
outcomes in one's life. (Beckett Samantha, 2015)
● AMULETS
- are magic charms worn by people to protect
themselves from negative energies, evil and injury,
and also to bring good luck.
• ✓ FOREIGN MAGIC CHARMS or what
other call AMULETS
- are worn by people to protect themselves from
negative energies, injuries or increase their good
luck
• (Other types of charms such as TALISMAN
and AMULETS are becoming popular
nowadays. They are usually in a form of
jewelry such as necklace with crystal,
pendant or bracelet or even a small chain for
keys.)
• Students nowadays would wear these as a
form of accessories, some are not aware that
these are charms have meanings, although
some still use them for their intended
purposes.
• (since the many charms that are floating
around today have different origins and may
not come from one's own religious faith or
culture)
• ✓ throughout AFRICA, people would carry
with them lucky bags of mojo for good luck.
• ✓ in the bag would be artifacts from loved
ones, or items that represented something
good that happened in their past.
• ✓ to have some "MOJO" on you will only
help to increase your chances of walking on
the luck side of the street.
The rational side of the lucky charms
• Wearing a charm also BLOCK OUR FEAR OF
FAILURE. When you are not afraid to fail, you are
more likely to take calculated risks and win. (Helena
Negru, 2016).
LYSANN DAMISCH - A psychologist talked about
the CHAIN-LINK REACTIONS of talisman in an
interview for the Association for Psychological
Science, stating the term for this confidence boost:
SELF-EFFICACY.
WHAT DOES GOD SAY ABOUT PEOPLE
WHO USE AMULETS?
THE CATECHISM OF THE CATHOLIC
CHURCH states:
• "All practices of magic or sorcery, by which
one attempts to tame occult powers, so as to
place them at one's service and have a
supernatural powers over others --- even if
this were for the sake of restoring their
health --- are gravely contrary to the virtue
of religion.“
• "These practices are even more to be
condemned when accompanied by the
attention of harming someone, or when they
have recourse to the intervention of
demons." - wearing charms is also
reprehensible. - spirit often implies
divination or magic practices; the Church for
her part earns the faithful against it. -
recourse to so-called traditional cures does
not justify either the invocation of evil
 powers ot exploitation of another's
credulity" (CCC 2117)
JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES
• - Are not superstitious and they do not
believe in good luck or bad luck.
• - saying 'GOOD LUCK TO YOU' is simply
not done within the organization. If you say
something like that, they'll know right away
you're not a Jehovah's Witness.
• -They point to these scriptures and say that
believing in good luck, superstition, or good
fortune ARE NOT APPROVED BY THEIR
GOD. (JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES, 2015).
BUDDHISM
- Does not refute belief in deities, spirits,
astrology, and fortune telling, the Buddha's
advice was that people should not be slaves
to any of those forces.
ALLAH said:
• "I have no power at all for myself to harm or
benefits m except as Allah wills." (SURAT
YUNUS, 10:49); and Allah said:
• "Do not invoke besides Allah that which
neither benefits you nor harms you, for if
you did so then you would be wrongdoers."
(SURAT YUNUS 19:106)
- A believer should only place their hope and
trust in Allah to direct destiny towards a good end.
People who depend upon amulets, necklace, trinkets,
charms, spells, and other things have placed their
ultimate hope and trust in them and they have
ascribed to them attributes which belong to Allah
alone, thereby committing an act of idolatry.
ABDULLAH IBN MAS'UD reported:
• The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings
be upon him, said: SPELLS, AMULETS AND
CHARMS ARE ACTS OF IDOLATRY. THE
PROPHET HAS STRONGLY FORBIDEN US
FROM USING AMULETS AND CHARMS
AS A MEANS OF SEEKING BLESSINGS,
WARNING THAT THOSE WHO DO SO
EXPOSE THEMSELVES TO PUNISHMENT
FROM ALLAH.
UQBAH IBN AMIR reported:
 The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings
be upon him, said: WHOEVER HANGS AN
AMULETS AROUND HIS NECK, THEN
ALLAH WILL NOT FULFILL HIS WISHES.
WHOEVER HANGS A SEASHELL AS A
CHARM, THEN ALLAH WILL NIT LEAVE
HIM WITHOUT PENALTY?
IMRAN IBN HUSSEIN reported:
- The Messenger of Allah, peace and blessings
be upon him, saw a man wearing a brass
ring, so he asked what it was.
- The man said, "IT IS PROTECTION FROM
MY ARTHRITIS.“
- The prophet said, "REMOVE IT, FOR IT
WILL ONLY INCREASE YOUR ARTHRITIS
AND IF YOU WERE TO DIE WEARING IT
YOU WOULD NEVER BE SUCCESSFUL.
ABU WAQID AL-LAITHI reported
- When we traveled to Hunain with the
Messenger of Llah, peace and blessings be
upon him, we passed by a tree which the
idolaters called DHAT AL-ANWAT.
- They would hang their weapons upon if for
blessings.
- I said, " O MESSENGER OF ALLAH, MAKE
US A BLESSED TREE JUST AS THEY
HAVE ONE." - The prophet said, "GLORY
TO BE ALLAHN YOU HAVE SAID JUST AS
THE PEOPLE OF MOSES SAID: make for
us a God as they have a God. By the one in
whose hand is my soul, you will follow the
traditions of the people before you."
- Essentially, those who rely upon shells,
charms and amulets will be entrusted to
their care.
- They will no longer received blessings from
Allah and will be left to the Amulet which
can never help them.
ABU HURAIRA reported
• - The messenger of Allah, peace and
blessings be upon him, said: WHOEVER
TIES A KNOT AND BLOWS ON IT HAS
PERFORMED MAGIC, AND WHOEVER
PERFORMS MAGIC HAS COMMITED
IDOLATRY. WHOEVER HANGS
SOMETHING AS A CHARM WILL BE
ENTRUSTED TO IT.?
“The essence of all religion is one. Only
their approaches are different.” -
MAHATMA GANDI
Chapter 12
GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
Advantages of the Advancement of
Technology
▹ It gives immense opportunities in human's
life.
▹ It provides greater access to several forms of
entertainment, information and
communication.
Disadvantages of the Advancement of
Technology
▹ Family relationships are weakening.
▹ The use of books has become obsolete.
▹ Growing consequences on human's health
are evident.
Advancement of Technology (BOON OR
BANE?)
BOON
▹ A thing that is beneficial or helpful.
▹ Technology will continue to evolve according
to what the people need.
▹ Social Networking Site (Facebook)
▹ video calling
▹ chatting
 ▹ Being updated of what is happening around
the world, latest news (local or
international).
BANE
▹ bad or harmful
▹ Makes us a lazy thinker
▹ Emotions and feelings are not genuine.
▹ fake news
REMEMBER:
▹ Technology can never be your master.
▹ Think critically in everything you see on the
internet.
▹ Too much is always bad.
MEGA TRENDS AND GLOBAL TRENDS 2015
▹ FACEBOOK
▹ K to 12 Curriculum
GLOBAL TRENDS 2025
▹ MIGRATION
▹ CLIMATE CHANGE
▹ ENERGY SECURITY
MEGA TRENDS
▹ CLIMATE CHANGE
CONGRESSIONAL COMMISSION ON
EDUCATION (EDCOM)
1. Unusual large College Population
2. Imbalanced distribution of students
3. Underinvestment and poor quality of
teachers
4. Inadequate teaching and learning facilities
and ill-structured curricular offerings
5. Mismatch between programs and graduates
and between employment and society need
LONG TERM HIGHER EDUCATION
DEVELOPMENT PLAN (LTHEDP) 1996-2005
PHILIPPINE AGENDA FOR EDUCATIONAL
REFORMS
1. Establishment of National Coordinating
Council Of Education
2. Rationalization with a moratorium period of
the creation and conversion of state
universities and colleges
3. Reorienting the premises of financing public
higher education
4. Establishment of one-year pre-baccalaureate
system
5. Faculty development at the tertiary level
6. Strengthening teacher competencies at the
basic education level
7. Expanding options for the medium of
instructions in Grade 1 through the use of
Regional lingua franca or the vernacular
8. Establishment of the National Educational
Evaluation and Testing System
9. Establishing common standards for
accreditation per discipline
Section 2 of Republic Act No. 7722
VISION
The higher education system of the Philippines is a
key player in the education and integral information
of professionally competent, service oriented and
productive citizens. Through its tri-fold function of
teaching, research and extension services. It
becomes a prime- mover of the nation’s socio-
economic growth and sustainable development.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7782
 This Act which originated in the House of
Representatives was finally passed by the
House of Representatives and the Senate on
August 3, 1993 and February 17, 1994,
respectively.
CHED 7782
A Higher education act was established
1) Devise and recommend development plans,
programs of higher education.
2) Recommend grants on higher education of
research to executive and leg branches
3) Set minimum standards for program and
institution for higher learning
4) Monitor and evaluate performance of
program and institution of higher learning
5) In charge of identifying, support and
development of potential areas
6) Recommend budget of public institution of
higher learning to department of budget
7) Rationalize program and institution of
higher learning.
8) Allocate additional resources (such as
scholarship).
9) Direct or indirect purposive research.
10) Review charter of higher learning and state
universities and colleges and recommend
measure as basis for appropriate action.
Senator Edgardo J. Angara
▹ an educator, lawyer, banker, farmer, patron
of the arts
▹ Senator from 1987 -1998 and
▹ The president of the senator of the
Philippines 1993 to 1995
▹ President of national university of the
Philippines.
▹ Served as Secretary of Agriculture from
1999 to 2001.
▹ Senate again from 2001 to 2013.
Angel Alcala’s
Important Points in Angel Alcala's "Focus on
the Graduate School"
▹ The fall of Philippine higher education below
the standards of progressive nations
▹ The proliferation of designations of
doctorate degrees in the Philippines
▹ Isolation of universities from politics
Minimum requirements that schools are
being evaluated:
1. Their Purpose and Objectives
2. Faculty
3. Instruction
4. Library
5. Laboratory
6. Physical Plant
7. Student Personnel Services
8. Social Orientation and Community
Involvement
9. Organization and Administration
ADVANTAGES AND DISAVANTAGES OF
VOLUNTARY ACCREDITATION
ADVANTAGES:
▹ Develops an appreciation for quality growth
by means of self-evaluation and self-
improvement
▹ Judgment of the true worth of an
educational institution
▹ Serves as an effective catalyst in improving
and raising the standards of schools and
their academic programs
DISADVANTAGES:
▹ Irrelevancy to education
▹ Unduly hinders experimentation and
innovation and mediocrity is tolerated if not
enhanced
▹ Rationalization that there seems to be of no
use being accredited since educational
institution with permits or recognition can
exist without it
Realities Issues, and Concerns in Higher
Education
There are four focal points:
1. MANAGEMENT AND
INSTITUTIONAL AUTONOMY
o The creation or conversion of colleges into
universities, in the case of public HEIs, is in
fact not within the control of CHED.
2. FUNDING
o Underinvestment has been a pressing
problem in higher education. Although the
trend of annual government budget
allocation is increasing for the last several
years on the case of public HEIs, the
budgetary requirements for operations are
also continuously increasing.
3. QUALITY ASSURANCE
o Quality of higher education in the
Philippines can be determined in four ways;
o Compliance to minimum standards for the
different programs prescribed by CHED.
o Program accreditation
o Performance of graduates in licensure
examinations
o Employability of graduates
4. ACCESS AND EQUITY
o Higher education is not provided free in
both public and private HEIs.
o In public, they pay tuition and miscellaneous
fee.
o In private, tuitions fees are based on the full
cost of education.
CHED implements various assisting
programs, such as;
1. Traditional Scholarship/Study Grant
Program,
2. Government Assistance to Students and
Teachers in Private Education (GASTPE),
and
3. Special Study Grant Programs.
Communication Technologies and Digital
Age World 20th Century
What are the problems and issues regarding
the information communication technology
implementation?
Several Questions need to be answered:
▹ How can the curriculum and teaching-
learning process be transformed so as to
provide students with the skills necessary for
them to function effectively in this dynamic,
information-rich, and continuously
changing environment?
▹ How can a new era of global competition be
created for goods services, and expertise?
▹ How can the demands for new knowledge
and skills in the work force be addressed?
▹ How can a paradigm shift in views of the
learning process, coupled with applications
of the new information technologies being
an important role in bringing educational
systems into alignment with the knowledge-
based, information rich society be created?
▹ How can the resistance to such be resolved
considering that new technologies challenge
traditional conceptions of both teaching and
learning and by reconfiguring how teachers
and learners gain access to knowledge?
UNESCO - United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization
External Challenges/Outer Challenges
Inner Challenges
There are five conditions to make ICT
feasible for a professor to make it more
effective:
 1. All student have access to the technology at
appropriate places and times to use it for
study
2. Student have access to the specified software
applications and resources they will need to
study
3. There is technical support available at study
times for student who need it
4. The department staff time approximately for
the requirement of ICT
5. There is a staff development time and
sources available to enable professors to
develop their skill in the use of ICT
When ICT is employed in Education, There
will be changes as viewed by Dr. Lloyd
Espiritu in his ICT education
▹ Support unique instruction
▹ Support the new instructional approaches
▹ Increase teacher productivity
Chapter 14
Global Migration
 A situation in which people go to live in
foreign countries specially to find work.
 OFW Experience: Balik Bayan Mike
 OFW- Overseas Filipino worker
Challenges of Working Abroad
1. Adjust to new culture
2. Language barrier
3. Homesickness
Basic Concepts in Migration
O Migration
o The act or process of crossing the
boundary of a political or
administrative unit for certain
minimum period (Boyle et. al. 1998
as quoted by Dicolen 2013).
o It came from the Latin word
"Migratio"
O Not all types of change in one's
residence are called migration.
O Migrant
o An individual who moves from one
area or region to another.
O Emigrant/Immigrant
o May be permanent, long term or
short term according to the length of
stay.
O Classification of Migration
o According to choice
o By involuntary choice
o Internal and International
migration
REASONS OF MIGRATION
O Neo-classical theory Moving from low
income to high wage economies
O Labor migration theory Family strategies to
maximize income or survival chances.
O Migration system theory
O Constituted by two or more
countries which exchange migrants
with each other
O Push-pull theory they are pushed
out their former location or pulled
or attract to some places elsewhere.
SPECIAL TYPES OF MIGRANTS
O IRREGULAR MIGRANT
O Undocumented or illegal migrant
- are those who enter a country, usually in
search of employment, without the necessary
documents and permits.
O Usually the case of labor migration flows.
O Regular migrant may become an
irregular migrant because of the
following reasons:
O Prolonged stay in the host country
in contravention with one or more
of his visa conditions.
O Crossing borders without
authorization.
O Unlawfully overstaying a vida
period.
O Working in contravention of visa
conditions.
O Being born into irregularity among
others.
O United States of America has documented
around 11.3 million irregular migrants in
2016.
O European Union has registered around 8
million irregular migrants in 2008.
O Russian Federation has 5-6 million irregular
migrants.
O South Africa has 3-6 million irregular
migrants in 2011.
MIGRANT IN HUKAM TRAFFICKING
 84% accommodated by low and middle income
countries

 Primary Reason

1st - Refugees From Syria 5.5 million

2nd - Refugees From 2.5 million

Afghanistan

Countries with High Asylum South Sudan, Somalia,

Seeking Applications Sudan, Democratic
Republic of Congo,
Central African
Republic, Myanmar,
Eritrea and Burundi

Unresolved or renewed conflict dynamic

Host Countries in the World Accommodating

1st – Turkey 2.9 million refugees

- Syrians 2.8 million

Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan,

Islamic Republic of Iran,
Uganda, Ethiopia, Germany,
the Democratic Republic of
Congo, Kenya
REFUGEES & ASYLUM SEEKERS
O Refugee
CONSEQUENCES OF MIGRATION
a person who has been forced to leave their
country in order to escape war, persecution, or O Migration brings forth:
natural disaster.
 Individual;
O Asylum Seekers
 Working Abroad
An asylum seeker is someone who is
seeking international protection but whose claim  Families;
for refugee status has not yet been determined.
 Remittances

NO. YEAR
etitio
Refugees in 22.5 2016 n
the world million
empo
Asylum 26 2017 rarily
Seekers in million
various parts
of the erma
countries nentl
y

10%  Social Benefits

of
 Unemployment &
total
Underemployment are
world
lessened & poverty reduced
 Countries of destination are
likewise benefitted.
 Contribution in stabilizing
the declining population.

Migrants o Increase GDP

O Detrimental Consequences
 Individual
 Stress & Disorganization of
daily life.
 Coping mechanism is hard
to obtain.
 Social Consequence of
Migration
 Host area may have the
difficulty of accommodating
the influx of migrants when
it comes to providing basic
services.
 The outflow individuals to
other places may pave the
way to brain-drain.