Written by: - SHAHZAD IFTIKHAR Contact # 0313-5665666

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PHYSICS FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 2)

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SHORT QUESTIONS

Define Base and derived quantities? • Length, Mass, Time, Temperature,

Electric Current and Intensity of Light
are those quantities, which play
important role in our daily life. These
are called base quantities.
• All other quantities which are derived
from base quantities are called
derived quantities.
Define Base and derived units? The units of base quantities are called
base units. The units of derived
quantities are called derived units.
Define Meter • One meter is the distance traveled by
light in vacuum during a time of
1/299792458 second.
• Standard meter is the bar of an alloy
of platinum and iridium kept under
controlled conditions at the
“International Bureau of Weights and
Measures” near Paris.
Define Kilogram The standard kilogram is the mass of
platinum and iridium alloy cylinder
kept at the “International Bureau of
Weights and Measures” near Paris.
Define Second • The 1/86400 part of the solar day is
called a standard second.
• A second is a duration in which
Cesium -133 atom completes
9192631770 vibrations.
Define Prefixes The main advantage of the system
international is that its manipulation is
quite easy. The multiples and sub-
multiples of different units are obtained
simply by multiplying or dividing with ten
or powers of ten.

The term used internationally for the

multiples and sub-multiples are called
prefixes.
Define Scientific Notation: - It is an international accepted way of
writing numbers in which numbers are
recorded using the power of ten or
prefixes. There is only one non-zero
digit before the decimal.
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PHYSICS FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 2)

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Define Significant figures: -
Define Proportionality constant: -
Define Least Count?
What is vernier calipers?
What are the parts of vernier calipers?
What is the pitch of vernier calipers?
What is Zero Error?
What is screw guage?
What is Physical Balance?
What is measuring cylinder?
Write the names of instruments used for i)
measuring length, mass and time?
What are the reasons of errors in
measurements?
What are different ways to represent the The relationship between two physical
relation shiop between two physical quantities can be represented by two
quantities?
The accurately known digits and first
doubtful digit in any measurement are
called significant figures.
A number which is used to described the
relationship between two quantities
in the form of an equation.
The minimum accurate measurement
that an instrument can make is known as
its least count.
Vernier calipers is an instrument which
is used to measure the length correctly
upto 1/10th of a millimeter. So the
least count of vernier calipers is 0.1mm
1) Main Scale
2) Vernier Scale
The separation between the two
smaller lines of the main scale is
called pitch of the vernier scale.
It the zeroes of the main scale and the
vernier scale are not exactly in front of
each other, then there is an error in the
instrument called zero error.
It is an instrument which is used measure
the length or diameter correctly upto
1/100th part of millimeter.
An instrument which is used to measure
the mass of body is called physical
balance.
It is a cylinder, which is used to measure
the volume of liquid.
Meter rod is used to measure
length
ii) Physical balance is used to
measure mass.
iii) Stop watch is used to measure
time.
i) The fault in the measuring
instrument.
ii) In-appropriate method of
measurement.
different ways:
i) By mathematical equation.
ii) By the help of graph.

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PHYSICS FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 2)

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What is light year? A light year is unit of length, which is
equal to the distance covered by light in
one year. It is equal to 9.46x1015
meters.

LONG QUESTIONS
Question: Write a detailed note on vernier calipers?
Vernier calipers is an instrument which is used to measure the length correctly upto
1/10th of a millimeter. So the least count of vernier calipers is 0.1mm.

Structure: -
It consists of two parts: -

• One part is called main scale. Longer lines represent centimeter and small lines
represents millimeters. On its left there is a jaw A.
• Second part consists of a vernier scale, which contain a jaw B. This jaw is
moveable on main scale. The length of vernier scale is 9mm which is divided into
10 equal parts.
(*** Draw figure from book)
Function: -
• Note the least count of vernier.
• Close the jaws A and B. the zeros of main scale and vernier scale should be
exactly in front of each other.
• Fix the sphere between two jaws and note the main scale reading. (The point
where the 0 of vernier scale coinciding with main scale division.)
• Now note the division of vernier scale, which exactly in front of the any main
scale division. Let the division is 8.
• Now multiply 8 with least count 0.01cm and add it to main scale reading.
• Add or subtract the zero error which was faced.
• This is the diameter of sphere.

Question: Write a detailed note on screw gauge?

It is an instrument which is used measure the length or diameter correctly upto
1/100th part of millimeter.

Structure: -
• It consists of a U shaped metal frame fitted with the stud A at one end and an
empty cylinder B at the other end.
• A scale in millimeter is engraved over it parallel to its axis along a straight line.
• The cylinder has threads inside and act as a nut.
• There is bolt C inside this nut which moves forward or backward on rotating
cylinder B.
(*** Draw figure from book)

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PHYSICS FOR 9TH CLASS (UNIT # 2)

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Function: -
• Note the pitch and least count of the screw gauge.
• Zero of circular scale should be in front of horizontal line.
• Place the sphere between stud A and bolt C.
• Note main scale reading.
• Now find the circular scale division which in exactly in front of horizontal line.
Let it is 25.
• Now multiply 25 by least count and add the product in main scale reading.
• Add or subtract the zero error.
• This is the diameter of sphere.

Question: Write a note on stop watch?

It is an instrument which measure the duration of time.
Structure: -
• It has two needles.
• One represents seconds and other represent minutes.
• Dial is divided between 30 big circular divisions. Each part represents 1
second.
• One big part is also divided into 10 equal small parts.
• Each small part represents 1/10th of second.
• There is button B on the top.
Function: -
• When duration is to be measured button B is pushed.
• The needles start to move.
• When it is required to stop again button B is pushed. The needles stop.
• The duration elapsed can be noted from dial.
• Pressing button B third time brings the needles on zero position.

Question: How many types of errors. Describe them?

Personal Errors: -
• These errors arises due to wrong way of taking reading e.g. eye is not in front
to the scale.
• These errors can be reduced by experience.
Random Errors: -
• If different measurements are obtained.
• Then on repeating the observation readings can differ from the first one.
This type of errors is called random errors.
• These errors can be reduced by taking the mean of all the measurement.
Systematic Errors: -
• These errors are caused due to zero error or wrongly used instruments.
• To reduce these errors measuring instruments should be compared with
standard instrument.

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