Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Private and Confidential Property
Private and Confidential Property
By
Parallel Flow :- The hot and cold fluids enter at the same end, flow in the same
direction, and leave at the same end.
Counter Flow :- The fluids enter at opposite ends, flow in opposite directions, and leave at
opposite ends.
Cross Flow :- The fluids may move in cross flow (i.e. perpendicular to each other
Shell-and-tube heat exchanger with one shell pass and one tube pass :-
For a wall separating two fluid streams, the overall heat transfer coefficient may be expressed
as
1 1 1 1 1
= = = + Rw +
UA Uc A c Uh A h (hA)c (hA)h
Where c and h stands for cold and hot fluid respectively and R w is conduction resistance
obtained by,
r
Ts1 − Ts2 L ln( 2⁄r1 )
R t,conduction = qx
= kA
Or R t,conduction = 2πLk
We know that fins are added to surfaces exposed to either or both fluids and that, by increasing
the surface area, they reduce the overall resistance to heat transfer. Accordingly, with inclusion
of surface fouling and fin (extended surface) effects, the overall heat transfer coefficient is
modified as follows :-
1 1 1 R′′f,c R′′f,h
= + + Rw + +
UA (ƞ0 hA)c (ƞ0 hA)h (ƞ0 A)c (ƞ0 A)h
R′′f (Fouling factor) is given in table 11.1 and this factor is a variable during heat exchanger
operation (increasing from zero for a clean surface, as deposits accumulate on the surface).
The quantity ƞ0 is termed the overall surface efficiency or temperature effectiveness of a finned
surface. It is defined such that, for the hot or cold surface without fouling, the heat transfer
rate is
q = ƞ0 Ah (Tb − T∞ )
Af
ƞ0 = 1 − (1 − ƞf )
A
tanh(𝑚𝐿)
ƞf =
𝑚𝐿
2ℎ
Where m=√ 𝑘𝑡 , L is fin length,t is fin thickness,h is convection heat transfer co-efficient and k
is thermal conductivity.
For the unfinned, tubular heat exchangers the equations which mentioned above reduces to,
Do
1 1 1 1 1 R′′f,i R′′f,o ln ( ⁄Di )
= = = + + + +
UA Ui A i Uo A o hi A i ho A o Ai Ao 2πLk
Where subscripts i and o refer to inner and outer tube surfaces (𝐴𝑖 =π𝐷𝑖 L and 𝐴0 =π𝐷𝑜 L),
which may be exposed to either the hot or the cold fluid.
11.3 :- Heat Exchanger Analysis : Use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference
q = 𝑚ℎ (𝐻ℎ,𝑖 − 𝐻ℎ,𝑜 )
q = mc (Hc,o − Hc,i )
where H is the fluid enthalpy. The subscripts h and c refer to the hot and cold fluids, whereas
the subscripts i and o designate the fluid inlet and outlet conditions. If the fluids are not
undergoing a phase change and constant specific heats are assumed, these expressions reduce
to
Since ∆T varies with position in the heat exchanger, it is necessary to work with a rate
equation of the form like
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴∆𝑇𝑚
1. The heat exchanger is insulated from its surroundings, in which case the only heat
exchange is between the hot and cold fluids.
2. Axial conduction along the tubes is negligible.
3. Potential and kinetic energy changes are negligible.
4. The fluid specific heats are constant.
5. The overall heat transfer coefficient is constant.
Where the subscripts 1 and 2 designate opposite ends of the heat exchanger.
𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚
Note that, for the same inlet and outlet temperatures, the log mean temperature difference
for counterflow exceeds that for parallel flow , ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝐶𝐹 > ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚,𝑃𝐹 Hence the surface area
required to effect a prescribed heat transfer rate q is smaller for the counterflow than for the
parallel-flow arrangement, assuming the same value of U. Also note that 𝑇𝑐,𝑜 can exceed 𝑇ℎ,𝑜
for counterflow but not for parallel flow.
fluid heat capacity rates. The number of transfer units (NTU) is a dimensionless parameter
that is widely used for heat exchanger analysis and is defined as
𝑈𝐴
𝑁𝑇𝑈 ≡
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
C
To determine a specific form of the effectiveness–NTU relation and ε = f (NTU, C min )
max
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
Where we can write ⁄𝐶 = 𝐶𝑟 = 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑚𝑎𝑥
value, which in turn may be used to determine area (A). For a performance calculation,
Cmin
the NTU and Cmax
values may be computed and 𝜀 may then be determined from the