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Introduction
Direct Narration Indirect Narration

1. वक्ता (Speaker) के कहे हुए शब्दो को दो प्रकार से प्रकट ककया जा है।

i) हम वक्ता के शब्दो को ज्यो का त्यो कह सकते है ।

जैसे -

He said,"I am going to Delhi." (Direct Narration or Direct

Speech)
उपयुक्त वाक्य मे वक्त (speaker) he है तथा he के कहे हुए शब्दो को ज्यो का त्यो
Inverted commas ".........." मे ललिखा गया है ।
ii) हम वक्ता के कहे हुए शब्दो का सारांश (Substance) प्रकट करते है ।

जैसे -

He said that he was going to Delhi.(Indirect Narration or

Indirect Speech)
उपयुक्त वाक्य मे वक्ता के शब्दो को ज्यो का त्यो न कहकर उसका भाव प्रकट ककया
जाता है । इसललिए I को he मे तथा am को was मे बदलिना पड़ा ।
Indirect Speech मे Inverted commas का प्रयोग नही होता है ।

2. Direct Narration के दो भाग होते है - Reporting Verb तथा Reported

Part या Reported Speech.
i) Reporting Verb - Reporting Part मे वक्ता बात को जजस Finite Verb से
आरम्भ करता है उसे Reporting Verb कहते है । इसको Invented Commas से
बाहर ललिखा जाता है ।
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ii) Reported Speech - जो कुछ वक्ता द्वारा कहा जाता है उसे Reported Part
या Reported Speech कहते है। इसे Inverted Commas के अंदर ललिखा जाता है
।

जैसे -

Reported Verb Reported Part या Reported Speech

Ram said "Will you give me your pen?"

Direct Speech के मुख्य बबिन्द :

1. Direct Speech मे वक्ता के कथन को Inverted Commas के अंदर रखा जाता
है ।
2. Reporting Verb के पश्चात् comma(,) का प्रयोग होता है ।
3. Invered commas के अन्दर के भाग का प्रथम अक्षर Capital letter से ललिखा
जाता है ।

Direct से Indirect मे बिदलने के सामान्य बनयम :

1. Indirect Speech मे Inverted Commas "......." को हटा दे ते है ।
2. Reporting Verb के बाद comma(,) का प्रयोग नही होता ।
3. Reporting Verb का tense कभी नही बदलिता ।
4. Reporting Verb को Reported speech के भाव के अनुसार told,
requested, advised, ordered आदद मे बदलि दे ते है ।

Assertive Sentences Part 1

Tenses मे पररवतर्तन सम्बन्धी कनयम (Rules for the change of Tenses)
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Rule 1: यदद Reporting Verb, Present अथवा Future Tense मे हो। तो

Reported Speech के Verb के Tense मे ककसी प्रकार का पररवतर्तन नही करते है
। जैसे:

Direct - Ram says,"Hari has gone to Agra."

Indirect - Ram says that Hari has gone to Agra.
Direct - Sohan will say,"Asha is very intelligent."
Indirect - Sohan will say that Asha is very intelligent.
Direct - He has said to me," Ravi will join the camp."
Indirect - He has told me that Ravi will join the camp.

Note : say, says या said को Indirect Speech मे tell, tells या told मे उस

समय बदलिते है , जब इसके बाद Object (कमर्त ) हो । यदद say, says या said के
बाद Object न हो तो उन्हे नही बदलिते ।

Rule 2: यदद Reporting Verb, Past Tense मे हो , तो Reported Speech के

Tense मे पररवतर्तन होता है ।

a) Simple Present Tense बदलिकर Simple Past Tense हो जाता है। जैसे :

Direct - Mohan said," Raman tells a lie."

Indirect - Mohan said that Raman told a lie.

b) Present Continuous या Imperfect को Past Continuous या Imperfect

मे बदलि दे ते है । जैसे:

Direct - Sonu said to me, "Rakesh is writing a book."

Indirect - Sonu told me that Rakesh was writing a book.
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c) Present Perfect Tense को Past Perfect Tense मे बदलि दे ते है। जैसे:

Direct - Ramesh said, "Raman has completed his work."

Indirect - Ramesh said that Raman had completed his work.

d) Present Perfect Continuous को Past Perfect Continuous मे बदलि दे ते

है । जैसे:

Direct - He said," It has been raining since morning."

Indirect - He said that it had been raining since morning.

e) Past Indefinite को बदलि कर Past Perfect मे कर दे ते है । जैसे -

Direct - He said,"The horse died in the night ."
Indirect - He said that the horse had died in the night.

f) Past Continuous को Past Perfect Continuous मे बदलि दे ते है । जैसे:

Direct - He said," The students were learning their lessons."

Indirect - He said that the students had been learning their lessons.

g) Past Perfect Tense तथा Past Perfect Continuous मे कोई पररवतर्तन नही
होता है। जैसे:

1. Direct - He said,"Uma had won the match."

Indirect - He said that uma had won the match.
2. Direct - She said,"Uma had been reading for two hours."
Indirect - She said that Uma had been reading for two hours.
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h) यदद Reporting Verb भूतकालि (Past Tense) मे है , तो Reported Speech

मे आने वालिे 'shall' को should एवं 'will' को would मे बदलि दे ते है। जैसे:

1. Direct - I said,"I shall play."

Indirect - I said that I should play.
2. Direct - She said,"Uma will see a picture."
Indirect - She said that Uma would see a picture.

i) यदद Reporting Verb Past Tense मे है , तो Reported Speech मे आने वालिे

'can' को could तथा 'may' को might मे बदलि दे ते है । परन्तु 'must', 'ought',
'could', 'would', 'might', 'had better' तथा 'used to' मे पररवतर्तन नही
होता है । जैसे :

1. Direct - I said,"I can jump into the river."

Indirect - I said that I could jump into the river.
2. Direct - She said,"The boy may go."
Indirect - She said that the boy might go.
3. Direct - The teacher said,"Ram must be awarded."
Indirect - I said that Ram must be awarded.
4. Direct - She said to me,"I should have tried harder."
Indirect - She told me that I should have tried harder.

Tense सम्बन्धी कनयम के अपवाद (Exceptions)

नीचे ललिखी दशाओ मे Reporting Verb, Past Tense मे होते हुए भी Reported
Speech का Tense नही बदलिता है :

(1) जबि कोई सदा सत्य रहने वाली बिात (Universal Truth) कही जाए; जैसे
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1. Direct - The teacher said,"The earth moves round the sun."

Indirect - The teacher said that the earth moves round the sun.
2. Direct - He said,"The sun rises in the east."
Indirect - He said that the sun rises in the east.

(2) जबि कोई आदत सम्बिन्धी सत्य (Habitual fact) कहा जाए ; जैसे :

1. Direct - Hari said to Ravi,"Dogs bark at the strangers."

Indirect - Hari told Ravi that dogs bark at the strangers.
2. Direct - The teacher said,"When the cat is away, the mice play."
Indirect - The teacher said that when the cat is away, the mice
play.

(3) जबि कोई कहावत (Proverb) कही जाए ; जैसे :

Direct - Hari said,"Honesty is the best policy."

Indirect - Hari said that honesty is the best policy.

(4) जबि बकसी ऐबतहाससक घटना (Historical fact) का जजक हो ; जैसे:

Direct - The History teacher said,"Samudra Gupta is called the

Napoleon of India."
Indirect - The History teacher said that Samudra Gupta is called
the Napoleon of India.

Assertive Sentences Part 2

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Persons मे पररवतर्तन के कनयम (Rules for the change of Persons)

Rule 1: Direct से Indirect बनाते समय Reported Speech के First Person

के Pronouns (I, me, my, mine, we, us, ours) को Reporting Verb के
Subject के Person, Number और Gender के अनुसार बदलि दे ते है । जैसे :

1. Direct - I said, " I do not like that book."

Indirect - I said that I did not like that book.
2. Direct - You said, "I am learning my lesson."
Indirect - you said that you were learning your lesson.
3. Direct - They said,"We want to go to Delhi."
Indirect - They said that they wanted to go to Delhi.

Rule 2: Direct से Indirect मे पररवतर्तन करते समय Reported Speech मे आये

हुए Second Person के Pronouns(you, your, yours) को reporting Verb के
Object के Person , Number और Gender के अनुसार बदलि दे ते है । जैसे :

1. Direct - He said to me, "You are happy."

Indirect - He told me that I was happy.
2. Direct - You said to him, "You are very sad."
Indirect - You told him that you were very sad.
3. Direct - He said to them,"You are not doing any work."
Indirect - He told them that they were not doing any work."

Rule 3: Direct से Indirect मे पररवतर्तन करते समय Reported Speech मे आये

हुए Third Person के Pronouns (he, she, it, they, his, her, its, their, him,
them) मे कोई पररवतर्तन नही करते है । जैसे :
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1. Direct - He said, "He is a postman."

Indirect - He said that he was a postman.
2. Direct - You said , "She is not a good girl."
Indirect - You said that she was not a good girl.
3. Direct - Alam said to Kriya,"I shall always help you."
Indirect - He told them that he(Alam) would always help
her(Kriya).

Table of Changes in Pronouns :

Nominative or Objective Possessive

Person
Subjective form form form

First my, mine, our,

I, We me, us
Person ours

Second
You you your, yours
Person

He him his
Third She her her, hers
Person It it its
They them their, theirs

Assertive Sentences Part 3

समय या ससथकत की कनकटता सूचक शब्दो को बदलिने के कनयम (Rules for change
of words expressing nearness of time or position)
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Rule 1: Reported Speech मे प्रयुक्त समय अथवा ससथकत की कनकटता

(nearness of time or position) सूचक शब्दो को दूरी प्रकट करने वालिे शब्दो मे
बदलि दे ते है । जैसे :

ago : before
come : go
hence : thence
hither : thither
here : there
just : then
now : then
this : that
these : those
thus : so
to-night : that night
today : that day
tomorrow : the next day or the following day
yesterday : the previous day or the day before
last night/week/year : the previous night/week/year
next week/month/year : the following week/month/year
yesterday morning : the previous morning or the morning
before

Example :
1. Direct - He said to them, "I will leave you now."
Indirect - He told them that he would leave them then.
2. Direct - Ritesh said to Komal, "I cannot go with you till next
Monday."
Indirect - Ritesh told Komal that he could not go with him till the
following Monday.
3. Direct - He said to me, "I came here yesterday."
Indirect - He told me that he had gone there the previous day.
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Rule 2: यदद this, here और now आदद ककसी ऐसी वसतु या सथान या समय की
और संकेत करे जो कहते समय वक्ता के सामने उपससथत हो तो Indirect बनाते समय
उनमे कोई पररवतर्तन नही होता, बसलक उन्हे ज्यो का त्यो रख दे ते है। जैसे :

1. Direct - He said to me, "This is my house."

Indirect - He told me that this was his house.
2. Direct - The leaders says, "I am glad to be here this morning.."
Indirect - The leaders says that he is glad to be here this morning.
3. Direct - He said to me, "I will do it now."
Indirect - He told me that he would do it now.

Rule 3: This या these का प्रयोग यदद समय की ऒर संकेत के ललिए होता है तो

Indirect मे इनको that या those मे ही बदलिते है । पर यदद this या these का
प्रयोग Adjectives की भाँकत हुआ है तो Indirect बनाते समय that या those के
सथान पर the का प्रयोग भी कर सकते है। Examples :

1. Direct - He said, "We are going for a party this week."

Indirect - He said that they were going for a party that week.
2. Direct - she said, "I am preparing for the test these days"
Indirect - The leaders says that he was preparing for the test
those days.
3. Direct - He said, "I have typed all these essays"
Indirect - He said that he had typed all the essays.

or

He said that he had typed all those essays.

कुछ कवशेष पररवतर्तन (Some important changes):

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A. कभी-कभी Reported Speech मे कुछ Nouns, Vocative case मे आ जाते है,

Indirect Narration मे पररवतर्तन करते समय वे Reporting Verb के Object बन
जाते है । जैसे :

1. Direct - Hemant said, "Ashok, I shall give you a book."

Indirect - Hemant told Ashok that he would give him a book.
2. Direct - "My sons" said the old farmer, "I am planting these trees
for you."
Indirect - The old farmer told his sons that he was planting those
trees for them.

B. यदद Inverted Commas के अंदर सम्बोधन के शब्द (Terms of address) का

प्रयोग हो, तो उनको objects मे बदलि दे ते है या कफिर उन्हे address....as के बाद
रखते है । जैसे :

Direct - "Naughty boy" said his mother, "You have been fighting
again."
Indirect - Addressing her son as a naughty boy the mother said that
he had been fighting again.

C. Needn't को Indirect speech मे ज्यो का त्यो रहने दे ते है । जैसे :

Direct - He said to his wife, " I needn't go there now."

Indirect - He told his wife that he needn't go there then.

D. यदद Inverted Commas के भीतर "well" या "you see" शब्द हो तो Indirect

बनाते समय इन शब्दो को हटा दे ते है क्योकक ये कनरथर्तक शब्द है । जैसे :

1. Direct - Hemant said, "Well Ashok, I shall give you a book."

Indirect - Hemant told Ashok that he would give him a book.
2. Direct - The mother said, "You see, I am planting these trees for
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you."
Indirect - The mother said that he was planting those trees for
them.

E. जजन शतर्त बताने वालिे (conditional) वाक्यो से कालपकनक अथवा अवासतकवक

ससथकत का बोध होता है, उनमे अवासतकवक भूतकालि (Unreal past tense) का
प्रयोग होता है । Indirect Speech मे इनमे कोई पररवतर्तन नही होता है । जैसे :

Direct - He said, " If my college was near the house I would always
be in time."
Indirect - He said that if her college was near the house she would
always be in time.

F. Reported Speech मे thank you का प्रयोग होने पर Indirect Speech मे

Reporting verb को thanked मे बदलि दे ते है । इसी तरह Reported Speech मे
प्रयुक्त hope, feel आदद को भी Reporting Verb बना दे ते है । जैसे -

1. Direct - The pupil said to the teacher, "Thank you, sir, for your
help."
Indirect - The pupil respectfully thanked the teacher for his help.
2. Direct - She said,"I hope my mother will come tomorrow."
Indirect - She hoped that my mother would come the next day.

Interrogative Sentences

Interrogative sentences से प्रश का बिोध होता है , इस प्रकार के

sentences को Indirect मे बिदलते समय बनम्नसलखखित बिातो का ध्यान रखिना
चाबहए :
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Rule 1: Reporting Verb 'said to' को asked या enquired of मे बदलि दे ते है

।

Rule 2 : प्रश्नवाचक वाक्यो मे 'That' conjuction का प्रयोग नही ककया जाता ।

Rule 3 : Indirect मे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य को साधारण वाक्य (Assertive

Sentence) बना दे ते है । प्रश्नवाचक चचन्ह (?) हटा ददया जाता है , और उसके सथान
पर Full Stop(.) का प्रयोग ककया जाता है ।

Rule 4 : Reported Speech के Pronoun, Verb तथा अन्य शब्दो को

Assertive sentences के कनयमो के अनुसार बदलिते है ।

Rule 5 : जब Direct Speech मे ऐसा प्रश्न हो जजसका उत्तर "Yes" या "No" मे

ददया जा सके अथार्तत Reported Speech ककसी सहायक कक्रिया (Auxiliary verb)
जैसे - is, are, am, was, were, do, does, did, shall, will, has, have, had,
can, may आदद से शुर हुई है तो Indirect Speech को Connective word 'if'
या 'whether' से प्रारम्भ ककया जाता है । उसके बाद करता लिगाकर कफिर से कक्रिया
का प्रयोग करते है । जैसे -

1.Direct - Aksay said to me, " Are you reading a newspaper?"

Indirect - Aksay asked me if I was reading a newspaper.
2. Direct - I said to him, " Can you tell me what the time is ?"
Indirect - I asked him whether he could tell me what the time was.

Rule 6 : अगर Reported Speech मे सहायक कक्रिया Do या Does हो और उसके

बाद not न हो तो Indirect बनाते समय उनको हटा दे ते है, और मुख्य कक्रिया को
Simple Past Tense मे बदलि दे ते है । जैसे -
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1.Direct - She said to me, "Do you know Hemant?"

Indirect - She asked me whether I knew Hemant.
2. Direct - I said to him, "Do you tell me the matter?"
Indirect - I asked him if he told me the matter.

Rule 7 : अगर Reported Speech मे Do या Does के बाद not हो तो do या

does के सथान पर 'did' कर ददया जाता है । इस प्रकार Reported Speech के
verb का Past Tense अपने आप बन जाता है । जैसे -

1.Direct - Father said to me, "Do you not obey me?"

Indirect - Father asked me if I did not obey him.
2. Direct - I said to him, "Don't you go to college today?"
Indirect - I asked him if he didn't go to college that day.

Rule 8 : अगर Reported Speech मे 'did' helping verb हो तो इसे हटा कर

मुख्य कक्रिया को Past perfect tense मे बदलि दे ते है । जैसे -

Direct - He said to me, "Did you give me your phone?"

Indirect - He asked me whether I had given him my phone.

Rule 9 : यदद Reported Speech प्रश्नसूचक शब्द (what, who, which, whom,
whose, when, why, how आदद ) से शुर होती है तो Indirect Speech मे कोई
अन्य connective नही लिगाया जाना चाकहए । ये शब्द ही connective होते है । जैसे
-

1.Direct - I said to her, "Who are you?"

Indirect - I asked her who she was.
2. Direct - He said to him, "Where do you live?"
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Indirect - He asked him where he lived.

Rule 10 : 'yes', 'no' answer to questions जैसे -

1.Direct - I said to her, "Can you give me this book?" She said, "Yes."
Indirect - I asked her if she could give me that book. She replied
that she could.
2. Direct - He said to Ashok, "Are you attending the class?" Ashok
said, "No."
Indirect - He asked Ashok if he was attending the class. Ashok said
that he was not.

Imperative Sentences

जबि बकसी वाक्य मे आज्ञा (order), परामरर(advice) या प्राररना (request)

प्रकट की गयी हो तो उसे Imperative Sentence कहते है । इसमे करता you
सछिपा रहता है तरा वाक्य finite verb से प्रारम्भ होता है ।

Rule 1: Reporting Verb 'said' को भाव के अनुसार इस प्रकार बदलिते है :

a) order -ordered, commanded

b) advice - advised, urged
c) request - requested, begged, implored, entreated

Rule 2 : Reported Speech के verb के पहलिे 'to' जोड़कर infinitive बना दे ते

है । For Example :

Direct : The Teacher said to me, "Sit in your class and learn your
lesson."
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Indirect : The teacher ordered me to sit in my class and learn my

lesson.

Rule 3: Reported Speech के Vocative Case के noun को Reporting Verb

का कमर्त (Object) बना दे ते है । For Example :

Direct : He said, "Work hard, friends."

Indirect : He advised his friends to work hard.

Rule 4: जब Reported Speech 'Do not' से प्रारम्भ हो, तो इसके पररवतर्तन की दो

कवचधया है जैसे :

a) Reporting Verb को forbade मे बदलि ददया जाता है तथा Reported Speech

मे आये हुए 'do not' को समाप्त करके कक्रिया से पहलिे to लिगा दे ते है । जैसे :

Direct : The teacher said to the boy, "Do not abuse anyone."
Indirect : The teacher forbade the boy to abuse anyone.

b) Reporting Verb 'said' को भाव अनुसार ordered, advised या

requested मे बदलिा जाता है परन्तु इसमे Reported Speech मे से केवलि 'do'
हटता है और 'not' के बाद 'to' infinitive का प्रयोग ककया जाता है । जैसे :

Direct : Your father said to the boy, "Do not waste your time."
Indirect : Your father advised the boy not to waste his time.

Rule 5 : Reported Speech जब never से प्रारम्भ हो तो Reporting verb को

advised मे बदलि दे ते है और never तथा कक्रिया के बीच to का प्रयोग करते है । जैसे
-

Direct : Your father said to the boy, "Never waste your time."
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Indirect : Your father advised the boy never to waste his time.

Rule 6 : जब Reported Speech मे 'Sir', 'Please', 'Kindly' आदद शब्दो का

प्रयोगहोता होता है तो Reported Verb को requested से बदलि दे ते है । जैसे -

Direct : She said to Reena, "Kindly help me."

Indirect : She requested Reena to help me.

Rule 7 : यदद Reported Speech मे If से प्रारम्भ होने वालिे clause मे सलिाह का

भाव है तो Indirect Speech मे should का प्रयोग करना चाकहए । जैसे -

Direct : The father said, "If you suffer from cold and cough, consult a
doctor surely."
Indirect :The father said if i suffered from cold and cough, i should
consult a doctor surely.

Some more examples :

Direct : She said, "Could i use your pen?"

Indirect : She requested me to use my pen.

Direct : She said, "Would you like to have lunch with me?"
Indirect : She invited me to have lunch with her.

Direct : "Would you please give me your bag?" she said to me.
Indirect : She requested me to give her my bag.

Imperative sentences मे आये Let को बदलिने के कनयम

A) For Proposal (प्रस्ताव)

i) Reporting verb को proposed या suggested मे बदलि दे ते है ।
ii) Inverted commas को हटाकर that लिगाते है ।
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iii) Objective case (us) को Nominative case (we or they) मे reporting

verb के subject के person के अनुसार बदलिते है ।
iv) Let को should मे बदलिते है और इसे we or they के बाद ललिखते है।
a) Direct : Sam said, "Let us go for a party."
Indirect : Sam proposed that they should go for a party.

b) Direct : I said to Reena, "Let us play a game."

Indirect : I suggested to Reena that we should play a game.

c) Direct : "Let's go to the market," said Asha, "Let's not," said Neha.
Indirect : Asha suggested to Neha that we should go to the market
but Neha objected.

or

Asha suggested to Neha that we should go to the market but Neha

was against it.

Note : For reporting Let's not as answer to affirmative

suggestion we have to use objected or was against it.

B) For Request (प्राररना)

i) Reporting verb को requested मे बदलि दे ते है ।
ii) Let को to let मे बदलिते है या कफिर let के सथान पर that लिगाकर noun या
pronoun के साथ might be allowed to ललिखकर कक्रिया की first form लिगाते है
।
Note : If request or advice is started with 'Let there be' then we
have to report it with 'that there should be'.
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a) Direct : He said, "Let me go home."

Indirect : He requested to let him go home.

or

He requested that he might be allowed to go home.

b) Direct : I said to Kanika, "Let there be no talk about you."

Indirect : I advised to Kanika that there should be no talk about you.

C) For Command (आदे र)

i) Reporting verb को ordered मे बदलि दे ते है ।
ii) Let के सथान पर that लिगाकर noun या pronoun के बाद should का प्रयोग
करते है ।
Direct : The policeman said, "Let the man go."
Indirect : The policeman ordered that the man should go.

Optative Sentences

Reported Speech मे request or wish के अथर्त मे May का प्रयोग हो तो

उसे Optative sentence कहते है ।

Rule 1 : Reporting verb 'said' को 'wished', 'cursed' या 'prayed' मे

बदलिकर sentence को assertive मे बदलि दे ते है , connective word 'that'
लिगाते है तथा Interjection के कनशान (!) को हटा दे ते है |

Note a) शुभकामना व्यकत करने के ललिए wish तथा श्राप के ललिए curse का प्रयोग
करते है |
Note b) Request to God के ललिए prayed का प्रयोग करते है |

a) Direct : He said to me, "May you live long !"

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Indirect : He wished that I might live long.

b) Direct : She said, "May your enemy go to hell !"

Indirect : She cursed that my enemy mightgo to hell.

c) Direct : Seema said to me, "May God bless you with children !"
Indirect : Seema prayed that God mightbless me with children.

Rule 2 : Reported speech मे Good night या Good bye का प्रयोग होता है

तो said के सथान पर bade का प्रयोग करते है तथा Good morning का प्रयोग हो
तो said के सथान पर wished प्रयोग करते है |

a) Direct : He said to her, "Good bye, my sister !"

Indirect : He bade good bye to his sister.

or

He bade his sister good bye.

b) Direct : My friend said to me, "Good morning, I am happy to see

you !"

Indirect : My friend wished good morning to me and said that he is

happy to see me.

c) Direct : The son said, "Good night, Mom !"

Indirect : The son bade good night to his Mom.

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Exclamatory Sentences

इनमे joy, sorrow, surprise आदद प्रकट बकया जाता है ।

Rule 1 : Interjections को समाप्त कर दे ते है क्योकक इनके भाव तो Reporting

verb से सपष हो जाते है ।
Interjection - Hurrah से joy, Alas से sorrow, what a तरा how से
surprise तथा bravo से approval प्रकट होता है ।
Rule 2 : Inverted commas को that मे बदलि दे ते है ।
Rule 3 : Note of exclamation (!) के बदलिे full stop (.) का प्रयोग करते है ।
Rule 4 : Person और Tense का पररवतर्तन Assertive वाक्य की तरह होता है ।
Rule 5 : Reporting verb 'said' के सथान पर पररवतर्तन कनम्न प्रकार से करने
चाकहए :

i) यदद प्रसन्नता प्रकट की गयी है, तो exclaimed with joy या exclaimed with
delight का प्रयोग करते है ।

Direct : He said, "Hurrah ! I have passed the examination."

Indirect : He exclaimed with delight that he had passed the
examination.

ii) यदद शोक प्रकट ककया हो, तो exclaimed with sorrow या exclaimed with
grief का प्रयोग करते है ।

Direct : The student said, "Alas ! My friend is dead."

Indirect : The student exclaimed with sorrow that his friend was
dead.
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iii) यदद प्रशंसा की गयी है , तो praised या applauded का प्रयोग करते है ।

Direct : The soldiers said,"Bravo ! We have won."

Indirect : The soldiers applauded they they had won.

iv) What a या How से अचधकता प्रकट होती है इसललिए इनके सथान पर very या
great का प्रयोग करते है ।

यदद what a या how के बिाद noun आये तो उसे great से बिदलते है परन्तु
उसके बिाद Adjective आने पर उसे very मे बिदलते है इसमे Reporting
verb said को exclaimed मे बिदल दे ते है ।

a) Direct : The child said, "How beautiful the flower is !"

Indirect : The child exclaimed that the flower was very beautiful.

b) Direct : The master said, "What a lazy fellow you are !"
Indirect : The master exclaimed that I was very lazy fellow.

v) यदद वाक्य मे Good Heavens का प्रयोग हो तो Reporting verb को

exclaimed with surprise मे बदलि दे ते है ।

Direct : The old man said, "Good Heavens ! The hut has caught fire."
Indirect : The old man exclaimed with surprise that the hut had
caught fire.
Chart of changes in Indirect Speech (with past tense)
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Kind of the Nature of the Reporting

Conjunction
sentence sentence verb

1. Assertive General Statement said/told that

Question(?) mark in
the end of sentence.
(i)Starting with (i)No different
who, which, what, connective;
2. why, when, where, asked/ Question word
Interrogative how etc. question enquired of use as
words. (ii)Starting conjunction. (ii)
with do, did, is, was, if or whether
can, shall, will, have
etc helping verbs.

requested,
request, order,
begged, Do not use
advise etc. Sentence
commanded, conjunction
3. Imperative starts with verb.
ordered, after Reporting
Subject 'you'
advised, verb.
remains hidden.
forbade

Wish cognitive or Wished or

4. Optative that
pray to God prayed
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surprise, sorrow, joy

indicator. exclaimed,
5.
Exclamation (!) cried out, that
Exclamatory
mark in the end of shouted etc.
sentence.

Mixed Sentences and Dialogues

Mixed Sentences

If there are different types of sentences in Reported Speech then for

making indirect rules must be used according to the type of
sentence. Firstly make the indirect of every part of sentences
differently. There should be a use of particular Reporting Verb before
every type of sentence and in the end there must be a combination
of all sentences.

(Hindi translation) यदद ककसी reported speech मे कवभभन्न प्रकार के वाक्य हो

तो वाक्य के प्रकार के अनुसार ही Indirect बनाने के कनयमो का प्रयोग करना चाकहए
। प्रत्येक प्रकार के वाक्य के पहलिे उसके अनुकूलि Reporting Verb का प्रयोग करना
चाकहए और अंत मे सब वाक्यो को चमलिाकर एक साथ ललिखना चाकहए ।

Direct : The teacher became angry with the student and said, "Why
have you again disturbed the class in this way ? I have told you
before, that when I am speaking , you should be silent. Leave the
room and do not return today."

Indirect : The teacher became angry with the student

and asked why he had again disturbed the class in that way.
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He reminded him that he had told him before that he should be

silent when he was speaking. He therefore ordered him to leave the
room and not to return again that day.
Dialogues

(i) Dialogues are direct but sometimes they use without inverted
commas. So we must watch that conversation is going between
whom and what the relation is between them. Generally the one who
speaks known as subject of Reporting Verb and whom talking to
known as Object.

(ii) Sometimes Reporting Verb does not remain present. In these

conditions Reporting Verb (told, asked, requested, ordered etc)
should be used according to aspect or notion.

(iii) when Reporting verb is not available then make it in the past
tense.

(Hindi Translation)

(i) Dialogues Direct मे होते है , परन्तु कफिर भी उनमे Inverted commas नही
ददए जाते है इसललिए दे ख लिेना चाकहए की वातार्तलिाप ककस -ककस के बीच हो रहा है
तथा उनमे क्या सम्बन्ध है । साधारणतया जो पात बोलिता है वह Reporting Verb
का कतार्त होता है और जजससे बात कही जाती है वह object होता है ।

(ii) कभी -कभी Reporting verb नही ददया होता है । ऐसी दशा मे भाव के अनुसार
Reporting Verb (told, asked, requested, ordered etc) का प्रयोग करना
चाकहए ।

(iii) जब Reporting verb न ददया हो तो उसे past tense मे बनाते है ।

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Direct : Seema said to Reema, "Will you go to school today?"

Reema said, "No."

Seema said, "Why ?"

Reema said, "Because I am not feeling well."

Indirect : Seema asked Reema whether she would go to school that

day. Reema replied that she would not go. Seema asked her why
she would not go. Reema replied that she would not go because she
was not feeling well.