Subsynchronous resonance – SSR

Subsynchronous resonance and Torsional interaction

- Background and Physical understanding

By Kenneth Walve,
formerly Vattenfall and Svenska Kraftnät
 Subsynchronous resonance – SSR
Some events – SSR

• Mohave power station in southern Nevada in

1970 and 1971.
A turbo-generator shaft experienced damage.

• Field tests in Mexico(?)

observed by Sven Karlsson, formerly ASEA

• Forsmark, incident December 27, 1983

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 Subsynchronous resonance – SSR
Subsynchronous resonance – SSR

• Induction Generator Effect – The asynchronous effect

• Shaft Torque Amplification – Transient shaft stresses
• Torsional interaction
Mechanical shaft oscillations and interaction with the
electrical power system

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 Subsynchronous resonance – SSR
Subsynchronous resonance – SSR

• Induction Generator Effect – The asynchronous effect

X becomes low when f < 50 Hz

Negativ R from the generator

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 Subsynchronous resonance – SSR
Subsynchronous resonance – SSR
Mechanical shaft torque
• Shaft Torque after a shortcircuit

Amplification
– Transient shaft stresses

Torque

Reference: Extra High Voltage

Transmission in Sweden
Olof Edberg, Torsten Johansson
et.al., Vattenfall 1985, book Disconnection
of the fault

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 Subsynchronous resonance – SSR
Subsynchronous resonance – SSR

• Induction Generator Effect – The asynchronous effect

• Shaft Torque Amplification – Transient shaft stresses
• Torsional interaction
Mechanical shaft oscillations and interaction with the
electrical power system

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 ”An analysis of subsynchronous resonance
problems requires a clear understanding of the
physical relationships that produce the
phenomenon.”

L.A.Kilgore, D.G.Ramey, M.C.Hall

Simplified transmission and generation system analysis procedures for
subsynchronous resonance problems
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Volume: 96, Issue:
6, Nov.1977
www.ieeexplore.ieee.org

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 Research and
Development Report,
Vattenfall, 1981
J-E Bengtsson, K Walve
Approved by T Johansson

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 Subsynchronous resonance – SSR

Physical background
• mechanical system
• electrical system
• interaction via the generator

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 Torsional oscillation in
a turbogenerator unit

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 Turbo-
generator
unit

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Torsional 5.6 Hz
oscillations
HP LP 1 LP 2 LP 3 GEN EXC
• natural
frequencies 12.8 Hz

23.3 Hz

30.0 Hz

31.7 Hz

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 Torsional oscillations
Torsional mechanical damping probably comes
mainly from the steam but also from couplings

The damping is very small. Time constant for

damping is in the order of a few seconds up to half a
minute. Damping increases with loading.

Natural frequencies and mechanical damping can

be calculated in a simplified manner from the
individual constants of inertias, springs and
dampings

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 Torsional oscillations Seen from the generator,
the behaviour of the
shaft at a natural mode
frequency can be
symbolised by a single
mass and spring

J: Moment of inertia, kgm2

K: Spring constant, Nm/rad
D: Damping, Nm/(rad/s)

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 J: Moment of inertia, kgm2
Torsional oscillations K: Spring constant, Nm/rad
D: Damping, Nm/(rad/s)

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 Electrical resonances

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 The Electrical System
Inductive or capacitive
network elements are in
series or in parallel

A generator will be exposed

to voltages and currents at
frequences under or above
nominal frequency
Thus the generator can be
represented by its induction
mode equivalent.

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 The total electrical system

The oscillating generator External network

All impedances include their frequency dependance

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 The generator is a part
of both the mechanical
and electrical system

Damping contribution from the

electrical network

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 ω + ∆ω
A = Amplitude of
ω
θ the superimposed
oscillation
A (normally less
ωt
A than one degree)

The rotating generator

with superimposed
oscillation at a mode
frequency

K Walve 2016
 The oscillation generator

∆ω
A
∆θ

A
ωt

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 The oscillation generator

Field flux components

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 The oscillation generator
The magnetic fluxes generate electromagnetic forces
• synchronous speed (50 Hz)
• subsynchronous speed (50 – fm Hz)
• supersynchronous speed (50 + fm Hz)

The electromagnetic forces generate currents that depend

on the total impedances at those frequencies

The fluxes and currents create torques

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 Summing up so far …

Total torsional damping comes from

• Dsub (subsynchronous electrical damping)
• Dsuper (supersynchronous electrical damping)
• Dmech (mechanical dampning)

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Subsynchronous damping
The electrical damping contribution is created from interaction
between the magnetic flux rotating at frequency fm-50 Hz and
the subsynchronous currents
The currents depend on the impedances as seen from generator

50−𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅
𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = − ∗ ( < 0)
2∗𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅 2 +𝑋𝑋 2

fm the mechanical resonance frequency

R, X total subsynkrona impedanserna (including the
generator itself) calculated at the subfrequency

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Subsynchronous and supersynchronous
damping
Subsynchronous
50−𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅
𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = − ∗ ( < 0)
2∗𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅 2 +𝑋𝑋 2

Supersynchronous
50+𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅
𝐷𝐷𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = + ∗ ( > 0)
2∗𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅 2 +𝑋𝑋 2

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 Subsynchronous damping

Assume that the Dsub

must not be more negative
than a certain value

X=0 A forbidden impedance

area can be defined

R0 is calculated for X = 0

RR0/2
m/2
Forbidden area
Förbjudet område
Area of interest
R=0
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 Subsynchronous damping

2,0
D= -1.5
D= -1.0
1,5
X, reactance

1,0

D= -0.5
0,5
D= -0.2
D= -0.1 R, resistance
0,0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

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Subsynchronous damping calculation
Frequency scanning

Impedances in
the network
(including the
analysed
generator)

Calculations are
made for a
frequency range

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Sub- and supersynchronous damping
Frequency scanning

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Subsynchronous damping
Series compensation scanning
Subsynchronous
damping at various
degree of series
compensation on
one line

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Subsynchronous damping
Series compensation scanning
Calculation for
various degrees of
compensation on
two lines at a
selected frequency

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References
A Method of Analysis of Sybsynchronous Resonance, Research and Development
Report, Vattenfall, 1981, SDS reg.no. 231 , J-E Bengtsson, K Walve
Approved by T Johansson
Please see also references in the report.

L.A.Kilgore, D.G.Ramey, M.C.Hall

Simplified transmission and generation system analysis procedures for
subsynchronous resonance problems
IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Volume: 96, Issue: 6, Nov.1977
www.ieeexplore.ieee.org

Subsynchronous resonance
Article By: Farmer, Richard G. Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona.
Agrawal, Bajarang Arizona Public Service Company, Phoenix, Arizona.
Publication year:2014
www.accessscience.com

K Walve 2016
kenneth.walve@swipnet.se
 Questions?

Per-Olof Lindström will present more about

Methods and Analyses

K Walve 2016