Mathematics

II

Pradeep
Boggarapu

Cauchy-
Riemann Mathematics II
equations part
I

Cauchy-
Riemann Pradeep Boggarapu
equations part
II

Examples of Department of Mathematics, BITS-Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus

applications of
CR equations
Mathematics
II In this lecture we will find a method to test whether a function is
Pradeep
Boggarapu differentiable or not.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part First we will find a necessary condition for differentiability for a
I
function.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations
Mathematics
II Let a function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) be defined in a domain
Pradeep
Boggarapu on the complex plane.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
I
Let us assume that derivative of the function exists at a point
Cauchy-
Riemann
z0 = x0 + iy0 in the domain. Let us write ∆z = ∆x + i∆y .
equations part
II

Examples of Let us also write ∆w = f (z + z0 ) − f (z0 ) Which is equal to

applications of
CR equations

[u(x0 +∆x, y0 +∆y )−u(x0 , y0 )]+i[v (x0 +∆x, y0 +∆y )−v (x0 , y0 )]
Mathematics
II As we are assuming that the derivative at the point z0 exists so
Pradeep
Boggarapu we know the limit f 0 (z0 ) = lim∆z→0 ∆w
∆z exists.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
I
So we know that the limits of both the real part and the
Cauchy-
Riemann
imaginary part exists and we have that
equations part
II
∆w ∆w
Examples of f 0 (z0 ) = lim Re +i lim Im
applications of
CR equations
(∆x,∆y )→(0,0) ∆z (∆x,∆y )→(0,0) ∆z
Mathematics
II Now let us take the limits first along the real axis that is
Pradeep
Boggarapu ∆z = ∆x then we have:
Cauchy- ∆w u(x0 + ∆x, y0 ) − u(x0 , y0 )
Riemann lim Re = lim
equations part
I (∆x,∆y )→(0,0) ∆z ∆x→0 ∆x
Cauchy-
Riemann The last limit is the partial derivative of u(x, y ) with respect to
equations part
II
x at (x0 , y0 ) that is
Examples of
applications of
CR equations
= ux (x0 , y0 )
Similarly one can see that the limit lim(∆x,∆y )→(0,0) Im ∆w
∆z is equal
to vx (x0 , y0 ).
Putting these two together we see that
0
Mathematics
II Now let us take the limit along the imaginary axis i.e.
Pradeep
Boggarapu ∆z = i∆y .
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
I u(x0 , y0 + ∆y ) − u(x0 , y0 ) v (x0 , y0 + ∆y ) − v (x0 , y
Cauchy- f 0 (z0 ) = lim +i
Riemann
equations part
∆y →0 i∆y i∆y
II

Examples of
applications of
Which one immediately sees equal to −iuy (x0 , y0 ) + vy (x0 , y0 ) So
CR equations
we have
f 0 (z0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) − iuy (x0 , y0 )
Mathematics
II Now since we have :
Pradeep
Boggarapu

Cauchy-
Riemann
f 0 (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 )
equations part
I
and
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
f 0 (z0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 ) − iuy (x0 , y0 )
II

Examples of
applications of
Equating the real and the imaginary parts of the two expressions,
CR equations
we get the following theorem
Mathematics
II

Pradeep
Theorem 2.1
Boggarapu
If a complex function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) is differentiable
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
at a point z0 = x0 + iy0 then the first order partial derivatives of
I

Cauchy-
the functions u, v must exist at (x0 , y0 ) and they must satisfy the
Riemann
equations part Cauchy-Riemann equations:
II

Examples of
applications of ux (x0 , y0 ) = vy (x0 , y0 )
CR equations
uy (x0 , y0 ) = −vx (x0 , y0 )
And f 0 (z0 ) = ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ).
Mathematics
II Find the points where the following functions are differentiable.
Pradeep
Boggarapu

Cauchy- (a) f (z) = x, (z = x + iy ) (b) f (z) = z.

Riemann
equations part
I  z2
Cauchy-  z when z 6= 0,
Riemann
equations part
II
Let f (z) =

Examples of 0 when z = 0.
applications of
CR equations Show that f satisfies CR equation but it is not differentiable at
z = 0.
Mathematics
II
Theorem 2.2
Pradeep
Boggarapu Let the function f (z) = u(x, y ) + iv (x, y ) be defined in some  neighborhood
Cauchy- of a point z0 = x0 + iy0 , and suppose that
Riemann
equations part
I
1 The first partial derivatives of the functions u, v exists everywhere in the
Cauchy- neighborhood.
Riemann
equations part
II
2 Those partial derivatives are continuous at (x0 , y0 ) and satisfy the
Examples of
Cauchy-Riemann equations at (x0 , y0 ):
applications of
CR equations
ux = vy
uy = −vx

Then f 0 (z0 ) exists and it is equal to ux (x0 , y0 ) + ivx (x0 , y0 ).

Mathematics
II In this section we will show a few examples of applications of the
Pradeep
Boggarapu Cauchy-Riemann equations ( henceforth CR equations in short ).
Cauchy-
Riemann
Example. Show that the function f (z) = e z is differentiable
equations part
I
everywhere.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
Solution. The function is
II

Examples of
applications of f (z) = e x+iy = e x e iy = e x cos y + ie x sin y
CR equations

u(x, y ) = e x cos y , and v (x, y ) = e x sin y .

Clearly u, v are continuous throughout the complex plane and
also all the partials exist.
Mathematics
II Let us calculate the partial derivatives
Pradeep
Boggarapu ux = e x cos y , uy = −e x sin y , vx = e x sin y , vy = e x cos y .
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
So we see that ux = vy and uy = −vx satisfies CR equations
I
everywhere. So the function is differentiable everywhere on the
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
complex plane.
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations
Mathematics
II Example. Find all the point where the function f (z) = |z|2 is
Pradeep
Boggarapu differentiable.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
Solution. The function can be written as f (z) = (x 2 + y 2 ) + i0,
I
u = x 2 + y 2 and v = 0, the partials are
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
II ux = 2x, uy = 2y , vx = vy = 0,
Examples of
applications of
CR equations the partials are continuous, but they don’t satisfy CR unless
x = y = 0.
Mathematics
II Example. Find the points where the following functions are
Pradeep
Boggarapu differentiable.
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part f (z) = x and f (z) = z.
I

Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
Solution. For the first function we have u = x, v = 0 so the
II
partials are ux = 1, uy = 0, vx = vy = 0, so there does not exist
Examples of
applications of
CR equations
any point where this function si differentiable.
For the second one u = x, v = −y so the partials are
ux = 1, uy = 0, vx = 0, vy = −1, so this functions does not
satisfy the CR equations anywhere.
Mathematics p
II Exaple. Show that the function f (z) = |xy | does satisfy the
Pradeep
Boggarapu CR equations at the origin but is not differentiable. Isn’t it
Cauchy-
Riemann
contradicting the Theorem 2.2 ?
equations part p
I
Solution. u = |xy |, v = 0, so the partials at the origin are
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
ux = uy = 0 = vx = vy , so it satisfies the CR equations.
II

Examples of
applications of
But the partial derivatives are not continuous.
CR equations
 1/2
Since away from x = 0 the partials of u are ux = |y1
2
|
|x| if
 1/2
1 |y |
x > 0 and ux = − 2 |x| if x < 0 and at (0, 0) it is 0, so ux is
not continuous.
Mathematics
II One can show that the√function is not differentiable by showing
Pradeep
Boggarapu |∆x∆y |
that the limit lim∆z→0 ∆z does not exist by choosing some
Cauchy-
Riemann appropriate lines of approach.
equations part
I

Cauchy- Example: Show that the below function is differentiable at

Riemann
equations part
II
z = 0 but the partial derivatives of Ref (z) are not continuous at
Examples of
applications of
z = 0.   
2 1
CR equations
 |z| sin |z|
 when z 6= 0,
f (z) =

0 when z = 0.

 CR Equations in Polar Form

Mathematics
II

Pradeep
Sometime it is useful to know CR equations in polar form.
Boggarapu

Cauchy-
Let us consider a function f (z) = u + iv and let us write
Riemann
equations part
z = re iθ in the polar form, now the partials of u, v in the polar
I

Cauchy-
coordinates are obtained though the chain rule:
Riemann
equations part
II
∂x ∂y
Examples of ur = ux + uy
applications of
CR equations
∂r ∂r
which is
ur = ux cos θ + uy sin θ
Mathematics
II Similarly
Pradeep
Boggarapu

Cauchy-
Riemann
uθ = −ux r sin θ + uy r cos θ
equations part
I

Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
vr = vx cos θ + vy sin θ
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations
vθ = −vx r sin θ + vy r cos θ
Mathematics
II Now assuming CR equations in the Cartesian coordinates we
Pradeep
Boggarapu have:
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
I vθ = −vx r sin θ + vy r cos θ = uy r sin θ + ux r cos θ = rur
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part
Similarly
II

Examples of
applications of
CR equations uθ = −ux r sin θ + uy r cos θ = −vy r sin θ − vx r cos θ = −rvr
So the necessary conditions are:

vθ = rur and uθ = −rvr

Mathematics
II Let us also show that the conditions in polar form are sufficient:
Pradeep
Boggarapu
Homework Show the following identities:
Cauchy-
Riemann
equations part 1 1
I
ux = ur cos θ − uθ sin θ and uy = ur sin θ + uθ cos θ
Cauchy-
Riemann
r r
equations part
II 1 1
Examples of vx = vr cos θ − vθ sin θ and vy = vr sin θ + vθ cos θ
applications of
CR equations
r r
Now assuming the polar CR equations derive the Cartesian CR
equations thus showing that the conditions in polar coordinates
are sufficient.
Mathematics
II
Theorem 2.3
Pradeep
Boggarapu Let the function f (z) = u(r , θ) + iv (r , θ), (z = re iθ ) be defined in some 
Cauchy- neighborhood of a point z0 = r0 e iθ0 , and suppose that
Riemann
equations part
I
1 The first order partial derivatives of the functions u, v exists everywhere
Cauchy- in the neighborhood.
Riemann
equations part
II
2 Those partial derivatives are continuous at (r0 , θ0 ) and satisfy the polar
Examples of
form
applications of
CR equations
rur = vθ , and uθ = −rvr
of Cauchy-Riemann equations at (r0 , θ0 ).

Then f 0 (z0 ) exists and it is equal to e −iθ (ur (r0 , θ0 ) + ivr (r0 , θ0 ).
Mathematics
II Use the Theorem 2.3 to show that the following functions are
Pradeep
Boggarapu differentiable in the indicated domain of definition and also to
Cauchy-
Riemann
find f 0 (z0 ).
equations part
I √ iθ/2
Cauchy- 1 f (z) = re (r > 0, α < θ < α + 2π)
Riemann
equations part
II

Examples of
2 f (z) = e −θ cos(ln r ) + ie −θ sin(ln r ) (r > 0, 0 < θ < 2π).
applications of
CR equations