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Bigyanara Pathe Pathe


by Lambodar Prasad Singh

Published by:
The Bookpoint
Pathani Samant Planetarium Complex
Acharya Vihar Square,
Bhubaneswar-'1 3
Printed at:
Siksha Prakashani,
V.l.P. Colony, IRC Village, Bhubaneswar

Type Setting:
Bipin Bihari Panda
Cover design:
Bijoy Kumar Pradhan
1st Edition:

Shreegundicha, 2016
Price: Rs.99/- (Rupees Ninety Nine Oniy)
66 aat
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Nature not because it is useflil but because he delights in it. IIe delights in it
because Nature is beautiful. If Nature were not beat(iful. it wouid not be
worth studying. If Nature would not be lvorlh studying, lile u,ould not be
w'orth living."

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before our eyes (I rnean the universe), but one cannot understaDd
it unless
the lang*age and recognise the characters in
one first leains to u,derstand
which it is r.vritten. It is written in mathematical language.....; without these

means it is humanly impossible to uuderstand a word of it'"


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bordering on the mysterious and there is no rational explanation tbr


it."
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statentent in rather corpplex and abstruse mathematics. It is inrpossible
to

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discover it .. 317 is a priure number not becar-rse r.ve think it is so but because

QO9 r dEilfiQU6AC6a
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of material cerebral support." 646ffi 66'la 6qqo6, "It is humilily that
forces me to admit that mathematical world exists independently of the manner
in which we apprehend it, that it is not localised in space and time." -X
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