SUB Hamburg

B/113955

INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS

VINAY KUMAR MALHOTRA

M.A. (Gold Medalist), Ph.D.
Principal
Markanda National (Post-graduate) College
(Kurukshetra University)
Shahabad-Markanda, Haryana, India

ANMOL PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

NEW DELHI-110 002 (INDIA)
 Contents

Preface to the Fourth Edition xiii

Preface to the Third Edition xv
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Preface to the First Edition xix

1. Origin and Growth of International Relations 1

Development as an Academic Discipline: Setting-up of University Chairs, Research
Bodies, Role of League, After the Second World War; Stages of Development; Post-
Cold War Theories.
2. Nature, Scope and Purpose of International Relations 13
Meaning and Nature; Traditional View—International Politics; Current View—
International Relations; International Politics and International Relations; Scope
and Subject-Matter; Purpose and Importance.
3. The Nature and Functioning of the Sovereign State System 27
Nature of the Sovereign State System: State and Nation, State as Monopoly, State as
Functional Unit, State as Free Agent, State as Controller of Its International Role;
State as Determinant of World Politics, State as Divergent Entities, Participation,
Scope, Power, Domestic Structure; Origin and Development of the Modern State
System; Further Growth of and Change in the State System; Features of the
Functioning o f the State-System: Territoriality, Sovereignty, Equal Status of States,
Nationalism, Power Politics, Limitations on the State System; Future of the State
System: Decay, Survival.

4. Concept of Power 42
Meaning and Nature of Power, Power, Force, Influence and Authority, Capability;
National Power; Kinds of Power; Methods of Exercising Power; Dimensions of
Power; Role and Use of Power: Changing Status Quo; Use in Diplomacy; Enhancing
Prestige; Serving National Interests.
5. Elements of National Power 51
Natural Elements; Scientific and Technological Elements; Political Elements; Social
and Ideological Elements; External Elements; Measurement of National Power:
Relativity of Power, Changing Nature of Power, Single Factor Determinism; The
Estimate and Reality of Power, Actual and Potential Power, Specificity of Power;
Limitations on National Power: International Morality, World Public Opinion,
International Law, The Balance of Power, International Organisations, Disarmament.

6. National Interest 69
Meaning and Nature: Values and Ends as National Interest, Survival as National
 (viii)

Interest, Function and Purpose of National Interest, Determinants of National

Interest; Criteria of Determining National Interest; Types of National Interest;
Instruments and Method for the Promotion of National Interest.

7. Balance of Power 78
Meaning and Nature; Definitions; Pre-requisites; Assumptions; Characteristics;
Types of the Balance of Power: Simple Balance, Multiple Balance, Local, Regional
and Global, Flexible and Rigid; Devices and Methods; Balance of Power in the Past;
Blance of Power Today— Is it Relevant: Obsolete and Irrelevant, Valid and Relevant;
Critical Evaluation: Purpose, Utility and Merits; Defects, Criticism and Demerits;
Power Vacuum.

8. Theories and Approaches of International Politics 94

The Importance of Theory; Meaning of Theory and Approach; Definitions of
Theory of International Relations; Categories of Approaches and Theories: The
Traditional School, The Scientific or Behavioural School, Post-Behavioural School,
Post-Cold War School; Idealist Theory: Basic Assumptions, Suggestions for Reform,
Critical Evaluation; Realist Theory: Meaning and Explanation, Tenets and
Assumptions, Six Principles of Morgenthau's Realism, Critical Evaluation; Systems
Theory: Assumptions, Kaplan's Six Models, Post-Cold War International System,
Critical Evaluation; Decision-making Theory: Meaning and Explanation,
Assumptions, Critical Evaluation; Marxian Theory: Basic Assumptions and Tenets,
Four Seminal Theories, Four Model Strategies, Critical Evaluation.

9. Game and Bargaining Theories 118

Game Theory: Exponents, Assumptions, Explanation, Zero-sum Games, Variable-
sum Games, Critical Evaluation; Bargaining Theory: Exponents, Assumptions,
Explanation, Critical Evaluation.

10. The Dependency Theory 128

The Sources; Dependencia; 'Centre-Periphery' Analysis; World-System Analysis;
Critical Evaluation.

11. Deterrence Theory 137

Exponents; Assumptions; Explanation; Critical Evaluation.

12. Functionalism and Regionalism 143

Functionalism: Exponents, Assumptions, Explanation, Criticism; Neofunctionalism;
Regionalism: Trend Toward Regionalism; Criticism.

13. Determinants of Foreign Policy 156

Definitions and Nature of Foreign Policy; Components of Foreign Policy; Objectives
of Foreign Policy; Pre-requisites of Foreign Policy; Instruments of Foreign Policy;
Determinants of Foreign Policy: General and Objective Determinants; Specific,
Subjective or Internal Determinants; External Factors.

14. Foreign Policy: Choices and Types 166

Policy of Imperialism; Policy of Neo-Colonialisrh; Policy of Balance of Power;
Policy of Alliances; Policy of Allegiance; Policy of Non-alignment; Policy of Isolation;
Policy of Peaceful Coexistence; Policy of Neutrality; The Policy of the Status Quo;
The Policy of Revisionism; Policy of Nationalistic Universalism.
Cold War 183
Meaningand Nature; Origin of Cold War; Causes of the Cold War: Orthodox
View—The USSR Responsible; Revisionist View—The USA Responsible; Objective
View — Both are Responsible; The Evolution of the Cold War: Cautious Friendship
and Breaking Alliance, 1945-46; Mutual Hostility and Intense Conflict, 1946-1953;
Apparent Conflict, Actual Adjustment, 1953-62; Thaw in the Cold War, 1963-68;
Detente, 1969-1978; New Cold War, 1979-1987; End of Cold War and Revival of
Detente, 1987 onwards; Impact of the Cold War.
New Cold War 199
Causes and Evolution of New Cold War; Features of New Cold War; Difference
between. New and Old Cold War; Impact of New Cold War.
De'tente 205
Meaning of Detente; Features and Elements of Detente; Causes of De'tente; Evolution
and Phases of Detente; Impact of Detente.
De-Colonisation and Asian-African Resurgence 221
Colonialism; De-colonisation; Causes of Rapid De-colonisation; Expansion of
International Community; Impacts of De-colonisation and Afro-Asian Resurgence.
Non-alignment 232
Meaning of Non-Alignment; Characteristics of Non-Alignment; Bases and Causes
of Non-Alignment; Growth and Role of NAM; Critical Evaluation of Non-Alignment;
Relevance of Non-Alignment.
Third World in International Relations 249
Nature, Goals and Role of the Third World; Worldwide Inequality of Wealth and
Income; Rejection of a World Divided into Capitalism and Communism; North-
South Conflict; Goals of the Third World; Role and Impact of Third World in
International Relations; Rise of the Fourth World.
North-South Dialogue in the UN and Outside 254
Issues of North-South Conflict; South's Hopes—UN's Limitations; Phases of Dialogue
in and Outside the UN.
New International Economic Order 269
Present International Economic Order; Characteristics of the Present Economic
Order; Shortcomings of the Present Economic System; Demand for New International
Economic Order; Programme of Action for NIEO; Issues and Means of NIEO; The
World Trade Organisation; Political Conditions of NIEO; NIEO-Still a Mirage.
The Impact of Nuclear Weapons 282
Caused Cold War; Problem of Proliferation; Arms Race; Arms Trade; Impact on
Third World; Socio-economic Impacts of the Arms Race; Destructive Effects of
Nuclear Weapons; Threat to the World Peace and Peace Movements; Nuclear
Deterrence; Nuclear Categorisation of the States; Impact on Military Science; Impact
 (x)

on Alliances; Impact on the Concept of National Power; Nuclear Diplomacy and

Disarmament.
24. Disarmament and Arms Control 296
Definitions and Nature; Objectives of Arms Control; Types of Disarmament; Need
and Reason for Disarmament; Difficulties and Obstacles in the Way of Disarmament;
Steps Towards Disarmaments: Multilateral Agreements, Bilateral Agreements,
Tacit Understanding, Unilateral Reductions; The Partial Test Ban Treaty; Nuclear
Non-Proliferation Treaty; Biological Weapons Convention; SALT-I; SALT -II; INF
Treaty; Missile Technology Control Regime; Treaty on the Reduction of Conventional
Forces in Europe (CFE); Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START-I); Treaty on
Open Skies; Bush-Yeltsin Agreement on Arms Reduction; Chemical Weapons
Convention; Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Production Cut off
Treaty; The Global Elimination of APL; Critical Evaluation; Future of Arms Control.

25. Diplomacy 328

Foreign Policy and Diplomacy; Meaning and Definition; Nature and Characteristics
of Diplomacy; Classification of Diplomats; Functions of Diplomacy; Instruments
and Techniques of Diplomacy; Good Diplomacy and Ideal Diplomat; Types of
Diplomacy: Old Diplomacy, New Diplomacy, The Distinction Between Old and
New Diplomacy, Secret Diplomacy, Open Diplomacy, Personal and Summit
Diplomacy, Multilateral and Institutional Diplomacy, Bilateral Diplomacy, Economic
Diplomacy, Hi-tech Diplomacy.
26. India's Foreign Policy 344
Basic Principles and Objectives; Foreign Policy of Nehru; Foreign Policy after
Nehru; Foreign Policy during Indira Gandhi's Regime; Foreign Policy of the Janata
Government; Second Phase of Indira Era; Foreign Policy of Rajiv Gandhi; Foreign
* Policy of National Front Government; Foreign Policy of Narasimha Rao; Foreign
Policy of the UF Govt; Foreign Policy of the BJP Led Coalition Government,
Foreign Policy of Congress led UPA Government.
27. Crisis Management 383
Definition; Kinds of Crisis; Crisis Management; Kinds of Crisis Management;
Instrument and Techniques; Signal and Communication; Basic Moves; Crisis
Diplomacy and Negotiations; By Mediation; By Adjudication and Arbitration; By
International and Regional Organisations; Crisis Management by Superpowers.
28. Changed World Scenario and New Pattern of International Relations 390
New World Order; World Order Models: Unipolar World or Interdependent World,
Liberal Democracy or Pax Democratica, Constitutionalism, International Society;
Soviet Disintegration; Impact on the Third World; Positive Developments: US and
Russia as Allies, Unifications, Integration of Europe, Globalisation, Resolving of
Outstanding Issues, New Role for the UN, Arms Control; Negative Developments:
Religious Fundamentalism, Dismal Economic Front, East Asian Crisis, Arms Race,
Separatism in Yugoslavia and Elsewhere, Marginalisation of the UN, Other Problems.
29. Universalism and World Order International Organisations 406
Definition and Nature of International Organisation; International Organisation in
Terms of Purposes; In Terms of Institutions; In Terms of Processes; Role, Functions
 (xi)

and Significance of International Organisations; Origin and Development of

International Organisation.

30. The United Nations 417

The UN Charter; Purposes; Basic Principles; Organs of the United Nations; General
Assembly; Security Council; The Economic and Social Council; The Trusteeship
Council; The International Court of Justice (ICJ); The Secretariat.

31. The UN—Maintenance of Peace and Security: Peaceful Settlement 428

and Collective Security
Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, Pacific Settlement in Practice, Critical Evaluation;
Collective Security: The Theory of Collective Security; Collective Security under
UN-Charter Provisions; The Collective Security in Practice; Peace-Keeping Innovations
and Operations; Preventive Diplomacy; Critical Evaluation of Collective Security
under UN.

32. Post-Cold War Perspective and Revision of the Charter 442

Post-Cold War Era and Perspective; Defects: Need for Restructuring; Revision of
the UN Charter; Restructuring and Reforming of the UN; Latest Reform Efforts in
the UN; Building a Reform Consensus; Implementing Reform; General Assembly
Supports Reform; Fundamental Reforms Still Pending; UN's 21st Century Action
Plan.

33. Environment and International Relations 455

Impact of Globalisation on the Politics of Environment; Environment and International
Relations Theory; Environment and International Relations Practice; Conclusion.

34. Globalisation and International Relations 463

Definition and Nature; Features of Globalisation; Factors Responsible for Globalisation;
Positive Impacts; Negative Impacts: Neo-Colonalism and Dependency; Globalisation
and International Relations Theory; Conclusion.

35. International Terrorism 476

Definition of Terrorism; Definition of International Terrorism; Aims and Tactics;
International Terrorist Groups; Types of Terrorism; Causes of Terrorism; Impact of
International Terrorism; Counter Terrorism Measures; Outside the UN; Inside the
UN; Suggestions.

36. Human Rights and International Relations 506

Introduction; Impact of Human Rights on International Relations: New Agenda
and Subject-matter of International Relations, Growing Importance of Non-State
Actors, UN Charter, Universal Declaration and Covenants, International and Regional
Human Rights Organizations, Human Rights and their International Enforcement,
Social International Movements and Normative Regimes, Human Rights and Bilateral
and Multilateral Relations between States, Human Rights and Fragmentation of
the States, Human Rights and Weak States, Human Rights and Information
Technology, Human Security Reinforces Human Rights, Globalization and Human
Rights, Terrorism and Human Rights; Human Rights and India; Conclusion.