Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BSNL
Connecting India
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
1
CONTENTS
Acknowledgement.
Company Profile
OCB-283 (Introduction).
Call Processing.
E-10B(Introduction).
Subscriber Facilities.
2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
India Ent.) Jalandhar. I express my deep gratitude to Mr. RAJIV GARG(S.D.E) and
working of OCB-283 Exchange. The other employees also deserve thanks for
respected professors and individuals in the preparation of this object. Last but
not least we are highly grateful to our parents for helping us round the clock
3
COMPANY PROFILE
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network, introduction of new telecom services in all villages an instilling
confidence among its customers.
Responsibilities that BSNL has managed to shoulder remarkably,
deftly. Today with a 37 million line capacity, 99.9% of its exchanges digital,
nation wide Network management & surveillance system (NMSS) to control
telecom traffic and nearly 250373 route kms of OFC network, Bharat
Sanchar Nigam Limited is a name to reckon with in the world of
connectivity. Along with its vast customer base, BSNL’s financial and asset
bases too are vast and strong. Consider the figures, as they speak volumes on
BSNL’s standing:
The Telephone infrastructure alone is worth about Rs. 1,00,000 crore
(US $ 21.2 billion)
Turnover of Rs.22, 000 crore (US $ 4.6 billion)
Mission: -
To provide world class Telecom services on demand using state of art
technology for our valued customers at affordable prices.
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PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
SERVICES
When it comes to connecting the four corners of the nation, and much beyond one
solitary name lies embedded at the pinnacle - BSNL. It is working round the clock
to take India into the future by providing world – class telecom services for people
of India.
Here is an overview of the World Class Services offered by BSNL :
Internet
ISDN
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Intelligent Network
I-Net
BSNL provides leased lines for voice and data communication for
various applications on point to point basis. It offers a choice of high,
medium and low speed data circuits as well as dial up lines.
Bandwidth is available on demand in most cities. Managed Leased
Line Network (MLLN) offers flexibility of providing circuits with
speeds of nx64 kbps upto 2 Mbps, useful for internet leased lines and
International Principles Leased Circuits (IPLCs).
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OCB-283
(Organ Control Bhersion-283)
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different control organs of the system and is stored in ROM/RAM of the
units. Data required to handle the calls are also managed in RAM of
different control units.
EXCHANGE SWITCH
ANALOG DIGITAL
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OCB-283 OCB-286
Exploitation Room.
Switching Room.
In any type of exchange, there is a unit called main distribution frame and is
used for interconnection of exchange line and junction unit equipments to
external physical lines coming to the exchange. The distribution frame
provides easy and flexible interconnection, isolation point for testing,
protective devices used for safety of exchange equipment etc.
In MDF, all lines are coming from subscribers, non exchange lines, telex
lines and analog junction lines, are terminated on 100 pair krone type tag
blocks in which gas discharge tubes type protective devices are provided to
tackle voltages and current surges. These tag blocks are located on one side
of the MDF called “line side”. On the other side of the MDF called
“exchange side” tag blocks re provided for terminating the cables from CSE
for subscriber lines and from transmission room for analog junction lines.
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Coaxial cable:
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d D
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operate some of these commands, which are named as under and discussed
in detail with the help of example as under:
IDABSE
INDIN
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CONTROL STATION (SM):
The hardware equipment of the OCB 283 switching node consists of a set of
control (multiprocessor) station SM interconnected by one or several
communication multiplexers (MIS or MAS).
There are five types of control stations, corresponding to the types of
services they provide:
SMM : Maintenance SM
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1. SMC: Main Control Station
It consists of MR, MQ, TR, TX, PC, GX, which helps, in call processing.
The followings are some of the multi registers:
MR: - Establishes and releases the calls, it takes real true decision for
processing for processing of a call.
TR (Translator): - TR stores exchange date, it also stores routing and
analysis date.
MQ (Marker): - MQ carries out messages between common control
function and connection unit for subscribers.
TX (Charging Unit): - TX carries out charging for each
communication set up. It keeps charge account of all subscriber and
send detail billing messages to SMM.
GX (Matrix System Handler): - GX monitors the connection in the
switching network also it monitors internal links in the switching
network.
PC (CCS, Controller): - PC carries out routing and traffic management
function for CCS7 signaling
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1. Function of SMA
2. SMA Environment
8 LR
SMA
1 GLR
SMX
MAS
to other stations
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First two SMAs essentially have GT functions and clock function
besides other ETA or PU/PE functions.
For the above functions and to adapt on token ring different
type of couplers and processors are provided. The functional name
and PCB names are listed below:
- CMP - implemented by ACAJA5/ACAJB5 or ACAJAG
ACASB4
- PUP - ACJTR5 AB
- PUS - ACUTR5 AB – Only one PUS
- MC (Common memory) – ACMCS
- Coupler CTSV – i.e. coupler Treatment
Signal Vocal or Voice signal processing
couplers.
These couplers are used as GT, RGF, CCF and as psophometer.
- Coupler CSMP - Coupler signaling Multiprotocol
for CCS#7 or V 5.2 signaling implemented by ACHIL
2 & ACHIL 3 PCBs.
2. Function of SMT:
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(a) HDB 3/ Binary code conversion.
(b) Injection and extraction of CAS on time slot 16 and making
over to another functional unit called CLTH for processing.
(i) Digital Access cross connect (DACS) where the additional bits (bit
8 to 12) can be used to carry channel associated signaling for
PABX with linked numbering scheme.
(ii) Can support higher order PCM multiplexes e.g. 34 M bit /S.
(iii) Can support ISDN PRA (30 B + D) links.
(iv) Reduction of load on MIS/MAS by introducing decentralized
processes in a software way.
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It works as hot stand by it. One of the two SMM is pilot; it has got
two mirror unique hard disks of 1.2 Gb capacities. Pilot SMM is able to
access either of disks; it dialogues with all SMC’s over MIS token ring. It
consists of one streamer for cartridge drive; it receives all alarms from whole
exchange on MAL ring.
Architecture of SMM:
CSN (Rack)
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Call Processing
LOCAL EXCHANGE
Exchange Side
TELE MDF
PHO CSE
OCB
NE TAXO/G
COMMON EXCH
CONTROL ANGE
EQUIPMENT
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MR, MQ, TR, TX
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g) On receipt of dial tone, the subscriber dials called party’s number. The
UT (Terminal Unit i.e. subscriber line card) disconnects dial tone from
the calling subscriber.
h) CSN sends these digits to PU/PE through the same path and signaling
system.
i) PU/PE sends these digits to MR over MAS.
j) On reception of first digit, MR orders COM to disconnects dial tone
from the calling sub.
k) On receipt of first two digits, MR calls TR for pre-analysis. TR, after
analysis of first two digits tells MR, the type of call (i.e. local, STD
etc.).
l) After receipt of adequate number of digits (or all the digit in case of
local call) MR again calls TR for analysis. TR supplies called party’s
address and charging information to MR.
m) MR carries out party’s test to know whether it is free, or not. (Path
MR-U/PE-CSN).
n) CSN tests the called party’s equipment. If this is free, it connects
ringing current to called subscriber. It also allots free TS to LR and
sends a message to MR indicating LR-T/S of called subscriber.
o) MR orders COM for connection of ring back tone to calling
subscriber. It also obtains UR-Lr to SMX LRX correspondence for
called subscriber. MR walls for called sub’s reply.
p) When called subscriber replies, the concerned CSN sends a message
to PU/PE. PU/PE sends the message to MR.
q) MR orders COM to disconnect ring back tone. MR orders MQ for
connection of calling and called subscriber time slot. MR also orders
TX for charging the calling subscribers. As per data supplied by TR.
MQ and TX give compliance.
r) The subscribers are now in conversation phase. MR hands over the
surveillance of calling and called subscriber to retrieve CSNs and
releases.
s) When calling subscribers goes off-hook, CSN informs PU/PE. PU/PE
informs MR. MR releases the connection. If called subscriber goes off
hook, MR sets a 1-minute timer and releases the connection after
expiry of this time.
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PULSE CODE MODULATION
PRINCIPAL :
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TOKEN RINGS
In OCB-283 exchange the communication-multiplexed highways are
utilized for interchange of messages between various equipments of exchange.
These communication multiplexes work on the principle of computer’s
circular LANs using TOKEN RING protocols.
The MIS token ring is provided for interchange of messages between two
SMCs and between an SMC and SMM.
The maximum and minimum number of MIS is only one (duplicated as
A&B)
The MAS are provided for interchange of messages between CSNL, SMT,
SMA & SMX on one hand and control units (SMC) on the other hand. A
maximum of four MAS token rings can be provided in a large size
exchange, where as no MAS token ring is provided in compact
configuration. While SMCs are connected on the entire MAS token ring, the
other units are connected only on one of the MAS rings.
MAS token ring can be minimum nil & maximum FOUR duplicated as
A&B.
MAL token ring is provided to handle exchange alarms from all the
hardware stations of exchange except CSNL.
The token ring conforms to IEEE 802.5 Standard and operates at 4 Mbps.
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COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALING
No. 7
1. Introduction
The latest signaling being implemented worldwide is now the
COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALING. This type of signaling is
essential for the Setting up of the ISDN network.
The signaling message travels over a single TIME SLOT of the PCM connecting
the two exchange (SIGNALING POINT SP). This TIME SLOT is called
COMMON CHANNEL for Signaling, hence the name common channel
signaling. The message over this common channel carries all relevant data for
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any of the other TIME SLOTS or CIRCUITS which carry VOICE or subscriber
data. The channels for subs are called VOICE CHANNELS.
VOICE CHANNELS
EXCHANGE EXCHANGE
A B
COMMON
CHANNEL
FOR SIGNALING
SIGNALING POINTS
EXCHANGE
C
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transmission of dial pulses generated by operating a dial & replacing a
receiver at the end of the call. Instructions are also signaling by the
exchange in the form of dial tone, ringing tone etc. to indicate the progress
of the call. In addition, inter-exchange signaling takes place between a call
is set-up, to control exchange operations & check on circuit availability.
2. Type of signaling
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The means of conveying CCS is to compound the signaling capacity into
a signaling channel that is available as & when required.
The CCITT has defined PCM standards for 30 channel & 24 channel
systems. The capacity available for signaling in these two standards is
different as a result of differing constraints applied by the PCM
standards.
In 30 channel PCM system., the 8bit codes relating to 30 speech
channels are time division multiplexed into a frame. Each 8-bit code is
inserted into a timeslot within the frame. Time slot 0 is used for
alignment; time slots 1-15 and 17-31 are used for encoded speech
relating to 30 channels. Time slot 16 is dedicated for the use of signaling.
The tenet of CAS system is that dedicated signaling capacity is
available for each speech circuit. This is achieved in 30 channel PCM
systems by allocating 4 bits in each 16-frame multi-frame to signaling for
each speech channel.
Requirement
The requirements of power plant for main OCB-283 exchange and RSU
are different because of the types of equipments. In OCB-283
equipments there is very little variation in peak hour and slack hour load
of power plant contrary to electromechanical exchanges where the load
varies with traffic. Therefore, power plants are designed for continuous
handling of constant load both at RSU and main exchange.
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The requirement of 220V AC power supply is met through direct
main supply and inverters, which convert –48V DC supply into 220V AC
supply. The –48V DC power is taken from rectifiers (or battery in case
of mains failure) and fed to inverters. The inverter converts the DC
supply into 220V AC supply. The reason for using inverters is, firstly,
uninterrupted power supply due to battery available as standby and
secondly, availability of stabilized power supply, free from variations in
voltages and frequency. This ensures safety of both the equipment and
the programs stored in various storage devices. The direct main 220V
AC supply is used for various testers.
AIR CONDITIONERS.
MICROPROCESSORS.
POWER ROOM.
GENERATORS.
TEMPERATURE CONTROLLER.
HUMIDITY CONTROLLER.
EARTHING CONDUCTORS.
RECTIFIERS.
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Overview of E-10B
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The main function of a Telephone Exchange is to connect a
subscriber’s link or a trunk to any other line or trunk out of the total number
of lines and trunks connected to this exchange. The connection is brought
about in accordance with the information given by the calling line (dial) or
the incoming trunk (signaling code). In Electrochemical Exchanges, a free
physical link (2 wires or sometimes 4 wires for transit) is established
between the two junctions. This path is a voice frequency circuit like a
subscriber’s line:
In digital time division switching systems like E-10B, the same
function is carried out but the analog circuits are first converted into
PCM links before they are brought to the switching network. The
switching network connects a time slot of any one PCM link of any
one time slot of other PCM link connected to it. In this manner, the
switching network carries only digital data.
As a consequence of the general use of the PCM links in E10B
system, the subscriber’s connection unit can either be in the same
location as the switching network or it may be remote.
General Description:
Based on the functions carried out by different parts, an E-10B exchanges
can be divided in four blocks as shown in the figure below: -
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E-10B Exchange Structure
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The unit provides for the connection of up to 1024 subscriber
Lines, and is located in the same premises as the exchange. The
equipment number ZERO is, however, not used because of
difficulty in addressing zero equipment and as such a maximum
of 1024 lines can only be connected to this unit.
It is linked to the switching network through PCM links.
It provides electronics space concentration of 1024 subscriber
lines on to 60, 90 or 120 digital junctions carried by 2, 3 or 4
PCM links of 2,048 Mb/s.
It enables connection of dial telephone and P.B. telephones. A
general structure of URAL is shown below: -
URAL STRUCTURE
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This dial tone is provided by URAD itself. The CSED subscribers can obtain
access to emergency service like police, ambulance and fire by dialing two
digits. Out of the 1024 equipments provided in the CSED, 6 equipments are
used for these emergency service. A general scheme of URAD is shown in
the figure: -
SCHEMATIC OF URAD
1. The connection and power feed on the subscriber’s lines and sending
of ringing current.
2. The transmission of loop state change indication to the control units,
transmission of dialed digits and transmission of battery reversals or
remote metering pulses to appropriate units.
3. Cyclic scanning of equipment to identify calling subscribers.
4. Search for free outgoing routes (physical path within) when the URA
between the subscriber’s line equipment and the time slot allotted to
this subscriber.
5. Analog to digital conversion.
6. Traffic observation counters.
7. Release of connection at the end of call.
8. A subscriber connection unit is housed in a single rack. There are two
types of PCBs for subscriber’s equipment, PCBs for sixteen ordinary
subscribers and PCB for 8 discriminated subscribers (home metering-
battery reversal), These PCBs are housed in four shelves. Maximum
number of boards in a rack is 64.
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Multiplex connection unit (URM) is connected to incoming PCM links for
satellite exchanges URADs or circuits from other electronic or
electromechanical exchanges. In this case, analog to digital conversion and
matching of signaling. Where applicable, is necessary. Each URM has a total
capacity 32 PCM systems and is housed in one standard rack. There are 8
modules in each URM and each module caters for 4 PCMs. The modules are
of two types: -
MRS modules, which provides for the connection of 2,048 Mb/s PCM
links from URADs.
MRM modules that provide for the connection of 2,048 Mb/s PCM
links carrying circuits.
VF circuits must be initially digitalized in TNE terminal before connection
to the URM. One URM rack catering for up to 32 PCM links may contain
one or both types of modules. The main functions of URM unit are: -
1. Transmission- reception of PCM links (conversion HDB3/
Binary code, reconstitution of PCM frames, resynchronization
with parent exchange clock).
2. Extraction and insertion of signaling bytes (8 bits) and
conversion into international codes understood by the control
unit.
3. The URM unit can process simultaneously 16 different
signaling codes.
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connections between three or four subscribers (up to eight conference
calls per CCF device).
An ETA has a digital structure, which send to the switching network several
different binary codes, which, after conversion into analog in subs, and TNE
terminals, become different tones or MF codes in telephone network.
An automatic exchange (E-10B) comprises of at least two ETAs
operating on load sharing basis, the maximum number of ETAs being
sixteen.
1. Marshalling of alarms.
2. Monitoring of recorded announcement machine operation.
3. Management of general visual display (PGV).
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2. Time Division Switching Network (cx): -
The time division-switching network is a 3-stage system (time space time).
It provides a 4 W switching between the time slot allocated to the called
party and the time slot allocated to the called party. For one call two sample
connections are set up. The principal in the switching network is shown
below: -
1. Speech samples (a) from the time slot ‘L’ of the incoming network
line (LRE) associated with the calling subscriber are switched to the
time slot ‘j’ of the outgoing network line (LRS) associated with the
called subscriber,
2. Speech samples (b) from the time slot ‘j’ of the incoming network
(LRE) associated with the called subscriber are switched to the time
slot ‘I’ of the outgoing network line (LRS) associated with the calling
subscriber.
Each time switch handles 16 PCM links (LRE +LRS) and four time switches
catering 4 *16 = 64 PCMs are contained in one switching network rack.
A complete switching network comprises six identical racks for connecting
384 PCMs. A diagram showing the structure of a switching network is shown
in figure 1.
3. Control Units: -
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The control units are partly based on dedicated mini-computers and are used
to carry out all the switching operations required to set up release connections
between subscribers and /or circuits. These units can be classified as follows: -
Marker (MQ)
Switching network control unit (UGCX)
Multi register (MR)
Translator (TR).
Charging unit (TX)
Management units: -
Marker (MQ)
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The marker is responsible for routing switching messages between the
connection units, the switching network and the multi register.
Multi-register (MR): -
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Each multi-register comprises of 256 registers and can handle the setting up of
releasing of 254 calls simultaneously. The two registers (0 & 255 are assigned
to routine tasks, i.e., traffic observations. In an exchange the number of multi-
registers varies from 2 to 6, depending upon the traffic load. These multi-
registers are working on a traffic-sharing basis.
Translator (TR): -
The translator provides the multi-registers on request, with data on subscribers
and trunks required to setup and release of calls. Data (categories,
corresponding between directory number and subscriber or trunk equipment in
the exchange) are held in TR files. This data may be written, deleted or
modified from the operating and maintenance center with operating
requirements. The translator executes the following operations: -
The total capacity of the translator files is 768k words, each of sixteen bits,
i.e., 12288 Mbits.
The charging unit handles the subscriber line accounts, computes the number
of basic metered units chargeable for a given telephone calls and outputs
detailed billing data for subscribers entitled to this service. Multi-registers
initiate the charging unit operations. At the start of each telephone call, on
receiving instructions form MR, the charging unit seeks and assigns a
charging register.
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It sends detailed billing messages and observation messages to
standby charge recording unit (DSF) where the OMC is down or
unavailable.
It sends subscriber meter readings (periodically demand from OMC),
detailed billing messages and traffic observation messages to OMC.
It stores traffic observation data.
1000 charging registers of 512 bits, or 2000 charging registers of 256 bits or a
combination of 256 & 512 bits charging registers. Each charging unit can
therefore handle up to 2000 calls simultaneously.
Charging registers compute the charge for a given telephone call. At the end
of the call, the subscriber meter is incremented simultaneously in both
changing units and these two values are read periodically by the OMC.
The monitoring unit is an interface between the OMC and the other units of an
E-10B exchange. It has access to all the units and handles the transfer of all
the messages between the OMC and the exchange. The messages involve: -
Message from the OMC to the exchange units:
Operating messages (subscriber line creations, circuit creation etc.).
Unit positioning messages.
Maintaining messages.
Control messages addressed to test modules.
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Messages from exchange unit to OMC:
The time base supplies basic timing signals to various exchange units
synchronizing and coordinating operations, which are necessary in time
division switching system. Each exchange has its own base, which is not
duplicated and is therefore constructed from components offering high levels
of operating security. It operates independently but can be derived by an
external signal. The time base generates two sets of signals: -
A basic signal sent by the time base must reach all other exchange units at
the same moment since propagation time cannot be ignored, it is essential to
use same cable length for signal distribution. For this reason the time base is
located at the center of the exchange.
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Subscriber facilities
The E-10B system offers a number of facilities to its subscribers. These are :
Hotline
Detailed billing
Absent service
PBX
Barred access
Malicious call tracing
Free phone line
Subscribers with home meter
Push button telephone
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Priority line
Outgoing only subscribers
Incoming only subscribers
Abbreviated dialing
Temporary transfer
Recorded call
Conference call
Ring back facility
Automatic alarm call
PABX
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]
CAPACITY COMPARISON:
HARDWARE:
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CHARACTERISTICS E 10-B OCB-283
Subscriber Connection Unit CSE CSN
Switching Network CX SMX
Call Processing MR+TR+TX MR+TR+
+MQ TX+MQ+
GX
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