MINOR III

1) Draw the dc power diagram and explain four variables in the control of
HVDC systems.
DC LINE

Id

INVERTER
3 ph AC
3 ph AC

RECTIFIER

Rcr Rd -Rci

Id
Vdr
Vdi
Edr
Edi
Four variables in HVDC control system are
1. Firing angle (α)
2. Extinction angle (γ)
3. Tap changer transformer AC voltage at the Rectifier side (Tr)
4. Tap changer transformer AC voltage at the Inverter side (Ti)
a) Varying firing angle (α) at rectifier. Due to electronic control , this is quite fast
and occur within half cycle (or about 8 – 10 milli- seconds)
b) Varying β and γ at the inverter end. This is also quite fast and this will also
occur within milli-seconds
c) Varying AC voltage at rectifier by means of converter transformer tap changer.
This is slow process and usually takes the order of several hundred of seconds
d) Varying AC voltage at inverter by means of converter transformer tap changer.
This is slow process and usually takes the order of several hundred of seconds.

(b) Draw four circuits of isolated 12-pulse ac-dc controlled converters for HVDC
applications using two 6-pulse thyristors bridges connected in series to form 12-
pulse ac-dc converter.
 Delta
Vline

Rectifier Vdc/2

Va AC

load
415

Vb AC

Vline

Vc AC
Rectifier
Vdc/2

Star

Delta
Vline

Rectifier Vdc/2

Va AC

load
415

Vb AC

Vline

Vc AC
Rectifier
Vdc/2

Star
 Delta
Vline

Rectifier Vdc/2

415
Va AC

load

Vb AC

Vline

Vc AC
Rectifier
Vdc/2

Star

Delta
Vline

Rectifier Vdc/2

Va AC

load

Vb AC

Vline

Vc AC
Rectifier
Vdc/2

Star
(b) Draw four circuits of passive shunt, tuned and high pass filters for single-
phase and 3-phase ac systems.
Zs

is Non
AC Vs Linear
PFsh Loads

Zs

is Non
AC Vs Linear
PFsh Loads
 Zs PFss

is Non
AC Vs Linear
Loads

Zs PFss

is Non
AC Vs Linear
Loads
 PFss
AC Zs

Vs
is 3
PFss phase
AC Zs
Non
Linear
Vs
is Loads
PFss
AC Zs

Vs
is

PFss
AC Zs

Vs
is 3
PFss phase
AC Zs
Non
Linear
Vs
is Loads
PFss
AC Zs

Vs
is
 AC Zs

Vs
is
3
phase
AC Zs
Non
Linear
Vs
is Loads
AC Zs

Vs
is

C C C
C C C

L L L L

(c) Draw four circuits of following voltage source converters (VSCs) to be

operated with fundamental switching (i) 6-pulse VSC, (ii)12-pulse VSC, (iii) 18-
pulse VSC, (iv) 24-pulse VSC for HVDC systems.

1)6 pulse
 Vline

415

2) 12 pulse
 Vline

415

Vline

3) 18 pulse VSC
 Two level GTO
converter

AC
3)24 pulse voltage converter

Two level GTO

converter

AC
2. In a HVDC system, for an SCR of 3.0, Xc=0.2 pu, firing angle α =150, calculate
the voltage regulation after total load rejection at the rectifier end.
Solution:

3. In a HVDC system, for an SCR of 2.0, Xc=0.2 pu, advance angle β=200,
calculate the voltage regulation after total load rejection at the inverter end.
Solution:
5. A HVDC system of 230kV, 50Hz ac mains fed an isolated 12-pulse thyristor
bridge rectifier is supplying a dc power of 400kV, 2.5kA constant dc current at
300 firing angle of its thyristors. It consists of an ideal transformer with single
primary star connected winding and two secondary windings connected in delta
and star with equal line voltages to provide 300 phase shift between two sets of
three phase output voltages. Two 6-pulse thyristor bridges are connected in
series to provide 12-pulse output voltage. Calculate (a) transformer secondary
voltages, (b) current in each winding of transformer, (c)kVA rating of
transformer, (d) supply rms current and its THD.
Solution:
6. A three-phase 440 V, 50 Hz fed 12-pulse thyristor bridge converter drawing
400 A constant dc current at 30º firing angle of its thyristors. It consists of a
transformer with single primary star connected winding and two secondary
windings connected in star and delta with same line voltages and the turns
ratios to provide 30° phase shift between two sets of three-phase output
voltages. Two 6-pulse thyristors bridges are connected in series to form 12-pulse
ac-dc converter. Design a set of ac tuned passive shunt filters for this converter
system to compensate the reactive power and 11th,13th, 23rd and 25th
harmonics at the input ac mains.
Solution:
7. A three-phase 12-pulse two-level bi-directional boost AC-DC converter (GTO
based VSC coupled with transformers having primaries connected in series to ac
mains with the star/delta and star/star secondaries connections in parallel to a
common dc bus) feeding 25 kW from a dc battery of 720 V to a 254V per phase,
50Hz, 3-phase ac mains, and sinusoidal wave voltage. The 5th harmonic current
in VSC ac current is to be limited 20% of fundamental ac current. The
displacement factor is corrected close to unity. The VSC is operated to cancel
5th and 7th harmonics in VSC output voltage. Determine (a) transformer turns
ratios, (b) value phase shift in fundamental component of VSC ac voltage and
supply voltage, (c) fundamental phase current, (d) the value of ac inductor and
(e) THD in ac mains current.

Solution: