Experiment # 5

Compressor And Pump

Objective:-
The main objective of this laboratory is to know about the compressor, pump and
their functions.

Compressor:
A compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by
reducing its volume.
An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor.

Air Compressor:-
An air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel
or gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e.,
compressed air). By one of several methods, an air compressor forces more and
more air into a storage tank, increasing the pressure. When tank pressure reaches
its engineered upper limit, the air compressor shuts off. The compressed air, then,
is held in the tank until called into use. The energy contained in the compressed
air can be used for a variety of applications, utilizing the kinetic energy of the air
as it is released and the tank depressurizes. When tank pressure reaches its lower
limit, the air compressor turns on again and re-pressurizes the tank. An air
compressor must be differentiated from a pump because it works for any gas/air,
while pumps work on a liquid.

Uses Of Air Compressor:

 Cooling system like AC ,Refrigerators .
 Oil spraying like in Diesel Engine .
 Excavator for digging
 Removing dust from road.
 Servicing of vehicle.
 Spray painting
Pump:
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes slurries, by
mechanical action.

Types Of Pump:
1. Positive displacement Pump:
positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and
forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
Centrifugal Pump:
A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed to move a fluid by means of
the transfer of rotational energy from one or more driven rotors, called impellers.
Fluid enters the rapidly rotating impeller along its axis and is cast out by
centrifugal force along its circumference through the impeller's vane tips.
 Experiment # 6
Steam Boiler
Objective:
The objective of this is laboratory is to get familiar with the Steam Boiler, it’s
components and different types of steam boiler.

Steam Boiler:
A boiler or steam generator is a device used to create steam by applying heat
energy to water. Although the definitions are somewhat flexible, it can be said
that older steam generators were commonly termed boilers and worked at low to
medium pressure (7–2,000 kPa or 1–290 psi) but, at pressures above this, it is
more usual to speak of a steam generator.
A boiler or steam generator is used wherever a source of steam is required. The
form and size depends on the application: mobile steam engines such as steam
locomotives, portable engines and steam-powered road vehicles typically use a
smaller boiler that forms an integral part of the vehicle; stationary steam engines,
industrial installations and power stations will usually have a larger separate
steam generating facility connected to the point-of-use by piping. A notable
exception is the steam-powered fireless locomotive, where separately-generated
steam is transferred to a receiver (tank) on the locomotive.
Components Of Steam Boiler:
 Boiler shell
 Combustion chamber
 Heat Exchanger
 Fuel Sources
 Grate
 Furnace
 Accessories

Types of Boiler and Classification of Boiler:

1.According to the position of water and hot gasses
 Fire Tube
 Water Tube
2. According to Axis of Shell
 Horizontal
 Vertical
3. According to the position of the boiler
 External Fired
 Internally Fired

Boiler safety
When water is converted to steam it expands in volume 1,600 times and travels
down steam pipes at over 25 m/s. Because of this, steam is a good way of moving
energy and heat around a site from a central boiler house to where it is needed,
but without the right boiler feed water treatment, a steam-raising plant will suffer
from scale formation and corrosion. At best, this increases energy costs and can
lead to poor quality steam, reduced efficiency, shorter plant life and an operation
which is unreliable. At worst, it can lead to catastrophic failure and loss of life.
While variations in standards may exist in different countries, stringent legal,
testing, training and certification is applied to try to minimize or prevent such
occurrences. Failure modes include:
 overpressurization of the boiler
 insufficient water in the boiler causing overheating and vessel failure
 pressure vessel failure of the boiler due to inadequate construction or
maintenance.