ICE PLANT DESIGN

Capacity of plant = 114 Tons of Ice (TOI) per day

Tons of Refrigeration Approximation
From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook:
TOI
TR ≤
0.61

114
TR ≤
0.61

TR ≤ 186.88

Size of Can
From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p. 11-50:

Size of can = 11 x 22 x 44 in

Thickness of Can Material

From Macintire’s Handbook of Mechanical Refrigeration, p. 380, Table

88:

U.S. Standard Gage

Sides: No. 16

Bottom: No. 16

Weight of Ice block

From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p. 11-50, Table 1:

For 11 x 22x 44 in. ice can:

W = 300 lb
Temperature of Brine

From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p. 11-50, Table 1:

For 11 x 22x 44 in. ice can:

T = 15 ⁰F

Time of Freezing

From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p. 11-50:

Time of freezing may be calculated using the following formula:

2
7a
x=
32−t

where:

x = time of freezing, hr

a = thickness of cake, in

t = temperature of brine, ⁰F

7(11)2
x=
32−15

x=49.82 hours ≈50 hours

Number of Cans Required

From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p. 11-50:

The number of cans may be computed using the formula:

WH
N=
24 C
 where:

N = no. of cans

W = weight of ice, lb

H = freezing time, hr

C = weight of one ice block of ice, lb

(114 x 2000)(50)
N=
24 (300)

N=1583.33 cans ≈1600 cans

Volume of Freezing Tank

VFT = Vice + Vbrine

where:

VFT = volume of freezing tank

Vice = volume of ice

Vice = L x W x H of ice can

Vice = 11 x 22 x 44

Vice = 10648 cu.in per block x 1600 blocks

Vice = 9859.26 cu.ft

Vbrine = volume of brine

Based from Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p.

11-51:

60 cu. Ft of brine per TR of ice is required.

Vbrine = 60 cu. ft per TR x 186.88 TR

 Vbrine = 11212.8 cu. ft

VFT = 9859.26 + 11212.8

VFT = 21072.06 cu. ft

Size of Freezing Tank

For two freezing tanks of 800 cans each:

Ice can orientation:

Length of Tank
 L = 2Cs + Nct+ Ci(Nc -1)

where:

Cs = wall clearance

Cs = 13” (includes additional 18’’ for brine agitator

space)

Nc = number of cans on a side

t = thickness of cake

Ci = ice can spacing

Ci = 3’’

L = 2(13) + 50(11) + 3(50-1)

L = 723 inches

Width of Tank

W = 2Cs + Ncw+ Ci(Nc -1)

Cs = 8’’

w = 22’’

W = 2(8) + 16(22) 3(16-1)

W = 413 inches

Height of Freezing Tank

For two freezing tanks:

VFT = 2 ( L x W x H )

12∈ ¿
21072.06 cu. ft x ( 1 ft )3 = 2 ( 723 in x 413 in x H )
¿

H = 60.972 in ≈ 61 inches
Dimensions of One Freezing Tank

Size = 723 x 413 x 61 inches

Cooling Load Calculations

Heat Rejected from Water

Raw water is at 77 ⁰F.

Qice = mcpwΔtw + mhf + mcpiΔti

Qice = (300 lb)(1 BTU/lb-⁰F)(77 – 32) ⁰F + (300 lb)(144

BTU/lb) +

(300 lb)(0.5 BTU/lb-⁰F)(32-15) ⁰F

Qice = 1185 BTU/hr per block (50 hours)

BTU 24 hrs
Qice = 1185 hr−block x 1600 blocks x 50 hrs x

1.055 kJ 1 hr 1 TR
1 BTU x 3600 s x 3.516 kW

Qice = 75.85 TR

Heat Infiltration through Insulation

From Trane’s Air Conditioning Manual, p. 361, Table 3-3 and Kent’s
Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p. 11-37, Table 19:

Thermal
Conductivity, Capacitance,
Thickne k c
Material ss BTU −¿ BTU
¿ ( )
(inches) ( hr−ft 2−F hr−ft 2−F

Side Walls Corkboard 3 0.27 -

Cement mortar 2 5.0 -
Gypsum lightweight - - 3.12
 aggregate (1/2 in)
Cover Oak or maple wood 0.75 1.15 -
Flooring Cement mortar 5.0 5.0 -
Still air Still air - - 1.65

Qside walls = UAΔt

Asw = 2(L x H) + 2(W x H) x 2 tanks

Asw = 2(723 x 61) + 2(413 x 61) x 2

Asw = 1924 ft 2

1
U= 1 x 1 x2 1
+ + +
fo k 1 k 2 c

1
U= 1 3 2 1
+ + +
1.65 0.27 5 3.12

BTU
U = 0.080401 hr−ft 2−F

BTU
Qsw = (0.080401 ft 2 ) (80.6 – 15)⁰F
hr−ft −F ) (1924
2

Qsw = 10152.38 BTU/hr

Qfloor = UAΔt

Af = L x W x 2 tanks

Af = 723 x 413 x 2

Af = 4147.208 ft 2
 k
U= x

5
U= 8

BTU
U = 0.6 2
hr−ft −F

BTU
Qfloor = (0.6 ft 2 ¿
hr−ft 2−F ) (4147.208 (80.6 – 15)⁰F

Qfloor = 163234.12 BTU/hr

Qcover = UAΔt

Acover = Afloor = 4147.208 ft 2

1
U= 1 x
+
fo k

1
U= 1 0.75
+
1.65 1.15

BTU
U = 0.7948 hr−ft 2−F

BTU 2
Qcover = (0.7948 ) (4147.208 ft )(80.6 – 15)⁰F
hr−ft 2−F
 Qcover = 216230.7976 BTU/hr

Qinsulation = Qsw + Qfloor + Qcover

Qinsulation = 10152.38 BTU/hr + 163234.12 BTU/hr + 216230.7976 BTU/hr

BTU 1.055 kJ 1 hr 1 TR
Qinsulation = 389617.2976 hr x 1 BTU x 3600 s x 3.516 kW

Qinsulation = 32.474 TR

Total Cooling Load

Qtotal = Qice + Qinsulation

Qtotal = 75.85 TR + 32.474 TR

Qtotal = 108.324 TR

For other heat loads and non-computable loads, add 15% of total
load.

Qtotal = 1.15(108.324 TR)

Qtotal = 124.5726 TR ≈ 130 TR

From previous approximation of TR:

TR ≤ 186.88 TR

130 ≤ 186.88 TR (satisfied)

COLD STORAGE DESIGN
For a 24-hour storage of frozen meat products:

Based from Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p. 11-40, Table

21:

Specifc Specifc
Optimu Latent Heat Heat
Temperatu m Freezing Heat of Above Below
Product re Range, Relative Temperatur Fusion, Freezing Freezing
⁰F Humidit e, ⁰F BTU/lb- , ,
y hr (BTU/lb- (BTU/lb-
hr-F) hr-F)
Beef 30 – 32 84% 27 98 0.75 0.40
Hams
28 – 30 80% 27 86.5 0.68 0.38
and Loins
Lamb 28 – 30 85% 29 83.5 0.67 0.30
Poultry
28 – 30 84% 27 106 0.79 0.37
(fresh)
Heat Load Calculations

Raw meat is at 59 ⁰F and taken from the storage at 0 ⁰F (frozen

meat).

Beef:

m = 4000 lb

QB = m [ cpAFΔt + LHF + cpBF ]

QB = 4000 [ 0.75(59 – 27) + 98 + 0.4(27 – 0) ]

QB = 531200 BTU/hr

Hams and Loins:

m = 4000 lb

QHL = m [ cpAFΔt + LHF + cpBF ]

QHL = 4000 [ 0.68(59 – 27) + 86.5 + 0.38(27 – 0) ]

QHL = 474080 BTU/hr

Lamb:

m = 4000 lb

QL = m [ cpAFΔt + LHF + cpBF ]

QL = 4000 [ 0.67(59 – 29) + 83.5 + 0.3(29 – 0) ]

QL = 449200 BTU/hr
 Poultry (Fresh):

m = 4000 lb

QP = m [ cpAFΔt + LHF + cpBF ]

QP = 4000 [ 0.79(59 -27) + 106 + 0.37(27 – 0) ]

QP = 565080 BTU/hr

Product Load

Qproduct = QB + QHL + QL + QP

Qproduct = 531200 + 474080 + 449200 + 565080

Qproduct = 2019560 BTU/hr

Space Required for Refrigerated Goods

From Kents’ Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p. 11-43, Table 24:

For 700 lb beef:

Space occupied = 108 ft3

Floor height = 12 ft

Floor space = 9 ft2

Using the same requirements for other meat products:

Mass total = 4 x 4000 lb

MT = 16000 lb

3
108 ft
Space required = 16000 lb x 700 lb
 Space required = 2468.6 ft3

9 ft 2
Floor space = 16000 lb x 700 lb

Floor space = 205.71 ft2

Height of pile of meat = 12 ft

For easy handling of storing meat products, the height of pile of meat
is halved and the floor space is doubled (same volume of space
required).

Therefore:

Height of pile of meat = 6 ft

Floor space = 411.43 ft2

From Macintire’s Handbook of Mechanical Refrigeration, p. 529:

25 to 40% of storage room is used for storing products.

For 30% storage space:

Total floor space = 1371.43 ft2

Also, from Macintire’s Handbook of Mechanical Refrigeration, p. 529:

Allowance to receiving and shipping floors amounts from 4 to 5% of

total floor space.

For 5%:

Total Floor Space Required = 1443.61 ft2 ≈ 1500

ft2
Dimensions of Cold Storage

Size = 50 ft x 30 ft x 12 ft

Wall Heat Gain Load

Cold storage is designed based from the hottest temperature of

Manila/Luzon Philippines.

From ASHRAE: Month of May

Dry bulb temperature = 34.5 ⁰C or 94.1 ⁰F

Wet bulb temperature = 28.1 ⁰C or 82.58 ⁰F

Designed insulations:

From Kents’ Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook:

Thermal
Thickne Capacitance, c
Conductivity, k
Material ss, BTU
BTU −¿ ( )
(inches) ( hr−ft 2−F
¿ hr−ft 2−F

Brick (common) 8 4.8 -

Corkboard 4 0.32 -
Concrete
Side Walls
(cinder 1.5 4.9 -
aggregate)
Gypsum plaster - - 4.4
Flooring Concrete 3 4.9 -
(cinder
aggregate)
 Corkboard 5 0.32 -
Concrete
(cinder 4 4.9 -
Ceiling
aggregate)
Corkboard 6 0.32 -
Still air Still air - - 1.65
Outside air Outside air - - 6.0

Qside walls = UAΔt

Asw = 2(L x H) + 2(W x H)

Asw = 2(50 x 12) + 2(30 x 12)

Asw = 1920 ft2

1
U= 1 x 1 x2 1 1
+ + + +
fo k 1 k 2 c fi

1
U= 1 8 4 1 1
+ + + +
6 4.8 0.32 4.4 1.65

BTU
U = 0.06463 2
hr−ft −F

BTU
2
Qside walls = (0.06463 hr−ft 2−F ) (1920 ft ) ( 94.1 – 0)⁰F

Qside walls = 11676.83 BTU/hr

Qfloor = UAΔt

Afloor = L x W
 Afloor = 50 x 30

Afloor = 1500 ft2

1
U= x1 x 2 1
+ +
k 1 k 2 fi

1
U= 3 5 1
+ +
4.9 0.32 1.65

BTU
U = 0.05937 hr−ft 2−F

BTU
2
Qfloor = (0.05937 hr−ft 2−F ) (1500 ft ) (94.1 – 0)⁰F

Qfloor = 8380.07 BTU/hr

Qceiling = UAΔt

Aceiling = Afloor = 1500 ft2

1
U= 1 x 1 x2 1
+ + +
fo k 1 k 2 fi

1
U= 1 6 4 1
+ + +
6 0.32 4.9 1.65

BTU
U = 0.049166 hr−ft 2−F
 BTU
2
Qceiling = (0.049166 hr−ft −F ) (1500 ft ) (94.1 – 0)⁰F
2

Qceiling = 6939.78 BTU/hr

Total Wall Gain Load

Qwall = Qside walls + Qfloor + Qceiling

Qwall = 11676.83 + 8380.07 + 6939.78

Qwall = 26996.68 BTU/hr

Air Change Load

Computations for air properties outside the cold storage:

(Pt−Pvm)( DB −WB)
Pv = Pvm - 1546.622−1.44(WB )

(101.325−3.8046)(34.5−28.1)
Pv = 3.8046 - 1546.622−1.44(28.1)

Pv = 3.3902 kPa
 0.622 Pv
wo = Pt −Pv

0.622(3.3902)
wo = 101.325−3.3902

wo = 0.02153 kg/kg

ho = 1.0062t + whfg

ho = 1.0062 (34.5) + 0.02153(2564.4)

ho = 89.925 kJ/kg = 38.656 BTU/lb

Computations for air properties inside the cold storage:

tdb = 0 ⁰F = - 17.778 ⁰C

RH = 80%

Pv
RH = Psat

Pv
0.80 = 0.12807 ; Psat @ -17.778 ⁰C = 0.12807 kPa

Pv = 0.10245 kPa

From RenewAire Energy Recovery Ventilators Psychrometric Chart for

Low Temperatures:

hi = 0.7 BTU/lb
From Dossat’s Principles of Refrigeration, air change load may be computed
using the formula:

Qv = W (ho - hi)

For W:

From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p. 11-48:

1
W = V v)
(

V = volume of air per hour of ventilated air

V = volume of room x air change rate

For warehouses: ACR = 2 to 3 hr-1

(ASHRAE)

v = specifc volume of air specifed either outside space or as

supplied space

0.287085(−17.778+ 273)
v= 101.325−0.10245

v = 0.7238 m3/kg = 11.58 ft3/lb

Therefore:

1
W = 2(30 x 50 x 12) ( 11.58 )

W = 3106.905 lb/hr

Qv = 3106.905 (38.656 – 0.7)

Qv = 117926.6 BTU/hr

Heat Sources in Space

Heat from People/Workers

 From Dossat’s Principle of Refrigeration, Table 10-14:

Qpeople = 0.378 kW/person x no. of workers

For 0 ⁰F or -17.778 ⁰C, use -15 ⁰C as reference:

Qpeople = 0.378 kW/person x 6 workers [assumed]

1 BTU 3600 s
Qpeople = 2.268 kW x 1.055 kJ x 1 hr

Qpeople = 7739.15 BTU/hr

Heat from Lightings

From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook

Qlights = 3.41 x total wattage of lights

Assume 40 fluorescent lamps with 15 W each:

Qlights = 3.41 x (40 x 15)

Qlights = 2046 BTU/hr

Heat from motors and equipment

From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook:

Qmo = 2950 BTU/hr per hp for 3-hp and above motors

Assume maximum of 5 hp motors inside the cold

storage:

Qmo = 2950 BTU/hr x 5 hp

Qmo = 14750 BTU/hr

Total Heat Load

Qtotal = Qproduct + Qwall + Qv + Qpeople + Qlights + Qmo

Qtotal = 2019560 + 26996.68 + 117926.6 + 7739.15 + 2046 + 14750

 Qtotal = 2189018.476 BTU/hr

For miscellaneous loads, a safety factor of 10% of total heat

load is added based from Dossat’s Principles of Refrigeration.

Qtotal = 1.1 (2189018.476)

Qtotal = 2407920.324 BTU/hr

Tons of Refrigeration Required

From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook:

Heat Load 24 hr
Tons = 12000 x x hr

x = hours of operation

x = 16 for a system operating above 32 ⁰F

x = 20 for a system operating below 32 ⁰F

2407920.324 24 hr
Tons = 12000 x 20 hr

Tons = 240.729 TR ≈ 245 TR

Refrigerating Unit
Schematic Diagram of Refrigerating Unit

Condenser

40 ⁰C

Evaporator 2
130 TR
5 ⁰F

Evaporator 1
245 TR
-10 ⁰F A
 As suggested by Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, for ice
plants, evaporator temperature is at 5 ⁰F.

As suggested by Macintire’s Handbook of Mechanical Refrigeration,

there’s a 10 degree difference between the temperatures of the coil
and the room.

Condenser temperature is assumed based on the country’s air

condition.

For Ammonia as refrigerant:

Pressures:

Pressure at condenser = Psat @ 40 ⁰C

Pcon = 1557 kPa

Pressure at evaporator for ice plant = Psat @ -15 ⁰C

Pevap2 = 237.09 kPa

Pressure at evaporator for cold storage = Psat @ -23.33 ⁰C

Pevap2 = 164.283 kPa

Enthalpies:

h1 = hg @ -23.33 ⁰C

h1 = 1432.58 kJ/kg

h2 = h @ 237.09 kPa and s1 = s2

 h2 = 1480 kJ/kg

h3 = hg @ -15 ⁰C

h3 = 1443.9 kJ/kg

h4 = h @ 1557 kPa and s3 = s4

h4 = 1742 kJ/kg

h5 = h6 = hf @ 40 ⁰C

h5 = h6 = 390.587 kJ/kg

h7 = h8 = hf @ -15 ⁰C

h7 = h8 = 131.2745 kJ/kg

Mass Flow Rates

245 x 3.516
m1 = h 1−h 8

245 x 3.516
m1 = 1432.58−131.2745

m1 = m2 = m7 = m8 = 0.662 kg/s

130 x 3.516
m6 = h 3−h 6

130 x 3.516
m6 = 1443.9−390.587

m6 = 0.4339 kg/s

Heat Balance about Intercooler

mh3
 mh6 m2h2

m7h7

mh6 + m2h2 = mh3 + m7h7

m(390.587) + 0.662(1480) = m(1443.9) + 0.622(131.2745)

m = 0.8477 kg/s

Mass flow rate through high-stage compressor

m3 = m + m6

m3 = 0.8477 + 0.4339

m3 = 1.2816 kg/s

Compressor Power

For Low Stage Power

P = m1 (h2 – h1)

P = 0.662(1480 – 1437.23)

P = 31.39 kW

For High Stage Power

P = m3 (h4 – h3)

P = 1.2816(1742 – 1443.9)

P = 382 kW
 *For high stage power, use 4 compressors with 96 kW power
each.

Refrigerant Piping

From Mark’s Standard Handbook, velocities for most refrigerants:

Liquid Lines: 3.3 to 22 m/s

Suction Lines: 38 to 250 m/s

Discharge Lines: 55 to 275 m/s

Suction Lines

 At point 1
V1 = m1v1
m1 = 0.662 kg/s
v1 = vg @ -23.33 ⁰C
v1 = 0.7168 m3/kg
V1 = 0.662(0.7168)
V1 = 0.4745 m3/s

For d = 3 in.:

V = Av

Π 1
0.4745 = 4 (3 x 39.37 )2 (v)

v = 104 m/s [satisfied the range]

 At point 3
V3 = m3v3
m3 = 1.2816 kg/s
v3 = vg @ -15 ⁰C
v3 = 0.508013 m3/kg
V3 = 1.2816(0.508013)
 V3 = 0.651 m3/s

For d = 3 in.:

V = Av

Π 1
0.651 = 4 (3 x 39.37 )2 (v)

v = 142.75 m/s [satisfied the range]

Discharge Lines

 At point 2
V2 = m2v2
m2 = 0.662 kg/s
v2 = v @ 237.09 kPa and s1 = s2
v2 = 0.56 m3/kg
V2 = 0.662(0.56)
V2 = 0.3707 m3/s

For d = 2 ½ in:

V = Av

Π 1
0.3707 = 4 (2 ½ x 39.37 )2 (v)

v = 117 m/s [satisfied the range]

 At point 4
V4 = m4v4
m4 = 1.2816 kg/s
v4 = v @ 1557 kPa and s3 = s4
v4 = 0.13 m3/kg
V4 = 1.2816(0.13)
V4 = 0.165 m3/s

For d = 1 ½ in:
 V = Av

Π 1
0.165 = 4 (1 ½ x 39.37 )2 (v)

v = 144.72 m/s [satisfied the range]

Liquid Lines

 At point 5
V5 = m5v5
m5 = 1.2816 kg/s
v5 = vf @ 40 ⁰C
v5 = 0.0017257 m3/kg
V5 = 1.2816(0.0017257)
V5 = 0.002212 m3/s

For d = ½ in:

V = Av

Π 1
0.002212 = 4 (½ x 39.37 )2 (v)

v = 17.46 m/s [satisfied the range]

 At point 7
V7 = m7v7
m7 = 0.662 kg/s
v7 = vf @ -15 ⁰C
v7 = 0.0015185 m3/kg
V7 = 0.662(0.0015185)
V7 = 0.0009445 m3/s

For d = 3/8 in:

V = Av
 Π 1
0.0009445 = 4 (3/8 x 39.37 )2 (v)

v = 13.26 m/s [satisfied the range]

Condenser

Based from Stoecker and Jones’ Refrigeration and Air Conditioning:

Designed Values for Condenser

Temperature at condenser = 40 ⁰C

Common temperature of water in and out the cooling

tower:

Temperature entering the condenser = 85 ⁰F

or 29.44 ⁰C

Temperature leaving the condenser = 95 ⁰F or

35 ⁰C

Nominal Size of Pipe = 1 ½ in. Schedule 40

Outside Diameter = 1.9 in or 0.04826 m

Inside Diameter = 1.61 in or 0.040894

Thickness = 0.145 in or 0.003683

Tubes per pass = 14

No. of Tubes = 112 tubes

 No. of Passes = 112/14 = 8 passes

Rate of heat rejected at the condenser

Qr = m4 (h4 – h5)

Qr = 1.2816 (1742 – 390.587)

Qr = 1731.97 kW

Condensing Coefficient

g ρ2 hfg k 3
hcond = 0.725 ( μΔ tND )1/4

For Ammonia at 40 ⁰C

1
ρ = = 0.5795 kg/L = 579.5 kg/m3
1.7257

hfg = 1490.42 – 390.587

hfg = 1099.83 kJ/kg

From Table 15.5, p. 300

μ = 0.000122 Pa-s

k = 0.447 W/m-K

Average number of tubes in a vertical row, N

384
N= 48

N=8
 (9.81) ( 579.5 )2 (1099.83)(0.447)3
hcond = 0.725 ( 0.000122(5.56)(8)(0.04826) )1/4

hcond = 764.5443 W/m2-K

Resistance of Metal

x Ao
R= kA m

x = 0.003683

ksteel = 50 W/m-K

x Ao (0.00383)(0.04826)
kA m = (50)(0.044577)

x Ao
kA m = 8.6335 x10-5 m2-K/W

Fouling Factor

1
hff = 0.000176 m2-K/W

Water side coefficient

hw D ρ VD cp μ
0.023( ) 0.8 0.4
k = μ ( k )

Mass of flowing water

Qr
mw = CpΔ t
 1731.97
mw = 4.187(35−29.444)

mw = 74.458 kg/s

Volume flow rate

m
V= ρ

74.458
V= 1000

V = 0.07446 m3/s

Water velocity

Volume
v= ( no .of tubes per pass ) ( Area)

0.07446
v= Π 2
96[ ( 0.040894 ) ]
4

v = 0.5905 m/s

To calculate the water-side heat transfer coefficient,

Use water properties at 32 ⁰C:

ρ = 995 kg/m3

cp = 4190 J/kg-K

μ = 0.000773 Pa-s

k = 0.617 W/m-K
 0.023(0.617) ( 995 ) ( 0.5905 ) ( 0.040894 )
hw = [ ] 0.8
[
0.040894 0.000773

(4190)(0.000773)
0.617 ]0.4

hw = 2644.97 W/m2-K

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

1 1 x Ao Ao
Uo = ho + kA m + hff A i

A0
+ hi A i

1 1 (0.000176)(1.9)
Uo = 764.5443 + (8.6335 x10-5) + 1.61 +

1.9
2644.97 (1.61)

Uo = 461.688 W/m2-K

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

 Δ t max
Δt min
¿
LMTD = ¿
ln ¿
Δ t max− Δ t min
¿

40−29.44
40−35
¿
LMTD = ¿
ln ¿
( 40−29.44 )−(40−35)
¿

LMTD = 7.437 ⁰C

Heat Transfer Area

Qr
Ao = U o LMTD

1731.97 x 1000
Ao = 461.688(7.437)

Ao = 504.421 m2

Length of Tube

Ao = ΠDLN

504.421
L= Π (0.04826)(384)

L = 8.66 m
Fans

Fan Capacity

Based from Macintire’s Handbook of Mechanical Refrigeration,

p. 535

Fan capacity ranges from 6 to 10 times the volume of the

refrigerated space per hour.

For 10 times the volume of cold storage:

Fan Capacity = 10 (30 x 50 x 12)

Fan Capacity = 180000 ft3/hr or 1.42 m3/s

Power Required

P = ƴQTDH

For a supply air temperature of -10 ⁰C:

Since at very low temperatures, the value of Pv is

relatively small,

0.287085(−10+ 273)
v= 101.325

v = 0.745 m3/kg

Then,

g 9.81
ƴ= v = 0.745

ƴ = 13.165 N/m3

Q = Fan Capacity = 1.42 m3/s

Assume a total head of 15 m.

TDH = 15 m
 P = 13.165(1.42)(15)

P = 280.15 W

Assume 50% efficiency of fan.

Power = 560.3 W

Brine Pumps

Designed Temperature of Brine

From Macintire’s Handbook of Mechanical Refrigeration, a 5

degree temperature difference between the evaporator
temperature and the brine temperature is needed.

Evaporator Temperature = 5 ⁰F

Temperature at tank entrance = 10 ⁰F

Temperature at tank exit = 15 ⁰F

Mass Flow of Brine

From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p.11-52

Mass Flow of Brine = 242.4 lb/min per ⁰F rise of brine

temperature

mb = 242.4 (15 – 10)

mb = 1212 lb/min

Volume Flow of Brine

From Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, p.11-52

Volume Flow of Brine = 25.2 GPM per ⁰F rise of brine

temperature
 Vb = 25.2 (15 – 10)

Vb = 126 GPM

Brine Flow on Freezing Tank

Power Required For Six Pumps

P = ƴQTDH

Assume a total head of 10 m.

SGbrine = 1.16

Q = 126 GPM or 0.00795 m3/s

P = 1.16(9.81)(0.00795)(10)

P = 904.5 W

Assume 50% efficiency of pump.

Power = 1.809 kW