Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Tener los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de

exportación, requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para
comprender las normas y pasos a seguir, sino que es necesario
saber comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de cada
texto. Sobre el tema existe un buen número de materiales en inglés,
de los cuales se puede obtener información relevante para lo cual
es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1
Setting up the business
Whether it is a new or existing export-import business,
the legal form, or structure, will determine how the
business is to be conducted, its tax liability, and other
important considerations. Each form of business
organization has its own advantages and
disadvantages, and the entrepreneur has to select the
one that best fulfills the goals of the entrepreneur and
the business. Selection of an appropriate business
organization is a task that requires accounting and legal

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
expertise and should be done with the advice of a
competent attorney or accountant.
Ownership structure
In this section, we examine different forms of business
organizations: sole proprietorships, partnerships,
corporations, and limited liability companies.

Sole proprietorships
A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by
one individual. No separate legal entity exists. There is
one principal in the business who has total control over
all export-import operations and who can make
decisions without consulting anyone. The major
advantages of sole proprietorships are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control.

Establishing an export-import business as sole
proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and requires
little or no government approval. At the state level,
registration of the business name is required, while at
the federal level, sole proprietors need to keep accurate
accounting records and attach a profit or loss statement
for the business when filing individual tax returns
(Schedule C, Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They
must operate on a calendar year and can use the cash
or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or

corporations. The owner makes all operational and
management decisions concerning the business. The
owner can remove money or other assets of the
business without legal or tax consequences. He or she
can also easily transfer or terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal

government regulations versus other business
concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an

individual, at a rate lower than the corporate income tax
rate. Losses from the export import business can be
applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other
sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to establish
tax exempt retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991;
Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import
concern as a sole proprietorship is the risk of unlimited
liability. The owner is personally liable for the debts and
other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought
to protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance
protection is not sufficient to cover legal liability for
defective products or debts, judgment creditors’ next
recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is
limited to personal funds plus any loans that can be
obtained. In addition, very few individuals have all the
necessary skills to run an export-import business, and
the owner may lack certain skills. The business may also
terminate upon the death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization:

pointers
 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of
the export-import business? If not, how many people
have an ownership interest?
 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or
expertise?
 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for
management?
  What legal form affords the most advantageous tax
treatment for the business concern and individual
entrepreneurs?
 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to
establish and subject to a low degree of government
regulation?
 How important is it to limit personal liability of
owners?
 Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light
of the goals and objectives of the export-import
business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, de por lo menos

15 palabras junto con su respectivo significado en español.
 vocabulario significado
Advantages: Circumstance Ventajas: Circunstancia o
or situation that gives situación que da
superiority in something. superioridad en alguna
cosa.
Disadvantages: Desventajas:
Circumstance of being Circunstancia de ser peor
worse or being in a worse o estar en peor situación
situation one thing with una cosa respecto a otras
respect to others of the de la misma naturaleza con
same nature with which it is la que se compara.
compared. Less favorable Situación menos favorable
situation in which a person en que se halla una
or thing is with respect to persona o cosa respecto a
others with which it is otras con las que se
compared. compara.
Attorney: Person legally Abogado: Persona
authorized to advise and legalmente autorizada para
defend the rights and asesorar y defender los
interests of another person derechos e intereses de
in legal matters and otra persona en materia
represent it in a lawsuit. jurídica y representarla en
un pleito.
Without: Indica falta o Sin: Indicates lack or lack
carencia de alguna cosa of something material or
material o inmaterial. immaterial.
Proprietorships: Property Propietarios: Derecho de
rights propiedad, en el derecho,
In the right, the domain or el dominio o propiedad, es
property, is the direct and el poder directo e
immediate power over an inmediato sobre un objeto
object or good, by which is o bien, por la que se
attributed to its owner the atribuye a su titular la
ability to dispose of it, capacidad de disponer del
mismo, sin más
without further limitations limitaciones que las que
than those imposed by law. imponga la ley.
Returns: The return is the Devoluciones: La
act of giving something devolución es el acto de
back to someone. It is a entregar algo nuevamente
process that is based on a a alguien. Es un proceso
right of possession of a de se sustenta en un
certain person with respect derecho de posesión de
to a certain good that was una determinada persona
delivered with some type of con respecto a un
specific objective. determinado bien que fue
entregado con algún tipo
de objetivo específico.
Applied: That puts effort, Aplicado: Que pone
interest and perseverance esfuerzo, interés y
in the accomplishment of a constancia en la
work or in the development realización de un trabajo o
of an activity, especially in en el desarrollo de una
the study. actividad, en especial en el
estudio.
Loans: A loan is an Prestamos:
operation by which a Un préstamo es una
financial institution puts at operación por la cual una
our disposal a certain entidad financiera pone a
amount of money through a nuestra disposición una
contract. cantidad determinada de
dinero mediante un
contrato.
Skills: The ability is the Habilidades:
innate aptitude, talent, skill La habilidad es la aptitud
or ability that a person innata, talento, destreza o
holds to carry out and of capacidad que ostenta una
course with success, persona para llevar a cabo
certain activity, work y por supuesto con éxito,
 determinada actividad,
trabajo
Losses: Small amount of Pérdidas: Cantidad
blood or discharge from the pequeña de sangre o flujo
womb that is abnormally procedente de la matriz
expelled outside of the que se expulsa
menstrual period. anormalmente fuera del
período menstrual.
Upon: Heritage prefix of Sobre: Prefijo patrimonial
Latin origin that enters the de origen latino que entra
formation of names with en la formación de
the meaning of 'above', nombres con el significado
'besides'. de ‘por encima de’,
‘además de’.
Judgment: Faculty of Juicio: Facultad del
understanding, by virtue of entendimiento, por cuya
which man can distinguish virtud el hombre puede
good from evil and true distinguir el bien del mal y
from false. lo verdadero de lo falso.
Income: Amount of money Ingresos: Cantidad de
earned or collected. dinero ganada o
recaudada.
Little: That has a smaller Pequeño: Que tiene un
size than normal. tamaño menor de lo
normal.
Sole: It applies to one or Único: Se aplica a una o
several things of which or varias cosas de las cuales
of whose species there are o de cuya especie no hay
no others. otras.
3. Escriba las ideas principales de cada párrafo, ya sea en presente
simple o presente progresivo, en inglés.

 How to carry out a business

 There are different forms of commercial organizations
  The director controls all export and import operations

 The sole proprietors are simple and low in costs

 The owners are in charge of making all the decisions

 The individual companies are governamental

 The individual owners have a lower rate than the tax rate

The owners are responsible for their business

4. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se

conecten coherentemente, en 15 líneas.

How to carry out an export and import business, in different forms

of commercial organizations since the director controls all export
and import operations, where the sole proprietors are simple and
low in cost and make all the decisions in front of the business.
Individual companies are governmental and have a lower rate than
the tax rate, thus carrying the responsibility of the business

Knowing well that each legal form in which the company has its
legal bases will apply different processes why you should know
what you should apply to have greater knowledge and not have
legal consequences in the environment even with a single
administrator or boss immediately co-author all the legal health
and tax aspects for a better export or import in order to provide the
company with better quality and good recognition at the
international level and to conquer or reach large countries for its
advertising and industry growth.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta

el material de formación “Using simple present and progressive to
export” asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.
Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta de su preferencia y
envíe el archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de
aprendizaje.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

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guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la

guía de aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas
las actividades propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y
entregarlas correctamente.
Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un
texto técnico en inglés.