Failure Criteria for Yielding

Failure Criteria for Yielding

Dr. Andri Andriyana

Centre de Mise en Forme des Matériaux, CEMEF UMR CNRS 7635

École des Mines de Paris, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France

Spring, 2008
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Outline

Outline

1 Introduction

2 Tresca Criterion

3 Von Mises Criterion

4 Comparison and Example

Failure Criteria for Yielding
Introduction

Introduction
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Introduction

Background and definitions

Yielding
For ductile material under simple tension, stress no longer
proportional to strain
Plastic (irreversible) deformation (permanent molecular
rearrangement) once a certain level of stress is reached
Highly material dependent

Understanding yielding is important for designing a pressure vessel,

rotating disc, crank shaft, ... that does not allow any irreversible
strain, i.e. material must remain elastic
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Introduction

Fracture vs yield

Fracture
Driven by normal stresses, acting to separate one atomic plane
from another
Broken atomic bonds are not allowed to reform in new
positions

Yield
Driven by shear stresses, sliding one plane along another
Broken atomic bonds are allowed to reform in new positions
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Introduction

Stress-strain curve of ductile materials

Failure Criteria for Yielding
Introduction

Yield criteria

For material stretched uniaxially along e1 direction, yield

occurs when :
σ11 ≥ σy
with σy is the yield stress

When does yield occurs in multiaxial stress states...??

Failure Criteria for Yielding
Tresca Criterion

Tresca Criterion
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Tresca Criterion

General multiaxial stress states

Maximum shear stress

Yielding starts when the maximum shear stress in the
material τmax equals the maximum shear stress at
yielding in a simple tension test τy

τmax = τy

σmax −σmin
where : τmax = 2

σmax and σmin are the maximum and minimum principal stresses
respectively
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Tresca Criterion

General multiaxial stress states

Mohr’s circle for simple tension test :

Thus, general form of Tresca Criterion is :

σmax − σmin = σy
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Tresca Criterion

Special case : Plane stress

Let σ1 , σ2 and σ3 be the principale stresses (σ3 = 0) :

|σ1 −σ2 |
When σ1 and σ2 are of opposite sign : τmax = 2
The yield condition is given by :
σ1 σ2
|σ1 − σ2 | = σy or − = ±1
σy σy

When σ1 and σ2 carry the same sign :

|σ1 − σ3 | |σ1 |
if |σ1 | > |σ2 | , τmax = = and |σ1 | = σy
2 2
|σ2 − σ3 | |σ2 |
if |σ1 | < |σ2 | , τmax = = and |σ2 | = σy
2 2
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Tresca Criterion

Tresca yield surface for plane stress problems

Failure Criteria for Yielding
Von Mises Criterion

Von Mises Criterion

Failure Criteria for Yielding
Von Mises Criterion

General multiaxial stress states

Maximum distortion/shear energy

Yielding starts when the maximum distortion/shear

energy in the material Wd,max equals the maximum
distortion/shear energy at yielding in a simple tension
test Wd,y

Wd,max = Wd,y

Distortion/shear energy :
Part of the strain energy corresponds to volume-preserved shape
change
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Von Mises Criterion

General multiaxial stress states

In terms of the stress components :

1 h
i
Wd,max = (σxx − σyy )2 + (σyy − σzz )2 + (σzz − σxx )2 + 6 τxy
2 2
+ τyz 2
+ τzx
12G
1 2
Wd,y = σ
6G y

Thus, general form of Von Mises Criterion is :

1 
1/2
√ (σxx − σyy )2 + (σyy − σzz )2 + (σzz − σxx )2 + 6 τxy
2 2
+ τyz 2
+ τzx = σy
2

Left hand side : the Von Mises stress σvm

Failure Criteria for Yielding
Von Mises Criterion

General multiaxial stress states

In terms of the principal stresses σ1 , σ2 , σ3 :

1 h i1/2
√ (σ1 − σ2 )2 + (σ2 − σ3 )2 + (σ3 − σ1 )2 = σy
2
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Von Mises Criterion

Special case : Plane stress

Let σ1 , σ2 and σ3 be the principale stresses (σ3 = 0) :

1 h 2 2 2
i1/2
σvm = √ (σ1 − σ2 ) + (σ2 − 0) + (0 − σ1 )
2
q
= σ12 − σ1 σ2 + σ22

Von Mises yield criterion becomes :

σ12 − σ1 σ2 + σ22 = σy2

In σ1 − σ2 plane, this equation represents an ellipse

Failure Criteria for Yielding
Von Mises Criterion

Von Misses yield surface for plane stress problems

Failure Criteria for Yielding
Comparison and Example

Comparison and Example

Failure Criteria for Yielding
Comparison and Example

Tresca and Von Misses yield surfaces : 2D space

Failure Criteria for Yielding
Comparison and Example

Tresca and Von Misses yield surfaces : 3D space

[Source : Wikipedia]
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Comparison and Example

Example : Thin pressurized tube with end caps

Given a thin walled tube (radius r, thickness t) containing gas.

Using Tresca and Von Mises yield criteria, determine the maximum
allowable gas pressure pmax so that no yielding occurs.
Failure Criteria for Yielding
Comparison and Example

Example : Thin pressurized tube with end caps

From Strength of Material course, the radial (σr ), hoop (σθ ) and
longitudinal (σz ) stresses are :
pr pr
σr = 0 σθ = σz =
t 2t

1 Tresca criterion
t
σθ − 0 = σy → pmax = σy
r

2 Von Mises criterion

2t
σθ2 − σθ σz + σz2 = σy2 → pmax = √ σy
3r