Example: Determination of Loads On A Building Envelope

Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 1 of 8

CALCULATION SHEET
Title Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope
Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4

Made by Matthias Oppe Date June 2005
Checked by Christian Müller Date June 2005
Example: Determination of loads on a building

envelope
This worked example explains the procedure of determination of loads on a
portal frame building. Two types of actions are considered: wind actions
and snow actions.
,00
7,30
72
5,988
0
7,2
This material is copyright - all rights reserved. Use of this document is subject to the terms and conditions of the Access Steel Licence Agreement
[m]
30,00
Basic data
• Total length : b = 72,00 m

• Spacing: s = 7,20 m
• Bay width : d = 30,00 m
• Height (max): h = 7,30 m
• Roof slope: α = 5,0°
Height above ground:

h = 7,30 m
α = 5°
leads to:
h´ = 7,30 – 15 tan 5° = 5,988 m
Created on Wednesday, August 18, 2010

CALCULATION SHEET

1 Wind loads
Basic values
Determination of basic wind velocity:
EN 1991-1-4
vb = cdir × cseason × vb,0 § 4.2
Where: vb basic wind velocity
cdir directional factor
cseason seasonal factor
vb,0 fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity (see European windmap):

vb,0 = 26 m/s (for Aachen - Germany)
Terrain category II ⇒ z0 = 0,05 m EN 1991-1-4

§ 4.3.2
z > zmin
Table 4.1
⇒ vb = cdir × cseason × vb,0 = 26 m/s

For simplification the directional factor cdir and the seasonal factor cseason are
in general equal to 1,0.
Basic velocity pressure

1 EN 1991-1-4
qb = × ρ air × v b
2
2 § 4.5
eq. 4.10
where: ρ air = 1,25 kg/m³ (air density)
1
⇒ qb = × 1,25 × 26 2 = 422,5 N/m²
2
Peak pressure
q p (z) = [1 + 7l v (z)]× × ρ × v m (z) 2

1 EN 1991-1-4
2 § 4.5, eq. 4.8

Calculation of vm(z)
vm(z) mean wind velocity
vm(z) = cr(z) × co(z) × vb

CALCULATION SHEET

Where: co(z) is the orography factor

cr(z) is the roughness factor
⎛ z ⎞
c r (z) = k r × ln ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ for z min ≤ z ≤ z max
⎝ z0 ⎠
c r (z) = c r ( z min ) for z ≤ z min
Where: z0 is the roughness length

kr is the terrain factor, depending on the roughness length z0
calculated using
0 , 07
⎛ z ⎞
k r = 0,19 × ⎜ 0 ⎟
⎜z ⎟
⎝ 0,II ⎠
Where: z0,II = 0,05 (terrain category II) EN 1991-1-4
§4.3.2
zmin is the minimum height Table 4.1
zmax is to be taken as 200 m
Calculation of Iv(z)
Iv(z) turbulence intensity
kI EN 1991-1-4
Iv = for z min ≤ z ≤ z max
c o ( z ) × ln( z / z 0 ) §4.4 eq. 4.7
I v = I v ( z min ) for z < z min
Where: kI is the turbulence factor recommended value for kI is 1,0
z = 7,30 m
so: zmin < z < zmax
⎡ ⎤ 1
× × ρ × vb 2 × (k r × ln( z / z0 ) ) 2
7kI
qp (z) = ⎢1 + ⎥ 2

Corrigendum
⎣ co ( z ) × ln( z / z0 ) ⎦

wind profile
squared gust factor basic pressure

CALCULATION SHEET

⎡ 7 ⎤ 1
qp (7 ,30) = ⎢1 + ⎥ × × 1,25 × 26 2
⎣ ln (7 ,30 / 0,05) ⎦ 2
2
⎛ ⎛ 0 ,05 ⎞
0 ,07
⎞
× ⎜ 0,19 × ⎜ ⎟ × ln (7 ,30 / 0,05) ⎟
⎜ ⎝ 0 ,05 ⎠ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ 7 ⎤
= ⎢1 + ⎥ × 422,5 × 0,947 2 ×10 −3 = 0,911 kN/m²
⎣ ln(7 ,30 / 0,05) ⎦
Wind pressure on surfaces EN 1991-1-4

§ 7.2
(pressure coefficients for internal frame)
A positive wind load stands for pressure whereas a negative wind load
indicates suction on the surface. This definition applies for the external wind
action as well as for the internal wind action.
External pressure coefficients

The wind pressure acting on the external surfaces, we should be obtained from
the following expression: EN 1991-1-4
we = qp(ze) × cpe §5.2 eq. 5.1
where: ze is the reference height for the external pressure
cpe is the pressure coefficient for the external pressure
depending on the size of the loaded area A.
= cpe,10 because the loaded area A for the structure is larger
than 10 m²
a) vertical walls EN 1991-1-4

§ 7.2
h 7,30
for = = 0,24 ≤ 0,25 Table 7.1
d 30,00
D: cpe = 0,7
E: cpe = - 0,3

CALCULATION SHEET

b) duopitch roofs EN 1991-1-4

§ 7.2
with α = 5,0°,
Table 7.4a
θ = 0° (wind direction)
e = min (b; 2h)
= min (72,00; 14,60)
= 14,60 m
1) upwind face
G: cpe = - 1,2 2) downwind face
H: cpe = - 0,6
I: cpe = - 0,6
J: cpe = 0,2 / - 0,6
⇒ cpe = - 0,6
(see Table 7.4a , Note 1)
External pressure coefficients cpe (for zone D, E, G, H, I and J):

H: c pe = -0,6 J: c pe = -0,6
G: c pe = -1,2
I: c pe = -0,6
D: c pe = 0,7 E: c pe = -0,3
Internal pressure coefficient EN 1991-1-4

The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure, wi should be §5.2 eq.5.2
obtained from the following expression
wi = qp(zi) × cpi
where: zi is the reference height for the internal pressure

cpi is the pressure coefficient for the internal pressure

CALCULATION SHEET

The internal pressure coefficient depends on the size and distribution of the
openings in the building envelope.
Within this example it is not possible to estimate the permeability and EN 1991-1-4
opening ratio of the building. So cpi should be taken as the more onerous of § 7.2.9 (6)
+ 0,2 and – 0,3. In this case cpi is unfavorable when cpi is taken to + 0,2. Note 2
Wind loads
The wind loadings per unit length w (in kN/m) for an internal frame are
calculated using the influence width (spacing) s = 7,20 m:
w = (cpe + cpi) × qp × s
Internal and external pressures are considered to act at the same time. The EN 1991-1-4
worst combination of external and internal pressures are to be considered for § 7.2.9
every combination of possible openings and other leakage paths.
Characteristic values for wind loading in [kN/m] for an internal frame:

- zones D, E, G, H, I and J
G: w = 9,18 H: w = 5,25 J: w = 5,25

I: w = 5,25
7,30
D: w = 4,59 E: w = 3,28
e/10 = 1,46 1,46

30,00 [m]

CALCULATION SHEET

2 Snow loads
General
Snow loads on the roof should be determined as follows:
EN 1991-1-3
s = μi × ce × cz × sk §5.2.2 eq.5.1
where: μi is the roof shape coefficient
ce is the exposure coefficient, usually taken as 1,0
ct is the thermal coefficient, set to 1,0 for normal situations
sk is the characteristic value of ground snow load for the
relevant altitude
Roof shape coefficient

Shape coefficients are needed for an adjustment of the ground snow load to a
snow load on the roof taking into account effects caused by non-drifted and
drifted snow load arrangements.
EN 1991-1-3
The roof shape coefficient depends on the roof angle. §5.3
0° ≤ α ≤ 30° ⇒ μ1 = 0,8 Table 5.1
Snow load on the ground

The characteristic value depends on the climatic region.
For a site in Aachen (Germany) the following expression is relevant:
⎡ ⎛ A ⎞2 ⎤ EN 1991-1-3
s k = (0 , 264 × z − 0, 002 ) × ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ kN/ m² Annex C
⎢⎣ ⎝ 256 ⎠ ⎥⎦ Table C1
Where: z is the zone number (depending on the snow load on sea
level), here: z = 2
A is the altitude above sea level, here A = 175 m
⎡ ⎛ 175 ⎞ 2 ⎤
s k = (0,264 × 2 − 0,002 ) × ⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 0,772 kN/m²
⎢⎣ ⎝ 256 ⎠ ⎥⎦

CALCULATION SHEET

Snow load on the roof

s = 0,8 × 1,0 × 1,0 × 0,772 = 0,618 kN/m²
spacing = 7,20 m
⇒ for an internal frame:
s = 0,618 × 7,20 = 4,45 kN/m
s = 4,45 kN/m
7,30
30,00 [m]

Example: Determination of Loads On A Building Envelope

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Example: Determination of loads on a building envelope

Document Ref: SX016a-EN-EU Sheet 1 of 8

Eurocode Ref EN 1991-1-3, EN 1991-1-4