Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau: History of Design

History of Design
Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
LECTURE 5
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

Time frame
• industrial revolution 1750 -1850
• arts and crafts 1860 to 1910
• victorian era 1837 to 1901

Geography
• industrial revolution, it began in the united kingdom ( 1865 – 1913 us
worlds leading industrial nation)
• arts and crafts movement, developed first and mostly in the british isles
• victorian era, began in britain

society
• society
• Before the Industrial Revolution all work was done by hand, and now it is
mainly done by machines. Also when the industrial revolution came, the
style of livinng for everyone changed creating other classes other than
'Rich' and 'Poor' hence the 'Middle class' which the majority of the English
and American population is.
• Before the industrial revolution 80% of people earned income from the
land. 4/5ths of the population lived in rural areas, leasing land from
aristocrats and the wealthy and farming agriculture. Families would
produce mainly what they needed to survive. IR brought about social,
economical and cultural changes.

Agricultural revolution
• Enclosure movement (no more open-fiend)
• Experimental phase
Jethro Tull
(1674 – 1741)
• Seed Drill
• Horse Shoe
Demographic revolution
Social impact
•Urbanization and • Cities
over crowding Poluted
•Disease
• Lack of
sanitation
• Homeless
• Religious tension
Child Labour
economy
• industrial revolution,
• the basic income during the period increased ten
times and the population increase 6 times in the two
centuaries that followed the 1800s.
• "For the first time in history, the living standards of the
masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo
sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this
economic behavior has happened before". Robert E.
Lucas, Jr, nobel prise winner.
• a transition in parts of great britains previosuly manual
labour and animal based economy towards mine based
manufacturing, in the later part of the 18th century.
Sectors of economy that grew
dramatically during this period and
had significant technological
• Textile Industry
advances:
• Introduction of steam power
• Iron and steel
• Railway
• Coal mining
Inventions ...
Steam Engine
VS
James Watt's Improved Steam Engine

James Watt was sent a Newcomen steam engine to repair
that led him to invented improvements for steam engines.
• Thoman Newcomen •James Watt

(1736 - 1800)
(1663 – 1729)
... More inventions
• 1712 Illustration of Thomas
Newcomen's Steam Engine
• In 1712, Thomas Newcomen together
with John Calley built their first steam
engine.
Flying Shuttle, Automation of

Textile Making & The Industrial
Revolution
Increased Yarn and Thread Production During
Industrial Revolution The spinning jenny used
eight spindles of instead of the one found on
spinning wheels.
In 1764, a British carpenter and weaver named
James Hargreaves invented an improved spinning
jenny,
Spinning Frame or Water Frame

Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame
or water frame that could produce stronger
threads for yarns
Spinning Mule Increased Variety in Threads and yarn
In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the

spinning mule that combined the moving
carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers
of the water frame
Power Loom's Effect on the Women of
the Industrial Revolution
The power loom was a steam-powered,
mechanically-operated version of a
regular loom. A loom is a device that
combined threads to make cloth.
Practical Sewing Machines & Ready Made Clothing
After the sewing machine was invented, the ready-made
clothing industry took off. Before sewing machines, nearly all
clothing was local and hand-sewn.
• The telegraph was invented in 1848

•Laying of the 1st ocean cable in 1864
transport
During the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic revival
style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism.
By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new technology,
construction was able to incorporate steel as a building component;
one of the greatest exponents of this was Joseph Paxton, architect
of the Crystal Palace. In this era of prosperity new methods of
construction were developed.
In Scotland, the architect Alexander Thomson who practiced in
Glasgow was a pioneer of the use of cast iron and steel for
commercial buildings, blending neo-classical conventionality with
Egyptian and oriental themes to produce many truly original
structures.
The transept façade of the original Crystal Palace
Effects
– Money
– Alienation
INDUSTRIALIZATION
Image Source: http://ia.media-

imdb.com/images/M/MV5BMjMwMDA5NzEwOF5BMl5BanBnXkFtZTcwMzgwNDg3OA@@._V1_SY317_CR5,0,214,317_.jpg
[ONLINE]
RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION
Image Source: http://media.screened.com/uploads/0/235/636117-modern_times_gears.png [ONLINE]

William Morris (1834 –1896)
C R Ashbee (1863 –1942)
W R Lethaby (1857 - 1931)
Trained as Architects and worked towards unity in the arts.
“to re-establish a harmony between architect, designer and craftsman and

to bring handcraftsmanship to the production of well-designer, affordable,
everyday objects.”

The introduction to Arts and Craft
movement
• REBELLION against age of mass production
• Return to TRADITIONAL craft methods and
‘romantic forms of decor’
• Products manufactured by individuals and
small groups
• “ATTACKING INDUSTRIAL AGE”
• Floral, wavy, leaf-like designs
• Believed IR made man less creative
RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION
Image Source: http://media.screened.com/uploads/0/235/636117-modern_times_gears.png [ONLINE]

Individual expression
Vernacular
Use of local materials
“improvement of commercial design always remained as serious a

goal as the restoration of craftsmanship. Groups of leading designers
not only set up craft societies but independent commercial
companies”

SOCIAL REFORM OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT
Change in Working condition
Belief in restorative power of craftsmanship
Simple life
Art as a way of life

PRINCIPLES OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT
HONESTY
Design Unity
Joy in Labour
Individualism
Regionalism

WILLIAM MORRIS (1834 –1896)
Image Source: hhttp://www.literaryplaces.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Portrait-of-William-Morris.jpg [ONLINE]

Influenced by
– Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood
– Writings of John
Ruskin

THE ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT
The Arts and Crafts Movement was an

international design movement that originated in
Britain and flourished between 1880 and 1910. It
was instigated by the artist and writer William
Morris (1834–1896) in the 1860s and was inspired
by the writings of John Ruskin (1819–1900). It
influenced architecture, domestic design and the
decorative arts, using simple forms and a medieval
style of decoration. It advocated truth to materials,
traditional craftsmanship and economic reform.
WILLIAM MORRIS TRELLIS
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg [ONLINE]

Wallpaper designer by Morris
WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG [ONLINE]

Architect - Philip Webb History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau
Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_w4ifTToAw5Q/TD8vQOlxSMI/AAAAAAAACh0/LVo4bxKHSfU/s1600/red+house.jpg

[ONLINE]
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Red_House_window_detail.JPG [ONLINE]

C R ASHBEE (1863 –1942)
Image Source: http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/Assets/Ashbee.jpg [ONLINE]

Influenced by
– Socialism of William
Morris (Established
Guild and School of
Handicraft in 1888, in
the slums
of Whitechapel)
– Works of John Ruskin

C R ASHBEE GUILD AND SCHOOL OF HANDICRAFT
"seek not only to set a higher standard of craftsmanship, but at

the same time, and in so doing, to protect the status of the
craftsman. To this end it endeavours to steer a mean between
the independence of the artist— which is individualistic and
often parasitical— and the trade-shop, where the workman is
bound to purely commercial and antiquated traditions, and
has, as a rule, neither stake in the business nor any interest
beyond his weekly wage"

C R ASHBEE MAHOGANY VENEERED ETAGÈRE
Image Source: http://www.victorianweb.org/art/design/ashbee/3.jpg [ONLINE]

C R ASHBEE SILVER MOUNTED DECANTER
Image Source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3113/3168776759_c1702917e5.jpg [ONLINE]

W R LETHABY (1857 - 1931)
Image Source: http://stoneletters.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/william-lethaby.jpg [ONLINE]

Influenced by
– His Father, craftsman

and lay preacher
– Society for the

Protection of Ancient
Buildings

W R LETHABY BUILDING AT COLMORE ROW
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/122-124_Colmore_Row.jpg [ONLINE]

PHILIP WEBB (1857 - 1931)
Image Source: http://www.achome.co.uk/biographies/biographies/webb.jpg [ONLINE]

Architect of the first Arts and
Crafts Building – The Red
House

PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Standen_Exterior.jpg [ONLINE]

House at West Sussex, England.
PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Standen_Interior.jpg [ONLINE]

House at West Sussex, England.
INFLUENCE ON USA- ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE
“The idea that every country should have an architecture that

reflects its own particular history, geography and climate was
central to the Arts and Crafts movement”

INFLUENCE ON USA- DAVID B GAMBLE HOUSE
Image Source: http://www.huntington.org/uploadedImages/Files/images/greenegamble.jpg [ONLINE]

House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather
Greene (1908)
INFLUENCE ON USA- DAVID B GAMBLE HOUSE
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gamble_Porch.jpg [ONLINE]

House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather
Greene
INFLUENCE ON USA- MILLARD HOUSE HOUSE
Image Source: http://millardhouse.com/mhouse237/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/a_splash-2.jpg [ONLINE]

F L Wright (1932)
INFLUENCE ON USA- MILLARD HOUSE HOUSE
Image Source: http://millardhouse.com/mhouse237/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/a_splash-1.jpg [ONLINE]

F L Wright (1923)
INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING
Image Source: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1883/flashcards/634705/jpg/wainwright-building.jpg [ONLINE]

Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)
Image Source: http://larryspeck.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/78-710.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://timothypflueger.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/wainwright-building-habs-cropped.jpg [ONLINE]

American examples
of “Arts & Crafts”
style houses.
ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU
Rough Timeline
Arts and Crafts Movement – 1860s – 1910s
Art Nouveau – 1890s-1910s

ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU
Principles
Imbibing all art forms
Art as a way of life

ART NOUVEAU DIFFERENT FROM ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT?
Use of New Materials
Protest against the traditional
“William Morris was the theoretician whose beliefs more than

those of anyone else initiated the Art Nouveau movement”

HEYGATE MACKMURDO (1851 – 1941) TITLE PAGE (1883)
Image Source: http://www.aiga.org/uploadedImages/AIGA/Content/Inspiration/Voice/ART_Patton_BackStart_300x368.jpg

[ONLINE]
“ Mackmurdo’D first graphic expression of Art Nouveau is generally accepted
as his title page for Wren’s City Churches, published by G Allen in 1883”
HEYGATE MACKMURDO (1851 – 1941) CHAIR (1883)
Image Source: http://hogd.pbworks.com/f/1254968919/Mackmurdo's%20chair.jpg [ONLINE]

MAISON DE L'ART NOUVEAU
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Siegfried_bing_exposition_20050227.JPG [ONLINE]

Opened on 1895, Paris
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 )
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wfm_glasgow_school_of_art.jpg [ONLINE]

Glasgow School of Art (1897)
Image Source: http://brst440.commons.yale.edu/files/glasgow-school-of-art.jpg [ONLINE]

Glasgow School of Art (1897)
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Wfm_mackintosh_lighthouse.jpg [ONLINE]

The Lighthouse, Glasgow (1895)
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lighthouse_glasgow_spiral_staircase.jpg [ONLINE]

The Lighthouse, Glasgow (1895)
ART NOUVEAU
______________________________________________________________________________________________
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH

ART NOUVEAU
______________________________________________________________________________________________
CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH

Image Source: http://www.urbansuite.co.uk/images/D/charles-rennie-mackintosh-hill-house-chair-1274-1.jpg [ONLINE]

Ladderback Chair
ART NOUVEAU
______________________________________________________________________________________________
MARGARET MACDONALD MACKINTOSH

CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH TYPEFACE

CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH PRODUCT DESIGN

ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 )
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Sagrada_Familia_01.jpg [ONLINE]

Sagrada Família (1883)
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sagrada_Familia_nave_roof_detail.jpg [ONLINE]

Sagrada Família (1883)
LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 )
Image Source: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1883/flashcards/634705/jpg/wainwright-building.jpg [ONLINE]

Wainwright building(1890)
Image Source: http://media.archinform.net/m/00002620.jpg [ONLINE]

Wainwright building(1890)
VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 )
Image Source: http://hanser.ceat.okstate.edu/6083/Horta/Tassel/Brussels-Hotel%20Tassel,%20ext.%20facade.jpg [ONLINE]

Tassel House (1893)
Tassel House (1893)
Image Source:
http://hanser.ceat.okstate.edu/6083/Horta/Tassel/Victor%20Horta;%20Brussels,%20Tassel%20House,%201893-
5,%20floor%20plans%20of%20restoration2.JPG [ONLINE]
Image Source: http://www.buamai.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/91418726_f96132ab6b_o.jpg [ONLINE]

Tassel House (1893)
Casa Milà (1907)
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Casa_Mil%C3%A0_%28Barcelona%29_-

_5.jpg/800px-Casa_Mil%C3%A0_%28Barcelona%29_-_5.jpg [ONLINE]
Casa Milà (1907)
Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-

cR6a1iXhLIM/URP0goQXVtI/AAAAAAAAACI/iIA35t7Ysb8/s640/Casa_Mila_Rooftop.jpg [ONLINE]
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LSGrinnell7.jpg [ONLINE]

Merchants' National Bank (1914)
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LSGrinnell3.jpg [ONLINE]

Merchants' National Bank (1914)
PETER BEHRENS (1868 –1940 )
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/AEG_by_Peter_Behrens.jpg [ONLINE]

AEG Turbine Factory (1908)
JOSEF HOFFMANN (1870 –1956 )
Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Josef_Hoffmann_-_Kubus_Fauteuil_%281910%29.jpg

[ONLINE]
Kubus armchair(1910)
ART NOUVEAU LETTERING

Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian
symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the
Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals,
sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's primary subject was the
female body; his works are marked by a frank eroticism.

Gustave Moreau (6 April 1826 – 18 April 1898)
was a French Symbolist painter whose main
emphasis was the illustration of biblical and
mythological figures. As a painter, Moreau
appealed to the imaginations of some
Symbolist writers and artists.


Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau: History of Design

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau: History of Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

History of Design

Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

• industrial revolution 1750 -1850

• arts and crafts 1860 to 1910

• victorian era 1837 to 1901

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

• Introduction of steam power

• Iron and steel

James Watt's Improved Steam Engine

• Thoman Newcomen •James Watt

Flying Shuttle, Automation of

Spinning Frame or Water Frame

In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the

• The telegraph was invented in 1848

Image Source: http://ia.media-

Image Source: http://media.screened.com/uploads/0/235/636117-modern_times_gears.png [ONLINE]

C R Ashbee (1863 –1942)

W R Lethaby (1857 - 1931)

Trained as Architects and worked towards unity in the arts.

“to re-establish a harmony between architect, designer and craftsman and

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

Image Source: http://media.screened.com/uploads/0/235/636117-modern_times_gears.png [ONLINE]

Use of local materials

“improvement of commercial design always remained as serious a

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

Change in Working condition

Belief in restorative power of craftsmanship

Art as a way of life

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

Image Source: hhttp://www.literaryplaces.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Portrait-of-William-Morris.jpg [ONLINE]

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

The Arts and Crafts Movement was an

Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:William_Morris_design_for_Trellis_wallpaper_1862.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/The_Red_House%2C_Bexleyheath.JPG [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_w4ifTToAw5Q/TD8vQOlxSMI/AAAAAAAACh0/LVo4bxKHSfU/s1600/red+house.jpg

Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Red_House_window_detail.JPG [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/Assets/Ashbee.jpg [ONLINE]

– Works of John Ruskin

"seek not only to set a higher standard of craftsmanship, but at

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

Image Source: http://www.victorianweb.org/art/design/ashbee/3.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3113/3168776759_c1702917e5.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://stoneletters.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/william-lethaby.jpg [ONLINE]

– His Father, craftsman

– Society for the

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/122-124_Colmore_Row.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://www.achome.co.uk/biographies/biographies/webb.jpg [ONLINE]

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Standen_Exterior.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Standen_Interior.jpg [ONLINE]

“The idea that every country should have an architecture that

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

Image Source: http://www.huntington.org/uploadedImages/Files/images/greenegamble.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Gamble_Porch.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://millardhouse.com/mhouse237/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/a_splash-2.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://millardhouse.com/mhouse237/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/a_splash-1.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1883/flashcards/634705/jpg/wainwright-building.jpg [ONLINE]

Image Source: http://larryspeck.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/78-710.jpg [ONLINE]