PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT WITH MARBLE POWDER

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General Introduction

Cement is a construction material used worldwide. Cement in concrete produces necessary

binding property. The production of cement is costlier and requires more energy when
compared to other materials in concrete. Cement production contributes to excess carbon di-
oxide emission and causes environment pollution.

Due to increase in demand for construction projects it would be helpful if we find a material
which can replace cement up to a certain percentage [5]. This is not only economical but also
reduces environmental pollution.

In developing countries, recycle and reuse of waste materials is adopted in order to use the
natural resources effectively. Marble powder is one such available waste material.

Marble is a stone obtained from transformation of sedimentary rock. The main chemical
composition of marble is CaCO3. More amount of powder is generated during cutting of
marble into required shapes. India stands in the second position in the production of marble
powder across the world. The production of marble waste is estimated around 3Mt annually
[3]
. The waste marble powder slurry is subjected to sedimentation and then the sediments are
dumped away. On drying it forms dust and poses serious health hazards and environmental
[4]
pollution . Usage of this material in construction industries would facilitate to guard the
environment.

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1.2 Objectives

Marble dust powder which is a waste available in large quantity can be used as a partial
replacement for cement in concrete, which is economical and has environmental benefits
also.

In this regard present work has been taken with following objectives:

1. Characterization of materials.

2. To study the influence of partial replacement of cement with marble dust powder as
an additive, and to determine the compressive strength of concrete.

3. To find the split tensile strength of concrete.

1.3 Scope of the Work

This research includes the study of physical properties of marble dust powder which
is used as partial replacement for cement in concrete and to find the compressive strength and
split tensile strength of concrete with increase in the percentage of replacement.

For the entire study the marble powder is collected from Maheshwari granites, Jigani.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

A literature review consists of information of a particular subject which is already

published. It provides a summary of the works, problems faced during the research which is
done by other people on a particular issue.

2.2 Literatures
Ali A. Aliabdo et.al, (2013) [1] - The experimental investigation consists of two parts.
In the first part marble dust is used as a partial replacement for cement and in the second part
marble dust is used as partial replacement for sand. When cement is partially replaced by
marble powder it was found that there was no noticeable change in initial and final setting
time and also there was no variance in water requirements. There is an increase in 3 and 7
days compressive strength of mortar by 1%, 10%, and 12% for replacements 5%, 7.5% and
10%. It was found that there was a decrease in compressive strength after 28 days. For
concrete with w/p ratio 0.5, a decrease in compressive strength by 7%, 4%, 5% and 14% is
observed for replacements 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 15% respectively. For 0.4 w/c ratio 28 days
compressive strength in increased by 6%, 8% and 9%. But for 15% replacement of cement
by marble powder the 28 days compressive strength was decreased. For 0.5% w/p ratio
tensile strength is found to increase up to 10% and after that strength reduces. The maximum
value of tensile strength was obtained at 7.5% replacement. But for 0.4w/p ratio tensile
strength was found to increase up to 15% replacement.
When marble powder is used as replacement for sand, it was found that there was an increase
in compressive strength up to 10% for both 0.5 and 0.4 w/c ratios. Split tensile was increased
up to 7.5% replacement for 0.5w/c ratio but for 0.4 w/c ratio split tensile strength increased
up to 10% replacement. Marble powder enhances the steel concrete bond up to 10%
replacement for both cement and sand replacement. It produces less porous concrete when
compared to conventional concrete.

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[2]
Baboo Rai et.al, (2011) – In this study marble granules were use as partial
replacement for cement in concrete and as well as for fine aggregate. Mix design of M-30
grade concrete was done according to IS 20262 – 1982. Five different percentages of marble
granules used were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, & 20%. The specimens were tested at the
curing periods of 7, 14 & 28 days. It was noticed that as the percentage of marble
granules increases, it improves the workability of concrete due to higher percentages of fines.
It was observed that the compressive strength and flexural strength increases up to 15%
replacement and then it starts decreasing. When fine aggregates were replaced by marble
granules then there was a significant increase in both compressive and flexural strength than
compared to conventional concrete.

Deepankar Kumar Ashish(2017)[3] – In this study, marble powder is used as partial

replacement for sand and cement amalgam. Totally seven varying mixtures were made.
Concrete without marble powder was designated as M00. First only sand was replaced by
marble powder in the percentages of 0%, 10%, & 15% by weight and designated as M10-S,
M15-S. Then only cement is replaced by marble powder in the percentages of 0%, 10%, &
15% by weight and designated as M10-C, M15-C. Finally both cement and sand in combined
form is replaced by marble powder in the percentages of 0%, 10%, & 15% and designated as
M20-SC, M30-SC.

Compressive strength tests were carried out at curing periods of 7, 28 & 90 days. It is
observed that there is a significant increase in compressive strength up to 15% replacement
of marble powder for cement. Also compressive strength increases up to 10% replacement of
marble powder for sand. When sand & cement combination is replaced by marble powder
then compressive strength increases up to 20% replacement. Split tensile strength increases
only up to 10% replacement by marble powder.

KirtiVardhanet.al,(2015)[4] – In this experimental investigation, marble powder is

used as partial replacement of cement. Only pure cement paste is considered for the study.
Cement paste without marble powder is designated as M0 and the percentage replacements
used 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, & 50% are designated as M1, M2, M3, M4, & M5 respectively.
It is observed that the consistency of the paste decreased from 28% to 26.5% from M0 to M5.

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The initial and final setting time increases from M1 to M5 and is more than that of M0. The
maximum increase of initial and final setting time is obtained for 50% replacement.

The compressive strength tests were carried out at the curing period of 3, 7 & 28 days. As the
percentage replacement increases from M1 to M5, the compressive strength starts decreasing,
but the compressive strength of M1 tested at 7th day & 28th day is more than that of M0.
Hence it can be concluded that in order to get maximum benefits, the marble powder can be
replaced up to 10%.

Manpreetsinghet.al, (2017)[5] – In this study, waste marble slurry is partially

replaced for cement by weight in concrete. Dried marble slurry was varied as 10%, 15%,
20%, and 25% by weight of cement. As the percentage of marble slurry increases, the initial
setting time increases where as normal consistency and slump reduces. It is observed that
when water cement ratio is kept as 0.35, the compressive strength increases by 5% & 7.5%
for 10% & 15% replacement respectively. And when water cement ratio is increased to 0.40,
the compressive strength increases by 6% & 8% for the same percentage replacement. If
water cement ratio is further increased to 0.45, then the strength increases only up to 10%
replacement. It is also seen that as the percentage of marble slurry increases to 20% and 25%,
the compressive strength starts decreasing due to reduction in cementing material content.
The same kind of variation is observed in split tensile strength also. And higher value of
flexural strength is observed for 15% replacement.

P A Shirule et.al, (2012)[6] – The main objective of this investigation was to reduce the
environmental pollution produced due to cement production, hence they used waste marble
powder as partial replacement for cement in concrete. Total 30 cubes & 30 cylinders were
casted by using marble powder in varying ratios at 0%, 5%, 10% & 20%. The specimens
were tested at 7 days and 28 days curing. It was observed that compressive strength increases
up to 10% replacement by marble dust powder and found that there was an increase of 12%
in strength for 7 days and 17.7% for 28 days. Even split tensile strength increased up to 10%
replacement by marble dust powder and found that there was an increase of 27.4% in
strength for 7 days and 11.5% for 28 days.

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2.3 Conclusion of Literature Review

Marble powder when used as partial replacement of cement will increase initial and
final setting time of cement and decreases the normal consistency. For higher w/c ratios
compressive strength was found to increase up to 10% replacement and for lower w/c ratio
compressive strength increases up to 15% replacement. As w/c ratio increases, the percentage
increases in compressive strength as compared to conventional concrete decreases. Hence,
higher percentage of replacement can be obtained achieved for lower values of w/c ratio.
Similar kind of observation is made in case of split tensile strength.

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CHAPTER 3

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter consists of introduction of materials and their properties. It is essential to

know the properties of materials which help in carrying out mix design

3.2 Materials

3.2.1 Cement

Ordinary Portland cement of grade 53 is high strength cement available which fulfills
the needs of consumer for higher strength of concrete .This grade of cement was introduced
in the year 1987 and production was started from the year 1991. It is in conformance to IS
12269-1987. As per BIS requirements, the minimum 28 days compressive strength of 53
Grade OPC should not be less than 53 MPa. This grade of OPC produces higher-grade
concrete at very economical cement content. In concrete mix design for M-20 and above
grade, a savings of 8 to 10% of cement may be achieved with the use of 53 Grade cement. It
provides high strength and durability when compared to other grades of cement because of its
optimum particle size distribution and higher crystallized structure.

Fig 3.1 Ordinary Portland Cement

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Table 3.1 Primary components of Cement

Components Weight (%)

Calcium oxide (CaO) 60-67
Silicon di oxide (SiO2) 17-25
Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) 3-8
Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 0.5-6.0
Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 0.1-4.0
Alkalies 0.4-1.3
Sulphur Trioxide (So3) 1.3-3.0
Calcium Sulphate (CaSo4) 3-4
Gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) 2-5

3.2.2 Marble Dust Powder

3.2.2.1 Introduction
One of the major wastes produced in the stone industry during cutting, shaping, and
polishing of marbles is the MDP. During this process, about 20-25% of the process marble is
turn into the powder form. India being the third (about10%) top most exporter of marble in
the world,every year million tons of marble waste form processing plants are released. Due to
the availability of large quantity of waste produced in the marble factory, this project has
been planned and preceded.
Among all the minerals obtained, India has large deposits of marble. It is a metamorphic rock
obtained from the transformation of lime stone. The main chemical composition of marble is
calcite (CaCO3), dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) and serpentine. In India, marble dust is settled by
sedimentation process and then dumped away which results in dust, health hazards and
environmental pollution. It is found that marble powder takes part in hydraulic reactions and
helps in improving strength of concrete. Hence, it is one of the best material to partially
replace cement in concrete. For the present study we have partially replaced cement by
marble dust powder in percentage varying from 5% to 20% by weight of cement. The
chemical composition of marble powder analyzed using and energy dispersive spectrometer
and XRF technique is listed in Table 3.2 and the physical properties of marble dust powder
are listed in Table 3.3.

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Fig 3.2 Marble Dust Powder

Table 3.2 Primary Components of Marble Dust Powder

Components Weight (%)

Calcium oxide (CaO) 68.6

Magnesium Oxide (MgO) 22.13

Silicon di oxide (SiO2) 3.89

Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) 2.785

Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) 0.603

Di chromium tri oxide (Cr2O3) 0.24

Zinc oxide (ZnO) 0.20

Titanium oxide (TiO) 0.549

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Table 3.3 Physical properties of MDP

Properties Test Result
Specific Gravity 2.63
Colour White
Form Powder
Odour Odourless
Moisture Content (%) 0.60
Sieve 0.90mm
Hardness 3 on Mohr’s scale
Water absorption 0.97%

3.2.2.2 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis

The powdered specimen samples were suspended in a two-part epotek 301 epoxy to
stabilize them for SEM use. Initially, the epoxy was mixed according to the manufactures
directions. The powdered samples were then stirred into the mixer by adding small amounts
at a time so as to ensure that particles are evenly coated with epoxy. The mixer was then
poured into a one inch diameter sample cup, and put under vacuum to remove air bubbles.
The samples were then cured at room temperature for a minimum of 24 hours under normal
pressure. Next, the samples were removed from s ample holders and polished, first with 120
grit sand papers until the 1200 grit size was reached. Further polishing continued with the 6
m, 3 m, 1 m and 0.25 m diamond paste. Later on the samples were coated with gold
palladium in order to provide a conductive surface for the SEM. The images of marble dust
powder samples were taken at various magnifications to identify the shape and texture of the
particles .The size and morphology of the specimens were examined using the SEM model
on a JEOL JSM 6390 instrument.

3.2.2.3 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis

A small amount of powder sample is put into an aluminium sample holder, and the
surface is finished smoothly. The holder is then placed into the X-Ray diffractometer. The
samples are scanned by an X-Ray diffractometer using CuK radiation at 40 kV / 20 mA, CPS
= 1k, width 2.5, speed 2° / min and scanned with an angle of 2 from 3 - 70°. The analysis is
stepped at 0.04degree increments and continued for a period of 3 seconds. In X-ray
diffraction, X-rays are scattered by atoms in a pattern that indicates lattice spacing of
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elements present in the material analysed. Once the X-ray analysis is completed, the scans
are analysed using Jade 7 - X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) software. The JCPDS is used to
compare peak intensities at different angles with a database of different minerals and
compounds. Compounds with maximum peak intensities matching those of the 2e values are
identified and the compounds present in the samples are also determined. The x-ray
diffraction (XRD) spectra are recorded and analysed for the specimens with the X-ray
diffraction analysis using the XPERT-PRO PW3050/60 diffractometer. The XRD was
carried out on marble dust powder as shown in Fig 3.3
The X-ray diffraction patterns are shown in Figs.3.3 for marble powder, respectively. The
shape and texture are illustrated through scanning electron micrographs as shown in Fig.3.4

Fig 3.3 X-ray diffraction pattern of Marble powder

Fig 3.4 SEM images of Marble powder

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3.2.3 Fine aggregate

M -Sand is a substitute for river sand used in construction. The size of M-Sand is less
than 4.75mm. Manufactured sand is popularly known by several names such as Crushed
sand, Rock sand, Green sand, UltraMod Sand, Robo sand, Poabs sand, Barmac sand,
Pozzolan sand etc. IS 383-1970 (Reaffirmed 2007) recognizes manufacture sand as ‘Crushed
Stone Sand’.

Crushed stone sand is produced by crushing boulders. Manufactured sand is produced by

rock-on-rock or rock-on-metal Vertical Shaft Impactor (VSI) in which the process that
produced alluvial deposits is closely simulated. Fine aggregates shall conform to the
requirements of Zone-II (in most of the cases) as per IS 383-1970 (Reaffirmed in 2007) and
particles finer than 75 µm shall not exceed 15 %. Special efforts on the part of M-sand
manufacturers (such as washing of sand by water or dry washing by air) is required to restrict
particles finer than 75 µm to 15%

Fig 3.5 M-Sand

3.2.4 Coarse aggregates

Coarse aggregate is a granular substance that holds the mixture together in its solid
form. Aggregates vary in size and shape. They act as filler material.

Uncrushed gravel or stone which is the result of natural disintegration and crushed
gravel or stone are usually called the “Coarse Aggregates”. Coarse aggregates are stones that
are retained on 4.75mm sieve. Nearly all natural aggregates originate from bed rocks. There
are three kinds of rocks, namely, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic. In such, many

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properties of aggregate depend on the properties of the parent rock itself. Coarse aggregates
are classified into two main groups: (i) single-size aggregate and (ii) graded aggregate.
Single-size aggregate is based on a nominal size specification. It contains about 85 to 100
percent of the material which passes through that specified size of the sieve and zero to 25%
of which is retained in the next lower sieve. A graded aggregate contains more than one
single-size aggregate.

Size of the gravel affects several aspects: mainly strength & workability. The use of
largest maximum size of aggregate practicable to handle under a given set of conditions
could be used. Using the largest possible maximum size will result in:
(a) reduction of the cement content
(b) reduction in water requirement
(c) reduction of drying shrinkage

While choosing the maximum size of aggregate it should not be greater than one-fourth
of the minimum thickness of the structural member. Also it is restricted to 5mm less than the
minimum clear distance between the main rebars or 5mm less than the minimum cover to the
reinforcement.

Fig 3.6 20mm Coarse aggregates

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3.3 Methodology

3.3.1 Outline of Methodology

MATERIAL PROCUREMENT

INITIAL TEST

MIX DESIGN

CASTING AND CURING OF

SPECIMENS

TESTING OF SPECIMENS

Fig 3.7 Flow chart of Methodology

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3.3.2 Initial test

3.3.2.1 Specific Gravity

The specific gravity defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of
material and weight of an equal volume of water. To determine the specific gravity of any
material, care should be taken so that the liquid used should not react with the material.
Here kerosene is used to determine the specific gravity of cement, marble powder.

Weight of dry specific gravity bottle - W1 (kg)

Weight of bottle + marble dust powder - W2(kg)

Weight of bottle + marble powder + kerosene - W3(kg)

Weight of bottle + kerosene - W4(kg)

Weight of bottle + water - W5(kg)

( )
Specific Gravity=
( )( )

Table 3.4 Specific Gravity

Materials W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 Specific Gravity (G)

Cement 0.020 0.036 0.058 0.075 0.071 3.1

Marble powder 0.018 0.035 0.083 0.071 0.086 2.64

Fig 3.8 Density Bottle

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3.3.2.2 Normal Consistency of Cement (As per IS 4031.5: 1988)

The principle is to determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste
of standard consistency. The standard consistency of cement is that consistency at which the
Vicat plunger penetrates to a point 5-7mm from the bottom of Vicat mould.

Fig 3.9 Vicat apparatus

Table 3.5 Normal Consistency of Cement

Sl no. Particulars I II III IV

1. Percentage of water 26 28 30 32
2. Initial reading 41 41 40 41
3. Final reading 17 11 5 3
4. Depth of penetration (mm) 24 30 35 38

Standard consistency of cement = 30%

3.3.2.3 Initial Setting time of Cement (As Per Is 4031.5: 1988)

This test is carried out to find whether a cement set at a rate suitable for a particular
work. After an initial setting time, the cement mould can be detached and after final setting
time, the Vicat apparatus plunger makes no impression.
The initial set is a stage in the process of hardening after which any crack that may
appear will not reunite.

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The cement is said to be finally set when it has obtained sufficient strength and
hardness. The time at which the cement paste becomes a hard mass is known as final setting
time.
Table 3.6 Initial Setting time of Cement
Sl no. Particulars I II III IV V VI
1. Time in min. 5 10 15 20 25 30
2. Initial reading (mm) 48 48 48 48 48 48
3. Final reading (mm) 7 7 8 8 9 13
4. Depth of penetration (mm) 41 41 40 40 39 35

• Result: Initial Setting time = 30 minutes.

• The IS code (IS 12269:1987)specifies that the initial setting time should not be less than
30 minutes

3.3.2.4 Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate

The specific gravity is normally defined as the ratio between the mass of a given
volume of material and mass of an equal volume of water.

Specific Gravity of fine aggregate is calculated using pycnometer

Mass of empty pycnometer - W1(kg)

Mass of pycnometer + 1/3rd of fine aggregate - W2(kg)
Mass of pycnometer + 1/3rd of fine aggregate + 2/3rd of water - W3(kg)
Mass of pycnometer + water - W4(kg)

Table 3.7 Specific Gravity of Fine aggregate

W1 W2 W3 W4 Specific gravity(G)

0.602 0.880 1.691 1.518 2.65

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Fig 3.10 Pycnometer

3.3.2.5 Fineness Modulus of Fine aggregate

Fineness modulus is only a numerical index of fineness giving some idea of mean
size of particles in the entire body of aggregate.

Table 3.8 Sieve Analysis of Fine aggregates

Weight
Weight of Weight Percentage Percentage Cumulative
of
Sl Sieve sieve+ retained weight passing Percentage
empty
no size aggregate retained retained
sieve
(g) (g) (g) (g) (g)
(g)
1 4.75mm 0.312 0.312 0 0 100 0

2 1.18mm 0.346 0.652 0.306 15.3 84.7 15.3

3 300µ 0.340 1.926 1.586 79.3 20.7 94.6

4 150µ 0.314 0.404 0.09 4.5 95.5 99.1

5 75µ 0.316 0.332 0.016 0.8 99.2 99.6

6 Pan 0.296 0.298 0.002 0.1 99.9 100

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate = 3.188

Grading of fine aggregate = Zone II (IS 383-1970)

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3.3.2.6 Moisture Content of Fine aggregate

The determination of moisture content of an aggregate is necessary in order to

determine net water cement ratio for a batch of concrete. High moisture content increases
effective water cement ratio to an significant extent and even make the concrete weak
unless a suitable allowable is made.
Table 3.9 Moisture Content of Fine aggregate
Mass of empty Moisture content(%)
Mass of tray + Mass of tray + oven dried
tray (W2-W3) X 100
sample W2(kg) sample W3(kg) (W3-W1)
W1(kg)
0.514 0.664 0.662 1.351

3.3.2.7 Moisture Content of Coarse aggregate

Table 3.10 Moisture Content of Coarse aggregate

Mass of Mass of basket + Mass of basket + Moisture
sample Mass of empty saturated sample content(%)
taken basket W2(kg) dry sample W4(kg) (W4-W3)X100
W3(kg) W3
W1(kg)
2 0.908 2.908 2.922 0.51

Moisture content of Coarse aggregates=0.51

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3.3.3 Mix Design (As per IS 10262:2012)

Grade of concrete – M25

Type of cement – OPC 43
Maximum nominal size of aggregate – 20mm
3
Minimum cement content – 320kg/m

Maximum w/c ratio – 0.45

Workability – 50-75mm slump
Exposure condition – Moderate
Degree of supervision – Good
Type of aggregate – Crushed aggregate
3
Maximum cement content – 450kg/m

Chemical admixture type – Nil

Specific gravity of cement – 3.1
Specific gravity of marble powder – 2.64
Specific gravity of fine aggregate – 2.65
Specific gravity of coarse aggregate – 2.74
Zone of fine aggregate – Zone II

A) 0% Replacement
Target Strength

f|ck = 25+1.65 * s where, s – standard deviation

= 25+ 1.65*4

= 31.6 N/mm2

Water Content
= 0.43

Maximum water content for 20mm aggregate and 50mm slump is = 186Litres for
75mm slump,
w = 186 × × 186

w = 191.6 L/m3

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Cement Content
.
C=
.

= 445.58 kg/m3 >

320kg/m3 (O.K) Volume of
Fine and coarse aggregate
From Table 3 of IS 10262, for Zone II of fine aggregates and 20mm size fine
aggregates,

The ratio of coarse aggregate to total aggregate = 0.62

For 0.43 w/c ratio we have to increase this value by 0.01

= 0.62 + 0.01
= 0.63

For pumpable concrete, the value is reduced by 10%

= 0.63× 09
= 0.57
Therefore, ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate is
= 1 – 0.57
= 0.43
Mix Calculations

Volume of concrete = 1 m3

.
Volume of cement = ×
.

= 0.143m3
.
Volume of water =

= 0.191m3

Volume of aggregates = 1 – 0.143 – 0.197

= 0.666m3

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Mass of coarse aggregates = 0.666 × 0.57 × 2.74 × 1000

= 1040.16 kg/m3

Mass of fine aggregates = 0.666 × 0.43 × 2.65 ×1000

= 758.91 kg/m3

Table 3.11 Mix Proportions for 0%

Cement 445.58 kg/m3

Fine aggregate 758.91 kg/m3

Coarse aggregate 1040.16 kg/m3

Water 191 L/m3

Quantities required for each mould

Volume of cube = 150 ×150 × 150

= 3375 ×10-6 m3
Volume of cylinder = 𝜋 × 75 × 300
= 5301.43 × 10-6 m3

B) 8% Replacement
Since replacement of cement is done, decrease the cement content by 8%
Cement Content
C = 445.58 × 0.92
= 409.93 kg/m3 > 320kg/m3 (Hence O.K)
Marble powder content
M = 445.58 × 0.08
= 35.64 kg/m3

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Mix Calculations

3
Volume of concrete = 1m
.
Volume of cement = ×
.
3
= 0.132 m
.
Volume of Marble powder = ×
.
3
= 0.0135 m
.
Volume of water =
3
= 0.191m

Volume of aggregates = 1 – 0.132 – 0.0135 – 0.191

3
= 0.6635 m

Mass of coarse aggregates = 0.6635 × 0.57 × 2.74 × 1000

3
= 1036.25 kg/m

Mass of fine aggregates = 0.6635 × 0.43 × 2.65 ×1000

3
= 756.06 kg/m

Table 3.12 Mix Proportions for 8%

3
Cement 409.93 kg/m
3
Marble powder 35.64 kg/m
3
Fine aggregate 756.06 kg/m
3
Coarse aggregate 1036.25 kg/m
3
Water 191 L/m
C) 10% Replacement
Since replacement of cement is done, decrease the cement content by 8%
Cement Content
C = 445.58 × 0.90
= 401.02 kg/m3 > 320kg/m3 (O.K)
Marble powder content

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M = 445.58 × 0.1
= 44.56 kg/m3
Mix Calculations

3
Volume of concrete = 1m
.
Volume of cement = ×
.
3
= 0.129 m
.
Volume of Marble powder = ×
.
3
= 0.0169 m

.
Volume of water =
3
= 0.191m

Volume of aggregates = 1 – 0.129 – 0.0169 – 0.191

3
= 0.6631 m

Mass of coarse aggregates = 0.6631 × 0.57 × 2.74 × 1000

3
= 1035.62 kg/m

Mass of fine aggregates = 0.6631 × 0.43 × 2.65 ×1000

3
= 755.60 kg/m

Table 3.13 Mix Proportions for 10%

3
Cement 401.02 kg/m
3
Marble powder 44.56 kg/m
3
Fine aggregate 755.60 kg/m
3
Coarse aggregate 1035.62 kg/m
3
Water 191 L/m
D) 12% Replacement
Since replacement of cement is done, decrease the cement content by 8%
Cement Content

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C = 445.58 × 0.88
= 392.11 kg/m3 > 320kg/m3 (O.K)
Marble powder content
M = 445.58 × 0.12
= 53.47 kg/m3
Mix Calculations

3
Volume of concrete =1m
.
Volume of cement = ×
.
3
= 0.126 m
.
Volume of Marble powder = ×
.
3
= 0.0202 m
.
Volume of water =
3
= 0.191m

Volume of aggregates = 1 – 0.126 – 0.0202 – 0.191

3
= 0.6628 m

Mass of coarse aggregates = 0.6628 × 0.57 × 2.74 × 1000

3
= 1035.16 kg/m

Mass of fine aggregates = 0.6628 × 0.43 × 2.65 ×1000

3
= 755.26 kg/m

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Table 3.14 Mix Proportions for 12%

3
Cement 392.11 kg/m
3
Marble powder 53.47 kg/m
3
Fine aggregate 755.26 kg/m
3
Coarse aggregate 1035.16 kg/m
3
Water 191 L/m

Table 3.15 Quantity of materials required

Materials 0% 8% 10% 12%

Cement (kg/m3) 445.58 409.93 401.02 392.11

Marble Powder(kg/m3) 0 35.64 44.56 53.47

Fine aggregates(kg/m3) 758.91 756.06 775.6 775.26

Coarse aggregates(kg/m3) 1040.16 1036.25 1035.62 1035.16

Water (L) 191 191 191 191

3.3.4 Cube Casting and Curing of Specimens

3.3.4.1 Cube Casting
The freshly prepared concrete was subjected to workability test using slump cone. The
measured slump was around 100mm. Care should be taken to avoid Segregation.

The moulds were cleaned , greased and tightened . Then the concrete was laid in 3 layers
and each layer is given 25 strokes in vertical direction by using the standard tamping rod of
16 mm diameter in order to evenly distribute the concrete over the cross section of the mould
and to eliminate the air voids . For cylindrical specimens 30 strokes is given for each layer.
The top layer is given a smooth finish with the help of trowel.

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Fig3.11 Dry Mixing of Materials Fig 3.12 Wet Mixing of Materials

Fig 3.13 Filling of moulds

3.3.4.2 Curing of Specimens

Curing protects the concrete surfaces from sun and wind. The presence of water is
essential to cause the chemical action which accompanies the setting of concrete. Normally,
there is an adequate quantity of water at the time of mixing to cause the hardening of
concrete. But it is necessary to retain water until the concrete has fully hardened. The
strength of concrete gradually increases with age, if curing is efficient. This increase in
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strength is sudden and rapid in early stages and it continues slowly for an indefinite period.
By proper curing, the durability and impermeability of concrete are increased and shrinkage
is reduced. The resistance of concrete to abrasion is considerably increased by proper curing

After 24 hours specimens were demoulded and kept in curing tank filled with water
for a curing period of 7 and 28 days. All these specimens were grouped according to their
coding so that removal of the specimen from their place for testing work could be
convenient. The elements were left undisturbed for an entire period of curing.

Fig 3.14 Air Drying Fig 3.15 Curing Of Moulds

3.3.5 Testing of Specimens

Testing of specimen was carried out according to IS 516 -2012, using compression
testing machine. the specimens were tested at the curing periods of 7 and 28 days. Minimum
three number of specimens were tested for each mix at each curing period. Specimens were
tested in wet condition as soon as they are removed from curing tank. Before placing the
specimens, the bearing plates were cleaned and other materials were removed from the
surface. while placing the specimens care should be taken that the center of the specimen
must coincide with centre of thrust of the seating plates. For cubes the loading rate applied
was 5.2kN/sec and for cylinder 1.4kN/sec. Maximum load at the time of failure is noted
down. Compressive and Split tensile strength was found out by dividing the obtained
maximum load values with cross sectional area.

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3.3.5.1 Compressive Strength

Ultimate load (kN) = P kN
2 2
Area of specimen = A mm = 150 x 150 mm

2
Compressive strength = N/mm

FIG 3.16 Compression Test

3.3.5.2 Split Tensile Strength

Load (KN) = P KN
Diameter of Specimen = d mm = 150mm
Length of specimen = l mm = 300 mm

2
Split Tensile Strength = N/mm

FIG 3.17 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

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CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Compressive Strength

Table 4.1 Values Of Compressive Strength

Sl No % replacement No of days Compressive Percentage Variation
strength(MPa) (%) wrt conventional
concrete
7 21.654 -
1 0 28 32.41 -
7 22.528 4.05
2 8 28 34.15 5.37
7 23.108 6.71
3 10 28 36.33 12.1
7 19.76 -8.75
4 12 28 30.81 -4.94

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4.1.1 Variation of Compressive Strength with Marble Powder

Replacement

7 Days 28 Days
38
36
Compressive strength N/mm2

34
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
0 8 10 12
% Replacement of MDP

7 Days 28 Days
40
Compressive strength N/mm2

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 8 10 12
% Replacement of MDP

Fig 4.1. Compressive Strength Test Results of Concrete with Marble Dust Powder.

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Variation of compressive strength of cubes by replacement of cement with marble

powder for the curing period of 7 & 28 days is represented in the fig 4.1. Three specimens
were tested for compressive strength and the results are tabulated in table 4.1. From the graph
it is inferred that compressive strength of concrete with marble powder is increased
considerably for 7 and 28 days of curing up to certain percentage of replacement of cement
with marble powder Compared to conventional cubes increase in strength is observed up to
10% replacement of marble powder and strength got decreased for further increase in
percentage of marble powder. Maximum percentage increase in strength compared to
conventional specimens is obtained for 10% replacement. 8% and 10% marble powder
replaced specimens showed increase in strength of 4.05% and 6.71% respectively for 7 days
and 5.37% and 12.1% respectively for 28 days of curing when compared to conventional
specimens. The reduction in strength after 10% is mainly due to the decrease the cement
content which leads to the decrease in the C2S and C3A content which are responsible for
strength of concrete and also due to the incapability of marble powder to fill in the minute
voids which arise during the process of hydration because of their unsuitable chemical
composition and fineness being greater than cement. The variation in strength based on
curing period is due to the improvement of particle packing of concrete by fine marble
powder. The continuous treatment of water makes the fine marble particles to get into the
void spaces which reduce the amount of air voids balancing the reduction in strength due to
the reduction of cement.

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4.2 Split Tensile Strength

Table 4.2 Values of Split Tensile Strength

Sl no % replacement No of days Split Tensile Percentage Variation
strength(MPa) (%) wrt conventional
Concrete
7 2.43 -
1 0 28 3.33 -
7 2.59 6.58
2 8 28 3.423 2.79
7 2.80 15.23
3 10 28 3.469 4.17
7 2.89 18.93
4 12 28 3.51 5.41

4.2.1 Variation of Split Tensile Strength with Marble Powder

Replacement

7 Days 28 Days
4
Split Tensile Strength N/mm2

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 8 10 12
% Replacement of MDP

FIG 4.2 Bar graph Representing Split Tensile Strength Test Results Of Concrete
With Marble Dust powder

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7 Days 28 Days
7

Split Tensile Strength N/mm2

6

0
0 8 10 12
% Replacement of MDP

FIG 4.3 Line Graph Representing Split Tensile Strength Test Results Of
Concrete With Marble Dust powder
Variation of split tensile strength of cylinders by replacement of cement with marble
powder for the curing period of 7 & 28 days is represented in the fig 4.2. Three specimens
were tested for split tensile strength and the results are tabulated in table 4.2. From the graph
it is inferred that split tensile strength of cylinders with marble powder is increased
considerably for 7 and 28 days of curing up to certain percentage of replacement of cement
with marble powder. Compared to conventional cylinders increase in strength is observed up
to 12% replacement of marble powder and strength got decreased for further increase in
percentage of marble powder. Maximum percentage increase in strength compared to
conventional specimens is obtained for 12% replacement and it is found to be 18.93% and
5.41% for 7 and 28 days of curing respectively. 8% and 10% marble powder replaced
specimens showed increase in strength of 6.58% and 15.23% respectively for 7 days and
2.79% and 4.17% respectively for 28 days of curing when compared to conventional
specimens.

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CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The following conclusions can be made from the results obtained during the research:

• The strength of conventional concrete was found to be 32.21MPa

• The result of the study indicate that up to 10% replacement the compressive strength was
found to increase and then there is a decrease in compressive strength for 12% replacement.

• The split tensile strength increases for every successive replacement of Cement with marble
Dust Powder.

• We conclude that 10% replacement can be done using marble powder since both
Compressive strength and Split tensile strength increases.

FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY

 Characterization of additive materials containing cementations compounds in concrete.


 Strength variation in concrete by using alumina compounds.

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REFERENCES
1. Ali A. Aliabdo, AbdElmoaty M. AbdElmoaty,Esraa M. Auda,“Re-Use of Waste
Marble Dust in the Production of Cement and Concrete”, Alexandria
University, Egypt, 2014, journal paper, ScienceDirect, page 28 – 41.

2. Baboo Rai, Khan Naushad H, Abhishek KR, TabinRushad S, Duggal SK,

“Influence of Marble Powder/ Granules in Concrete Mix”, National Institute
of Technology, Patna, Volume 1, N0 4, 2011, Research Article, International
journal of civil & structural engineering.

3. Deepankar Kumar Ashish,“Feasibility of Waste Marble Powder in Concrete as

Partial Substitution of Cement and Sand Amalgam for Sustainable
Growth”,PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh, India,2017, journal paper,
ScienceDirect, page 236 – 242.

4. KirtiVardhan, Shwetha Goyal, Rafat Siddique, MalkitSingh,“Mechanical

Properties and Microstructural Analysis of Cement Mortar Incorporating
Marble Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement”,Thapar University,
Patiala, India, 2015, , journal paper, ScienceDirect, page 615 – 621.

5. Manpreet Singh, Anshuman Srivastava, DipenduBhunia,“An Investigation on

Effect of Partial Replacement of Cement by Waste Marble Slurry”, BITS-
PILANI, Pilani, India, 2014, journal paper, ScienceDirect, page 471 - 488.

6. P.A. Shirule ,Ataur Rahman , Rakesh D. Gupta "Partial Replacement of

Cement with Marble Dust Powder", SSBT's COET, Maharastra, 2012,
Research paper, Technicals jounal , volume, page 175 – 177.

7. Vijayakumar YM, Shruti D, Tharan SN, Sanjay SR, Sricharan PM,

“Partial
Replacement of Cement to Concrete by Marble Dust Powder” ,
Adichunchanagiri Institute Of Technology, Chikmagalur, Karnataka, India,2016,
volume 2, journal paper, page 111- 122.

8. IS : 269 – 2013, “Ordinary Portland Cement 33 Grade - Specification”

9. IS :4031 ( Part 4)- 1988 “ Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement”
Part- 4 Determination of Consistency of Standard Cement Paste.

10. IS : 4031 (Part 5) – 1988 “Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement”
Part - 5 Determination of Initial and Final Setting Times.

11. IS : 2386 ( Part III ) – 1963”Methods of Test for Aggregates for

Concrete” Part Ill - Specific Gravity, Density, Voids„, Absorption and
Bulking.

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12. IS : 2386 ( Part I) – 1963 “Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete”
Part - I Particle Size and Shape.

13. IS : 383 – 2016 “Coarse and Fine Aggregates for Concrete - Specification”.

14. IS : 2386 ( Part IV ) – 1963 “Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete”.

15. IS : 10262 - 2009 “ Concrete Mix Proportioning - Guidelines”.

16. IS : 516S– 2012 “Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete”.

17. M S Shetty, “Concrete Technology Theory of Practice”.

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