Assignment on:

An Overview of Report

Submitted to:

Dr. Syed Mussawar Hussain Bukhari

Submitted by:

Arslan Mukhtar
Roll No. 21
MPA
2nd Semester

The Islamia University of Bahawalpur

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
Blockchain Based Pakistan Land Record System

Contents
Select a Topic ................................................................................................................. 4

STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS ................................................................................. 4

USE AND AUDIENCE OF RESEARCH ................................................................................ 4

Applied: ...................................................................................................................... 4

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH ................................................................................................. 4

Descriptive research: ................................................................................................. 4

WITHIN OR ACROSS CASES ............................................................................................ 5

Case-study: ................................................................................................................. 5

Across-Case Research: ............................................................................................... 5

SINGLE OR MULTIPLE POINTS IN TIME .......................................................................... 5

Cross-Sectional Research: .......................................................................................... 5

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES ................................................................................... 5

Quantitative Data:...................................................................................................... 5

Nonreactive Research: ........................................................................................... 5

Hypothesis...................................................................................................................... 6

Direction of Theorizing................................................................................................... 6

Deductive direction:................................................................................................... 6

Units of Analysis ............................................................................................................. 6

Meso-level theory: ..................................................................................................... 6

Paradigm ........................................................................................................................ 6

Literature ....................................................................................................................... 6

Types of Literature Reviews ....................................................................................... 7

Where to Find My Research Literature ..................................................................... 7

Path of Research ............................................................................................................ 7

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Blockchain Based Pakistan Land Record System

Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 7

Variables......................................................................................................................... 8

Independent variable: ................................................................................................ 8

Dependent variable: .................................................................................................. 8

Reliability ...................................................................................................................... 8

Validity ........................................................................................................................... 8

Area ............................................................................................................................... 8

Sampling......................................................................................................................... 8

Sample: ...................................................................................................................... 8

Population: ................................................................................................................. 8

Convenience Sampling: .............................................................................................. 8

Sampling ratio: ........................................................................................................... 9

Parameter: ................................................................................................................. 9

Statistic:...................................................................................................................... 9

Simple random ........................................................................................................... 9

Works Cited .................................................................................................................. 10

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Blockchain Based Pakistan Land Record System

Select a Topic

Pakistan Land Record System Based on Blockchain. This may be a general area

of study or an issue of professional or personal interest (Different county's current land

records to a new Blockchain based system (Wyoming, Sweden and UK). Further detail
discussion in the report). (Neuman, 2014, p. 17)

STEPS IN THE RESEARCH PROCESS

To conduct a study, I am following a sequence of steps; however, the exact sequence and
specific steps vary according to whether we follow a Quantitative Approach and the type of
social research study we are conducting. Later you will see that the steps outlined here may
be somewhat simplified and idealized from the actual process.

1. Select a topic. 2. Focus the question. 3. Design the study. 4. Collect data. 5.
Analyze the data. 6. Interpret the data. 7. Inform others. (Neuman, 2014, pp. 17-18)

USE AND AUDIENCE OF RESEARCH

Applied: Audiences of my research are Practitioners, participants, or supervisors

(nonresearchers). (Neuman, 2014, p. 27)

PURPOSE OF RESEARCH

Descriptive research: My research purpose is to describe my selected issues. Research

in which the primary purpose is to “paint a picture” using words or numbers and to present
a profile, a classification of types, or an outline of steps to answer questions. (Neuman,
2014, p. 38)

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Blockchain Based Pakistan Land Record System

WITHIN OR ACROSS CASES

Case-study: research examines many features of a few cases. The cases can be
individuals, groups, organizations, movements, events, or geographic units. (Neuman, 2014,
p. 42)

Across-Case Research: Most quantitative research studies gather information from a

large number of cases (30 to 3,000) and focus on a few of features of the cases. Rather than
carry out a detailed investigation of each case. (Neuman, 2014, p. 43)

SINGLE OR MULTIPLE POINTS IN TIME

Cross-Sectional Research: My research implement on this type because it is most

consistent with a descriptive approach. It is usually the simplest and least costly and that
examines information on many cases at one point in time. (Neuman, 2014, p. 44)

DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

Quantitative Data: We collect data through Quantitative data collection techniques.

(Neuman, 2014, p. 46)

Nonreactive Research: the study participants are not aware that information about them
is part of a study. Secondary data analysis is the statistical analysis of quantitative data that
were previously collected and stored (often originally from a survey). Here we briefly
consider two types of nonreactive research: content analysis and existing statistical
information. (Neuman, 2014, p. 49)

Content Analysis: is a technique for examining the content or information and symbols contained
in written documents or other communication media (e.g., photographs, movies, song lyrics,
advertisements). To conduct a content analysis, we identify a body of material to analyze (e.g.,
school textbooks, television programs, newspaper articles) and then create a system for recording
specific aspects of its content. Existing Statistics: Using existing statistics research,we locate a
source of previously collected information, often in the form of official government reports. We then
reorganize the information in new ways to address a research question. (Neuman, 2014, p. 49)

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Blockchain Based Pakistan Land Record System

Hypothesis

An empirically testable version of a theoretical proposition that has not yet been tested or
verified with empirical evidence. It is most used in deductive theorizing and can be restated
as a prediction. (Neuman, 2014, p. 68)

Direction of Theorizing

Deductive direction: Specific to general. An approach to developing or confirming a

theory that begins with abstract concepts and theoretical relationships and works toward
more concrete empirical evidence. (Neuman, 2014, p. 69)

Units of Analysis

Meso-level theory: Meso-level theory is implementing in my report because focusing on

the relations, processes, and structures at a midlevel of social life (e.g., organizations,
movements, and communities) and events operating over moderate durations (many
months, several years, or a decade). (Neuman, 2014, p. 71)

Paradigm

A general organizing framework for theory and research that includes basic assumptions,
key issues, models of quality research, and methods for seeking answers. (Neuman, 2014, p.
96)

Literature

1. To demonstrate a familiarity with a body of knowledge and establish credibility. 2. To

show the path of prior research and how a current project is linked to it. 3. To integrate and
summarize what is known in an area. 4. To learn from others and stimulate new ideas.
(Neuman, 2014, p. 126)

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Blockchain Based Pakistan Land Record System

Types of Literature Reviews

1. Context review (i link a specific study to a larger body of knowledge). 2. Historical review
(i trace an issue over time). 3. Integrative review (i present and summarize the current state
of knowledge on a topic, highlighting agreements and disagreements within it). 4.
Methodological review (i compares and evaluates the relative methodological strength of
various studies and shows how different methodologies (e.g., research designs, measures,
samples)).5. Self-study review (i demonstrate his or her familiarity with a subject area). 6.
Theoretical review (i present several theories or concepts focused on the same topic and
compare them on the basis of assumptions, logical consistency). (Neuman, 2014, p. 127)

Where to Find My Research Literature

1. Scholarly Journals: The primary source to use for a literature review is the scholarly
journals. i. Citation Details of a scholarly publication’s location that helps people to find it
quickly. ii. Abstract A short summary of a scholarly journal article that usually appears at its
beginning; also a reference tool for locating journal articles. 2. Periodicals: Study results
appear in newspapers, in popular magazines, on television or radio broadcasts, and in
Internet news summaries. 3. Books: Books communicate many types of information,
provoke thought, and entertain. 4. Government Documents. 5. Policy Reports and
Presented Papers. 6. Electronic Source (Internet). (Neuman, 2014, pp. 129-135)

Path of Research

Linear research path is use in my Research that proceeds in a clear, logical, step-by-step
straight line because quantitative research follows in my report. (Neuman, 2014, p. 170)

Research Questions

Good Research questions use in which Descriptive research type question use in my
research according to purpose of my research. (Neuman, 2014, p. 175)

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Variables

A concept or its empirical measure that can take on multiple values. (Neuman, 2014, p. 180)

Blockchain, Record and Security are the Variable of my research.

Independent variable: A type of variable that produces an effect or results on a

dependent variable in a causal hypothesis. (Neuman, 2014, p. 181)

Dependent variable: The effect or result variable that is caused by an independent

variable in a causal hypothesis. (Neuman, 2014, p. 181)

Reliability

The dependability or consistency of the measure of a variable. (Neuman, 2014, p. 212)

Validity

How well an empirical indicator and the conceptual definition of the construct that the
indicator is supposed to measure “fit” together. (Neuman, 2014, p. 215)

Area

Efficiency and Effectiveness is selected area of my research.

Sampling

Sample: A small set of cases a researcher selects from a large pool and generalizes to the
population. (Neuman, 2014, p. 246)

Population: The abstract idea of a large group of many cases from which a researcher
draws a sample and to which results from a sample are generalized. (Neuman, 2014, p. 247)

Convenience Sampling: A nonprobability and nonrandom sample in which the

researcher selects anyone he or she happens to come across. (Neuman, 2014, p. 248)

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Blockchain Based Pakistan Land Record System

Sampling ratio: The number of cases in the sample divided by the number of cases in the
population or the sampling frame, or the proportion of the population in a sample.
(Neuman, 2014, p. 253)

Parameter: A characteristic of the entire population that is estimated from a sample.

(Neuman, 2014, p. 254)

Statistic: A word with several meanings including a numerical estimate of a population

parameter computed from a sample. (Neuman, 2014, p. 254)

Simple random sample: A random sample in which a researcher creates a sampling

frame and uses a pure random process to select cases so that each sampling element in the
population will have an equal probability of being selected. (Neuman, 2014, p. 255)

CONTENT ANALYSIS

In a content analysis study, you gather and analyze the content of text. The content can be
words, meanings, pictures, symbols, ideas, themes, or any communicated message. The text
is anything written, visual, or spoken that serves as a medium for communication. It includes
books, newspaper or magazine articles, advertisements, speeches, official documents, films
or videotapes, musical lyrics, photographs, articles of clothing, Web sites, orworks of art.

Experimental Research

This chapter will focus on research techniques that yield quantitative data. We begin with
experiments.

We use experiments in education, criminal justice, journalism, marketing, nursing,

political science, psychology, social work, and sociology to examine many social issues and
theories.

Experiment means to modify one thing in a situation and then compare an outcome
to what existed without the modification. For example, I try to start my car. To my surprise,
it does not start. I “experiment” by cleaning off the battery connections because I have a
simple hypothesis that it is causing the problem. I try to start it again. I had modified one
thing (cleaned the connections) and compared the outcome (whether the car started) to the
previous situation (it did not start). An experiment begins with a “hypothesis about causes.”

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Blockchain Based Pakistan Land Record System

Three critical steps in an experiment: (1) start with causal hypothesis, (2) modify one
specific aspect of a situation that is closely connected to the cause, and (3) compare
outcomes. Content analysis is nonreactive

We conduct two types of social science experiments: 1- empirically based and 2-

theory-directed (Neuman, 2014, p. 286)

Works Cited

Neuman, W. L. (2014). Social Research Methods:Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches .

Pearson Education Limited.

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