SESI-2

ANCAMAN, GANGGUAN DAN

KERUSAKAN AKIBAT PETIR
PADA INFRASTRUKTUR

1 Dr. Reynaldo Zoro

ANCAMAN SAMBARAN PETIR

Ancaman Sambaran Langsung

Mati, Hancur, Meledak, Terbakar

Ancaman Sambaran Tidak

Langsung
Instalasi & Peralatan berbasis
Elektronik & Mikroprosessor 2

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 CONTETS

Latar belakang

Statistik kerusakan dan kerugian akibat petir

Ancaman petir dan contoh kasus kerusakan

Pengaruh sambaran petir pada infrastruktur

Lightning treat

Petir pada Instalasi Berbahaya

Petir dan Bangunan

Petir dan Pohon

Petir dan Kerusakan Peralatan Elektronika

Petir dan Transportasi

Petir pada Struktur Khusus
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LATAR BELAKANG
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LATAR BELAKANG

Petir menyebabkan mulai dari gangguan dan
kerusakan pada objek sambarannya sampai pada
kematian mahluk hidup

Kerugian akibat sambaran petir dapat bombastis
seperti ledakan atau kematian, dapat juga
merusak sistem atau mengurangi fungsi daN
umur peralatan

PRIORITAS DALAM MENGATASI ANCAMAN

PETIR

Personnel safety

Continuity of public services

Continuity of operation/production

Data security and data integrity

Equipment safety

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 STATISTIK KERUSAKAN DAN
KERUGIAN AKIBAT PETIR
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DAMAGE TO ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT IN

GERMANY : CAUSES IN 1998 (INDEMNITIES), ANALYSIS OF 7737
CASES OF DAMAGE

Source : Württembergische Feuerversicherung AG, Stuttgart 8

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 STATISTIK KERUGIAN PERUSAHAAN
ASURANSI AKIBAT KLAIM PETIR

14 SOURCE : TELA VERSICHERUNGS AG MUNCHEN

12

10

8
%

0
1978' 1980' 1982' 1984' 1986' 1988' 1990' 1992'

TAHUN

Source : Tela Versicherungs AG, Munchen 9

Insurance Statistics on Causes of

Surge Damage on Equipment
Surge voltage/Indirect
Lightning

Break-Ins

Fire

Negligence

Short Circuit

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Elektra, Branch of Wuba, 1994

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NUMBER OF DAMAGES CAUSED BY NATURE
IN USA (1940 – 1981)

(after Kessler, 1988)

TORNADO 5,268 ; FLOOD 4,481 ;
HURRICANE 1,923 ; LIGHTNING 7,741

Note: Holle, et.al. (1993) states lightning
deaths are underreported in Colorado
(1950-1991) by at least 28%; Lushine
(1996) states lightning deaths
underreported in Florida (1970-1994) by
31%.

Data compiled by National Lightning
Safety Institute 11

LIGHTNING IN USA : LOST AND COST

The National Weather Service reports lightning
damage at an annual $35 million. This is
incorrect. Lightning costs are underreported and
the hazard is underrated. Losses in the USA
reach $5-6 billion per year and include :

FOREST FIRES. Half the wildfires in the
western USA are lightning-caused (Dale Vance,
BLM, US Dept.of Interior) In 1996 the National
Park Service had 517 lightning-caused fires, and
the total cost of those fires was $19,567,128
(Gary Hasty, National Park Service).

RESIDENTIAL FIRES. Lightning causes 26,500
house fires amounting to $147.3 million in losses
annually (Association of US Fire Chiefs, 1995
Report ). 12

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LIGHTNING IN USA : LOST AND COST
(CONT’D)

INSURANCE CLAIMS IN THE HOMEOWNER
SECTOR. Lightning losses are in excess of one
billion dollars annually and represent five
percent of all residential claims (Insurance
Information Institute, NY). On average, lightning
results in one insurance claim for every fifty-
seven lightning strikes (Holle, Lopez, Arnold &
Endres, 1995 IAGCLSE Proc.).

STORAGE AND PROCESSING ACTIVITIES.
Looking specifically at storage and processing
activities lightning accounts for 61% of the
accidents initiated by natural events...many of
the North American accidents were a lightning
striking storage tanks containing petroleum
products... (Journal of Hazardous Materials 40 13
(1995) 43-54).

LIGHTNING IN USA : LOST AND COST

(CONT’D)

AIRCRAFT MISHAPS & UPSETS. More than 50% of
military aircraft weather-related mishaps are caused
by lightning (Major P.B. Corn, Air Force Flight
Dynamics Lab). Each lightning incident to
commercial aircraft costs about $100,000. Commercial
aircraft are stuck, on average, about once per year
(Andy Anderson, Vaisala USA). Lightning costs about
$2 billion annually in airline operating costs and
passenger delays (NOAA Report No. 18, MIT, 13 Feb.
1998).

USA ELECTRIC POWER INDUSTRY. Thirty percent
of all power outages are lightning-related on annual
average, with total costs approaching one billion
dollars (Ralph Berstein, EPRI; Diels, et al (1997)).
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 LIGHTNING IN USA : LOST AND COST
(CONT’D)

SENSITIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS.
Lightning-caused insults include explosions,
fires, burn marks and mechanical distortion.

Data corruption and slow degradation of circuit
boards are serious hidden problems caused by
lightning. No one knows the dollar cost or
magnitude of damage here. But it's big (Richard
Hasbrouck, LLNL (retired)).

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ANNUAL AVERAGE SEVERE WEATHER

FATALITIES BY DECADE IN USA

From 1940-1991,National
Weather Service,1992

Eighty five percent of
lightning victims are
children and young men
ages 10-35 engaged in
recreation or work.
Twenty percent of strike
victims die and 70% of
survivors suffer serious
long-term after effects.
Beyond this an unknown
number of injuries do not
require hospitalization.
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LIGHTNING DEATHS & INJURIES :
A 35 YEAR STUDY
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration published
findings of some 35 years of USA lightning statistics (1959 –
1994)

Location of Incident:

40% Unreported.

27% Open fields & recreation areas (not golf).

14% Under trees (not golf).

8% Water-related (boating, fishing, swimming…).

5% Golf/golf under trees.

3% Heavy equipment and machinery-related.

2.4% Telephone-related.

0.7% Radio, transmitter & antenna-related.

Gender of victims = 84% male; 16% female.

Months of most incidents = June 21%, July 30%, Aug 22%.

Deaths by State: Top Five = FLORIDA, Michigan, Texas, New
York, Tennessee.

Injuries by State: Top Five = FLORIDA, Michgan, Pennslyania,
North Carolina, New York. 17

ANCAMAN PETIR DAN CONTOH

KASUS KERUSAKAN
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ANCAMAN PETIR PADA SISTEM DAN
INSTALASI TENAGA LISTRIK

ABC Company

MCR
Data
Telephone

110 kV
Mobile
400/230 V phone
TV

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ANCAMAN PETIR PADA INSTALASI DAN

PERALATAN

LIGHTNING STRIKES
DISTURBANCE
SOURCES
NEMP
H
E RADIATION
H, E
SEMP
ANNTENA
H, E
LEMP

H, E

INCOMING PULSES

i, u

BUILDING SHIELD

INDUCTION
CURRENT ON SHIELD
LOOP
INCOMING IMPULS

i
i, u

ELECTRICAL CABLE
CONTROL CABLE WITH
SHIELD 20
EQUIPMENT SHIELD

LIGHTNING DISCHARGE

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 LIGHTNING STRIKE TO A KEROSENE
TANK, NETHERLANDS, 1975

Explosion Cloud

Willow Tree 250 m High

200 m Measuring Cable

to the Control Room
20 m

Thermoelement
8m
Kerosene

8 Earth
28 m Electrodes
114e.ppt / 23.10.98 / ESC
with 0.48 Ω

LIGHTNING STRIKE TO A KEROSENE

TANK, NETHERLANDS, 1975

î = 100 kA
Faraday
Cage
“Faraday-Hole”
Electric Line
U = 100 kV

RE = 1 Ω

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Lightning strike to " Faraday Cage " causes flashover to line at the
S342e
"Faraday-Hole"

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SAMBARAN PETIR PADA GEDUNG
ADMINISTRASI KOLN - JERMAN

parking place
Deutz -Muhlheimer - StraBe

1 2

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100 m

SAMBARAN PETIR PADA GEDUNG

ADMINISTRASI KOLN - JERMAN

BUILDING 1 BUILDING 2

U = 50 KV

i2 DATA CABLE

i1 i2

RE = 1 Ω
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ANCAMAN SAMBARAN PETIR
PADA MAHLUK HIDUP

1. Touch Voltage
2. Indirect Strike
3. Direct Strike
4. Side Flash
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5. Step Voltage

TEGANGAN LANGKAH

Death Step Voltage

ρ
ρ  s 
d Vs
V=I  
2π  d (d + s) 
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Transient paralysis

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 PENGARUH SAMBARAN PETIR
PADA INFRASTRUKTUR
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TEGANGAN LEBIH AKIBAT IMPULS PETIR

Sambaran langsung dan tidak langsung petir
pada peralatan dan instalasi akan menimbulkan
tegangan lebih yang dapat merusak, menuakan
atau merubah fungsi

Kedua jenis sambaran petir tersebut menjadi
tegangan lebih pada peralatan dan instalasi,
melalui beberapa mekanisme kopling

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PENGARUH TEGANGAN LEBIH PADA
PERALATAN

explosion

burnt out

physical damage

functional error

upset

unnoticed accelerated aging

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MEKANISME TEGANGAN LEBIH KE

PERALATAN

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 KOPLING
INDUKTIF

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KOPLING
KONDUKTIF

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KOPLING KAPASITIF

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TEGANGAN LEBIH PETIR

PADA SAMBARAN DEKAT DAN JAUH

2b

1
2a
220/380 V L1 20 kV
2c L2
L3
PEN

Î, di/dt
I

III

II 1b
R st

1a 34

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DROP TEGANGAN AKIBAT ARUS MAKSIMUM
PETIR PADA TAHANAN

ÛE = Î.Rst
I Rst

Î 43

DROP TEGANGAN AKIBAT KECURAMAN ARUS PETIR

PADA GELUNG INDUKSI

UL = L di/dt

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 ANCAMAN PETIR

PADA PADA INSTALASI

BERBAHAYA

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PETIR PADA INSTALASI PELUNCURAN PESAWAT

ULANG-ALIK NASA

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PETIR PADA POWER PLANT

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LEDAKAN TANGKI BAHAN BAKAR AKIBAT
SAMBARAN PETIR

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Pertamina UP IV Cilacap, 25 October 1995

PETIR DAN BANGUNAN

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WTC Twin Tower

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 1. A DIRECT STRIKE ON A BUILDING WITHOUT
AN EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION
INSTALLATION

DIREKT LIGHTNING STRIKE

EFFECT: FIRE HAZARD
A direct strike on a building without
an external lightning protection
installation
Because of
-- the specific energy W/R and
-- the charge Q

∞
W ∞2
= ∫ i dt Q = ∫ idt
R 0 0

The energy of the lightning current

heated up the part of the building
immediately.

Also material could hurl out at the point

of strike.

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DIREKT LIGHTNING STRIKE
EFFECT: DESTROYING OF A PART OF THE ROOF
DANGER FOR PERSONS BY FALLEN CONCRETE

DIREKT LIGHTNING STRIKE ;

EFFECT: DESTROYING OF A WIND TURBIN LIGHTNING
HITS THE TURBINE BLADE

Indirect effect: Because of the unbalance

of the rotor the whole turbine fall down!

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DIRECT STRIKE ON A BUILDING
WITH AN EXTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM BUT
WITHOUT INTERNAL LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

DIREKT LIGHTNING STRIKE

BUILDING WITHOUT EQUIPOTENTIAL BONDING

• Dammaged Insulation
• Destroying of the electronic
systems

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 HAZARD TO NEARBY STRUCTURES DUE TO
OVERVOLTAGE

100 kA

som e 10 kV som e 10 kV som e 10 kV 230 V 0 V

T elecom .
cable

som e kA som e 10 kA som e 10 kA som e kA

som e ohm som e kA som e ohm som e kA som e ohm som e kA

KERUSAKAN DI DALAM RUMAH AKIBAT SAMBARAN PETIR

Sambaran Petir

Rumah
Tetangga

Kabel Telepon

Kabel Listrik 60

Lit.: Hasse, P.: Überspannungsschutz für Niederspannungsanlagen, TÜV - Verlag GmbH, Köln, 1998

034 460e.ppt / 03.11.98 / ESC

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 SAMBARAN TIDAK LANGSUNG : ARUS BALIK

61

Panel Listrik yang rusak akibat konduksi arus petir

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Lit.: Hasse, P.: Überspannungsschutz für Niederspannungsanlagen, TÜV - Verlag GmbH, Köln, 1998

040 10.01.2000 / PME

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 PETIR DAN POHON
63

SAMBARAN PETIR KE POHON

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 65

PETIR DAPAT MENYEBABKAN KEBAKARAN HUTAN

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 67

PETIR DAN KERUSAKAN PADA

PERALATAN ELEKTRONIKA

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69

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COUPLING OF VOLTAGE SURGES
(LIGHTNING FLASH NEAR AN OBJECT)

COUPLING OF VOLTAGE SURGES

(LIGHTNING FLASH NEAR AN OBJECT)
Flash near a building

Effects : Inductive coupling

Caused by: Maximum steepness of
the lightning current

 di 
 
Conductor loop
Conductor loop  dt max
A magnetic field is formed around
Lightning every conductor through which a
arresters Lines running current flows.
parallel If conductor loops are located in the
vicinity of a conductor in which
lightning current is flowing, the law
of induction states that a voltage will
be induced.

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 73

Card-card CPU PABX yang rusak

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Relay stabilizer

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CONSEQUENCES OF UNPROTECTED POWER

SYSTEMS!

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CONSEQUENCES OF UNPROTECTED POWER
SYSTEMS!

Insulation failure due to

overvoltage surge

PETIR DAN TRANSPORTASI

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 • Rangka Besi yang
melindungi anda !
• Jangan sentuh
metal nya!

Busur Arus Petir

menembus ban
- Petir merobek ban
karet sampai 5 cm !
79

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Flash Over

Touches
ManFeb High
96, Voltage
OfLos
Thrown
Most Wire
Angeles
Clear
Current
“Flashed
Man 16,600Over”
- High
- Survived! V!PCP
On
The Outside Of His Body,
Super-Heated The Air,
But Not Him
Arm
He Is Inside The Fireball!
Legs

Side Flash

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PETIR MERAMBAT DI PERMUKAAN TANAH
LAPANGAN GOLF

83

VOLCANO ERUPTION LIGHTNING

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 AKHIR SESI – 2

Dr. Reynaldo Zoro

85
Power Engineering Division
School for Electrical Engineering and Informatics Institut Teknologi
Bandung
E-mail : zoro@hv.ee.itb.ac.id

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