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Siddiqi
KL/r = 72 + 0.75 L / rx
æ Kl ö
Calculate Rm = ç ÷ about the weak axis,
è r øm
which is the slenderness ratio modified for the
position of stay plates, in case the buckling of the
built-up section about this axis produces shear
between the elements.
l £ lr OK
Þ (Kl r )2 £ 1169 Ag
Pu
Kl Ag
Þ £ 34
r Pu
Pu = 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL
= 1.2 ´ 110 + 1.6 ´ 140 = 356 kN
Gusset Plate
a a
s = 10
b
1- Double Angles
b 102
l = = = 10.7 < lr lr = 12.8 OK
t 9.50
K x Lux 1´3400
rx = @ 107
31.8
K y Luy 1´3400
= @ 85.64
ry 39.7
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
æ K y l uy ö
ç ÷=
For snug tight plates: ç r
è y
÷
øm
85.64 + 57.19
2 2
@ 103
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
rx = 47.2 mm
rz = 30 mm ; A = 3710 mm2
KL 3400
= = 114
rz 30
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
3- W-Section
Pu = 356 kN
Rass = 90
(fc Fcr)ass = 146.46 MPa
356000
Areq. = = 2431 mm2
146.46
h
l = = 21.6 < lr = 42.3 OK
tw
Kl 3400
R= rmin . = @ 92 < 200 OK
37.1
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
Example 3.2:
Members Under Stress Reversal:
Design a bridge truss compression member
(K=1) that is 3.5m long. PD = 80 kN(C), PL=270
kN(C), TL = 270 kN(T). Select following two
types of sections:
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
Kxl x Kyl y rx K xl x
= r =
rx y ry K yl y
For an equal strength column, ratio of radii of
gyration in the two directions should be equal to the
ratio of effective length in the two directions.
Bracing is provided in such a way that the above
equation is approximately satisfied.
The ratio rx / ry is the main criterion for design of
bracing.
Knowing KxLx and rx / ry ratio, the required effective
unbraced length along y-axis may be determined
as follows:
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
K x Lx
Ky Ly =
rx ry
Solution:
Buckling of the column with
braces results in rotation of
the main member at the brace
points and lateral bracing
does not prevent this rotation.
Hence, mid-point may be
considered just like a hinge for Figure 3.21.Buckling of Column
Along Weak Axis.
that direction (Figure 3.21).
However, lateral translation or
sway of the central point is
almost zero.
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
Lu = 10 m
L/2 L/2
Pu = 1600 kN
Rass = 90
fc Fcr = 146.46 MPa
Pu 1600 ´ 1000
Areq = = = 10,925 mm2
f c Fcr 146.46
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
Pu = 975 kN
Rass = 90 : fc Fcr = 146.46 MPa
975´1000
Areq = = 6657 mm2
146.46
Using Reference 1: Kx = 2.0, Ky = 1.0
Lux = Luy = 4 m : KxLux = 8 m : KyLuy = 4.0 m
K x Lux
= 2.0
K y Luy
Þ rx / ry close to 2.0 will be preferred.
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
h
= 27.1 < lr = 42.3 OK
tw
K x Lux K y Luy
@ 76 : @ 82 \ R = 82
rx ry
Maximum Slenderness Check: R = 82 < 200 OK
fcFcr = 157.54 MPa
fc Pn = 157.54 ´ 6260/1000 = 986 kN
> Pu = 975 kN OK
Lacing 0.9d to d
Types Of Lacing
End Tie
Plate
q
Gusset
Plates
A
q
3) Battens
1) Single Lacing
2) Double Lacing
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
Type q Le Le/r s
Vu = 0.02 ´ fcPn
Fu
Vu / N
q
q
Vu / N
Vu
Fu sin q =
N
Vu
\ Force in single lacing = Fu =
N sin q
Vu
Force in double lacing = Fu = 2N sin q
The transverse centre-to-centre distance between
the rivets or centroid of welds may easily be found
from the known standard gage distances of the
individual elements (Figure 3.30).
Let b = clear distance between webs of the
elements in a composite section
g = standard gauge distance
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
g b s
10. The AISC-D4 Specification states that the end
tie plates shall have a thickness at least equal to
1/50 the distance between the connection lines of
rivets, bolts, or welds and shall have a length
parallel to the axis of the main member at least
equal to the distance between the connection lines.
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi
bmin = (1.5d) ´ 2 = 3d
Prof. Dr. Zahid A. Siddiqi