Kamath

“PHARMACEUTICO – ANALYTICAL STUDY OF
AMRUTHIKARANA W. S. R. TO TAMRA BHASMA”
By
Dr ARCHANA KAMATH, B.A.M.S
Dissertation submitted to the

Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences Karnataka, Bangalore
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI
(DOCTOR OF MEDICINE)
In
RASASHASTRA
Under The Guidance of
Dr P. SEKHAR REDDY; M.D (Ayu); M.B.A (HM); P.G.D.C.A

Assistant Professor
S.D.M.C.A, Udupi
CO-GUIDES
Dr P. RENJAL UPADHYAYA Dr SUJATHA. K

M.D. (Ayu) M.D.(Ayu)
Professor & HOD Assistant Professor
Department of Rasashastra Department of Rasashastra
S.D.M. College of Ayurveda S.D.M. College of Ayurveda
Udupi. Udupi.
DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASASHASTRA

S.D.M. COLLEGE OF AYURVEDA, UDUPI.
(KARNATAKA)
2010 - 2011

Acknowledgement
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At this amenity of successful integration of my work, I first & foremost bow

my head on the Lotus feet of Lord Shri Veera Venkatesha.
There is hardly any task which is more pleasant than acknowledging my
gratitude to all those who have helped in so many ways in preparing this work.
9 I assent my heartful regards & express my gratitude to my parents who were
the back bone to achieve every milestone in my life.
9 I solicilate my deep & profound sense of respect to all my teachers who
enlightened me with sincere blessings.
9 I am whole heartedly thankful to Respected DHARMADHIKARI SHRI
VEERENDRA HEGGDE JI, who provided me a chance to continue my
higher studies in this institution which is full fledged with high quality
infrastructures.
9 I am extremely grateful to respected & esteemed Dr. U.N. Prasad, Principal,
SDMCA, Udupi for his kind support.
9 I express my profound sense of gratitude with due respect to the former deans
of PG studies Dr B. V. Prasanna, Professor & HOD, Department of Roga
Nidana; Dr Shreekanth U, Professor & HOD, Department of Panchakarma,
SDMCA, Udupi for their kind support throughout my curriculum.
9 I extend my gratefulness to Dean of Pg studies Dr U. Govind Raju, Professor
& HOD, Department of Shareera Rachana, SDMCA, Udupi for his kind
support.
9 It gives me pleasure to express my gratitude with profound respect to my
guide Dr. P. Shekhar Reddy, Assistant Professor of Rasashastra Department,
who guided me throughout the course of Dissertation submission.
9 I pay my reverences to my co guide Dr U. Prabhakara Renjal, Professor &
HOD Department of Rasashasta, for his valuable guidance throughout the
academic year.
9 I express my profound sense of gratitude with due respect to my co guide Dr
Sujatha K. Associate Professor, Department of Rasashastra, for being the real
source of Inspiration, Guidance & support throughout my curriculum.
vii

Acknowledgement
9 I extend my gratefulness to Dr Sudheendra V. Honwad, Lecturer, Dept. of

Rasashastra for his valuable guidance and support throughout my post
graduation.
9 I thank Dr R R Geethesh, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Rasashastra who
encouraged us with valuable support.
9 I thank to Dr. Seema, & Dr. Ravindra Angadi, Dr. Ashok Kumar B. N.,
lecturers, department of Bhaishajya Kalpana, who encouraged us with their
valuable suggestions & support.
9 I also thank Dr. Muralidhar S. & Dr. Mohanan for their support from the
pharmacy section.
9 It is my privilege to express my profound respect to Prof C. S. Shreedhar
(HOD, Department of Pharmacognosy, MCOPS, Manipal), Dr Vijay Kumar,
Dr Dheerandra, Meenakshi Shripath & Faculty of MCOPS for their guidance
& help in doing the Physico - Chemical Analysis.
9 I take this opportunity to thank Dr K Satyamoorthy (Director, MAHE Life
Science Centre, Manipal) Bharath & Ganesh for their co operation & skillful
assistance in carrying out Quantitative Analysis.
9 I offer my sincere thanks to Dr D. Shrikanth Rao, (HOD, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering, M.I.T. Manipal) for his support in completion of my work.
9 I express my sincere gratitude to Dr Shivashankaran, Dept. of Chemical
Engineering, MIT, Manipal, for carrying out the Analysis in the institution.
9 I express my sincere gratitude to Dhanjaya Kekuda, Dept. of Physics, MIT,
Manipal, for the interpretation of the X – RD analysis.
9 I express my sincere thanks to Dr Rajendra Udupa, Professor, Dept of
Metallurgy, NITK, Surathkal, for the help in analytical part of my study.
9 I am extremely grateful to Mr. Santhosh, attender, Practical Laboratory,
Department of RS & BK, Manjunatha & Sudhakar, attenders, SDMCA
Udupi, for their valuable help without which the whole pharmaceutical part
would have been difficult.
9 My sincere thanks to Mr. Harish Bhatt, Librarian, technical & non- technical
staff of this institute for their heart-felt co-operation.
9 I express my profound gratitude to all my seniors Dr. T.L. Gopal, Dr. Kiran
Sarma, Dr. Soumya, & Dr. Priyadarshini for their co-operation & valuable
encouragement all the time.
viii

Acknowledgement
9 I thank all my Departmental colleagues, Dr Sushant Sud, Dr Ashwini A, Dr N.

K. Parthipan, Late Dr Jayprakasha N, for their spontaneous help & guidance
for which I will remember them forever.
9 I feel proud in expressing my sincere gratitude to my friends Dr Seetaram, &
Dr Jayalaxmi who helped me in completion of my work.
9 I take this moment to express my thanks to all my Post graduate colleagues &
am also thankful to my junior PG Scholars, Dr. Vinay T.C., Dr. Anand K, Dr.
Nisha, Dr. Vani B & Dr. Vignesh D for their support and help.
9 It is very difficult to acknowledge individually all the people who have
extended their help directly or indirectly. I am extremely grateful to all of
them.
9 I thank to Netsonik Cyber, Mangalore for their dedicated effort of printing &
binding without which the presentation of this work would have been in vain.
Dr. Archana Kamath
ix

List of Abbreviations
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Ananda Kanda - A. K.
Ayurveda Prakasha - A. P.
Bharatiya Rasashastra - B. R.
Bhavaprakasha Nighantu - B. P. N.
Brihath Rasa Raja Sundara - Br. R. R. Su
Dhanwantari Nighantu - D. N.
Kaiyyadeva Nighantu - K. Ni
Loha Sarvasva - L. Sa.
Raja Nighantu - R. Ni.
Rasa Bindu - R. B.
Rasa Darpana - R. D.
Rasa Jala Nidhi - R. J. N.
Rasa Kamadhenu - R. K. D.
Rasa Manjari - R. M.
Rasamrutam - R. A.
Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara - R. P. S.
Rasa Ratnakara - R. Ra.
Rasa Ratna Samucchaya - R. R. S.
Rasa Samketa Kalika - R. Sam. Ka
Rasa Tarangini - R. T.
Rasayanasara - R. Sa.
Rasendra Chintamani - R. Chi
Rasendra Chudamani - R. Chu
Rasendra Purana - R. Pu.
Rasendra Sambhava - Ra. Sam.
Rasendra Sara Sangraha - Ra.Sa.San
Sharangadhara Samhita - Sha. Sam.
Shaligrama Nighantu - S. Ni.
Nambudri Phased Spot test - NPS
Scanning Electron Microscope - SEM
x

ABSTRACT
Drug like Tamra Bhasma is a versatile Rasaushada, an ingredient for various

formulations commonly used in practice. Tamra is considered as Visha having the
Ashta Doshas which cause Vanti, Bhranti etc. It is synthesized by a variety of
methods involving the use of Kajjali, Gandhaka & plant materials.
Amrutikarna is a special procedure which is followed after Marana procedure
to remove the ill effects caused by Tamra Bhasma. There are various methods of
Amrutikarana explained in classis. As a consequence of variation in processing it is
difficult to know if Tamra Bhasma prepared by different methods is identical or not.
As a result in the current era it requires Pharmaceutico-Analytical analysis by the
current technology available.
Hence to explore & study the hidden pharmaceutical properties the present
work is taken which is classified in to three main divisions as Conceptual,
Pharmaceutical & Analytical study.
For conceptual work the information was collected from the Rasagranthas
available in SDMCA library. The drugs necessary for the study were procured from
SDM pharmacy, Udupi.
Samanya & Vishesha Shodhana of Tamra was carried out by Nirvapa &
Sewdana methods respectively as referred in Rasaratna samucchaya, preparation of
Tamra Bhasma as explained in Rasaratna Samucchaya & Amruthikarana reference
was followed as told in Rasa Tarangini for 3 samples & Rasamrita for 1 sample. All
the practicals were carried out in SDMCA Practical Hall, Udupi.
The various parameters such as organoleptic characters, Physico-chemical
properties, Qualitative & Quantitative analysis was carried out in MCOPS, Manipal;
MLSC, Manipal & NITK, Surathkal.
Key Words: - Tamra; Shodhana; Marana; Amrutikarana; Physico – Chemical

Analysis.
xi

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION TOPICS PAGE NO.

NO.
1. Introduction 1-2
2. Aims & Objectives Of The Study 3
3. Review Of Literature
• Historical Review 4 – 11
• Drug Review 12 – 52
4. Methodology
• Pharmaceutical Study 53 – 83
• Analytical Study 84 – 101
5. Discussion 102 – 123
6. Conclusion 124 – 125
7. Summary 126 – 127
8. Bibliography 128 - 146
xii
List of tables
LIST OF TABLES
Sl. Table Contents Page. No.

No.
1. Showing Different references of Tamra in Charaka Samhita 7
2. Showing Different references of Tamra in Sushruta Samhita 8
3. Showing Different references of Tamra in Astanga Hrudaya 9
4. Showing Different references of Tamra in various Rasa 11
Granthas
5. Showing the Classification of Tamra in different classics 13
6. Showing the Vernacular Names of Tamra 14
7. Showing the Synonyms of Tamra according to different 16
authors.
8. Showing the Doshas of Tamra as per Various Acharyas 21
9. Showing the Tamra Shodhana procedures according to 24
different Acharyas
10. Showing the Vishesha Shodhana for the Shamana of Astha 26
Doshas of Tamra
11. Showing the Various procedures for Tamra Marana as per 27
various Acharyas
12. Showing the Guna Karma of Tamra Bhasma as per various 39
Acharyas
13. Showing the Therapeutic indications of Tamra Bhasma 41
According to Various Classics.
14. Showing the Matra, Anupana, Pathya, Aushadha sevana 42
Kala, Duration and effect of Tamra Bhasma According to
Various Classics
15. Showing the observations of Kanji preparation, its pH & 55
observations.
16. Showing the changes in Tamra during Samanya Shodhana 58
17. Showing the Temperature of heat source & change in flame 59
in different media during Samanya Shodhana
xiv

List of tables
18. Showing the changes in media in Samanya Shodhana 59

19. Showing the Observations during the Puta 71
20. Showing the Bhasma Pariksha after each Puta. 72
21. Showing the Temperature for Puta with 15 Kgs Upala. 73
24. Showing the Observations of Tamra Amrithukarana – Method 1 77
28. Showing the Organoleptic characters of 5 samples 86
29. Showing the Result for pH of Various samples. 87
30. Showing the calculation & Results for specific gravity for 5 88
samples
31. Showing the calculation of Loss on Drying & Results 89
32. Showing the calculation of Total ash & results 90
33. Showing the calculation of Acid Insoluble Ash & Results 91
34. Showing the calculation of Water Soluble ash & Results 92
35. Showing the Results of elemental analysis by AAS 97
xv

Introduction
INTRODUCTION
"Science" is a branch of knowledge that has purpose to "describe, explain,

understand, investigate, predict and control." Science is based on facts and the
theories; it reaches its results through an approved scientific method. Consequently, it
seems to be objective, thus more truthful and reliable.
There is sufficient supply of hydrogen in the planet Jupiter for human use for
almost ever, but the problem is access. Likewise large quantity of scientific
knowledge remains un-utilized, as it fails to find its way into public domain. ‘My aunt
found she can cook a wide variety of cut vegetables in a pressure cooker without
adding water and found her cooking gas consumption cut down by 20% for a single
dish.’ Such method of cooking vegetables dry could suit only some ethnic palate; so,
bombarding such information in general domain would only add to noise.
Validation plays a very important role in all branches of science even in
medicine. Ayurveda being imbibed in our culture is making its presence felt in the
west. Our uninterrupted practice of this system for last several thousand years
confirms the stability of our tradition. In our classics, there are certain guidelines
which are applicable in our daily practice. One among the examples as quoted in
Astanga Hridaya Sutrasthana1 2nd chapter 8th verse - ‘Abhyangam acharet nityam’
means oil application to the body is to be done daily. Validity of such practices are to
be reviewed and emphasized, the need to the people for keeping health intact.
“Ayurveda”considered as the science of life, is in common practice in
predominantly since Vedic period. It is at verge of global acceptance due to its
holistic approach of well being for human kind. Mean while in the golden period of
Hindu dynasty, i.e. Gupta kala (2nd – 5th century) a unique branch of medicine
emerged containing applicability of Mercury, Metals and Minerals in the treatment of
diseases and termed as Rasashastra.
This branch of Ayurveda deals with preparation of various drugs with higher
efficacy in lower dose and good palatability from Mercury, Metals, Minerals and
Precious Stones. Development of Pharmaceutics in the field of Ayurveda found the
use of formulations of metals and mineral origin in Ayurvedic therapeutics in the
form of Bhasmas. Different types of metals, minerals and gems need to under go a
processing called Marana. The main aim of Marana is to enhance the properties of the
“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Page 1
Introduction
drug, to induce new properties, to bring out the Atyanta Sukshmatva i.e., finest form
of Bhasma and to bring Guna Vishishtatva.
Thus it becomes the branch, which fulfills the aims and objectives for
preparation of “Shreshtha Bhaishajya”. It seems that drugs used in this era are loosing
their faster actions so ultimately changing efficacy levels. Therefore evolution of
Rasashastriya medicines took place and by virtue of its quick action, therapeutic
efficacy of Rasaaushadhis was incorporated with main stream of Ayurvedic system of
medicine.
Tamra Bhasma is one such Rasaoushadha, which is an ingredient in various
compound formulations, which are commonly used in practice. In Rasaratna
samucchaya and Rasaratnaka there is explanation of a special procedure after the
description of marana for Abhraka, Swarna Makshika, Loha and Tamra. In Rasa
Tarangini2 the same procedure is termed as Amruthikarana. Amruthikarana removes
the Shista Doshas and also induces Amrutatva in the form of Guna vruddi to the
Bhasmas.
Tamra is considered as Visha because it contains Ashta doshas3 which lead to
8 ill effects such as - Vanti, Bharnti, Chittasantapa, Shosha, Gadotkleda, Aruchi, Daha
and Moha. The Doshas are not completely expelled from Tamra Bhasma by Shodhana
and marana alone. Some Doshas get incorporated into the Bhasma during Marana
also. So a special procedure Amruthikarana is explained to make the Bhasma free
from all these Doshas.
There are various procedures for the Amruthikarana of Tamra Bhasma in our
classics. The present study is planned as a PHARMACEUTICO – ANALYTICAL
STUDY OF AMRUTHIKARANA W.S.R. TO TAMRA BHASMA. In the current
study, Tamra Bhasma was prepared, divided into 5 samples. One sample was kept as
it is and other four samples have been put through four different methods of
Amruthikarana respectively, to assess the effect of Amruthikarana on Tamra Bhasma.
The end products are subjected to the analytical process on basis of their physical and
chemical properties. The result obtained are tabulated in a systematic manner. There
is no much difference in the physico chemical nature of the 5 samples of Tamra
Bhasma. Differences were found during processing. An attempt has been made to
derive a hypothetical view at all possible phases of the study.

Page 2
Aims and Objectives
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Aim - Preparation of Tamra Bhasma followed by Amrithikarana four different

procedures and its analytical study.
Objective of study –
1. To make a comprehensive literary study on Tamra Bhasma and Amruthikarana.
2. Preparation of Tamra Bhasma as per the reference in Rasa Ratna Samucchaya.
3. Four procedures of Amruthikarana, three as per Rasatarangini and one as per
Rasamritam.
4. Analysis of Tamra Bhasma and four samples of Tamra Bhasma after 4 different
procedures of Amruthikarana.
Previous work done –

1. Rai R. K. has done a work on “Study of various Tamra Bhasma.” (2001) Faculty
of Ayurveda Institute of Medical Sciences, BHU, Varanasi.
2. Morbale Mangal S. has done a work on “Pharmaco – analytical and chronic
toxicity study of Tamra Bhasma.” (2003) KLE Society Ayurved Mahavidyalaya,
RGUHS.
3. Nayak Suhas N. has done a work on “A comparative pharmaceutico – pharmo -
toxicity study of Tamra Bhasma and Somnathi Tamra Bhasma.” (2005) IPGT and
RA, Gujarat Ayurvedic University, Jamnagar.

Page 3
Review of Literature
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
“History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time; it illumines reality,
vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life and brings us tidings of antiquity.”
- Cicero
This quotes the necessity for study of historical review before any research is
conducted. The metals are grouped under the ‘Lauha’ derived from the root ‘Looh’
means a substance obtained from mineral by extraction. According to another
meaning ‘Lauha’ means substance which is capable of removing the vitiated Dosha
and disease from the body.
Tamra is considered as one among the Lauhas. The use of Tamra is found
since the Pre - Vedic period. As the pharmaceutical processes developed the
therapeutic use of Tamra got established with difference of opinion as per age.
Hence an attempt has been made to compile the various literary,
pharmaceutical and analytical sources, for a easy and better understanding of Tamra
in Ayurveda.
Pre - Vedic Period

Archaeological evidence indicates that copper was used as far back as 10,000
years ago in Western Asia. During the Prehistoric Chalcolithic Period, societies
discovered how to extract and use copper to produce ornaments, implements, etc,. As
early as the 3rd - 4th Millennium BC, copper was actively extracted from Spain's
Huelva region. Around 2500 BC, the discovery of useful properties of copper - tin
alloys led to the Bronze Age.
It has been documented that Israel's Timna Valley provided copper for the
Pharaohs. Papyrus records from ancient Egypt reveal that copper was used to treat
infections and sterilize water. The island of Cyprus is known to have supplied much
of the copper needed for the empires of ancient Phoenicia, Greece, and Rome.
In South America, the pre-Columbian Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations
exploited copper, as well as gold and silver.

Page 4
Tamra is well known to Indian since time immemorial. From the

archaeological researches, it appears that Copper has been in use even earlier than
4000 years B.C. It was probably the first metal utilized by man for making tools,
implements and arms. The Sindhu Valley civilization was well familiar with the use
of Copper as well as silver, gold, tin along with bronze and iron, a later stage.
In the Pre Harappan Period various copper articles were used - axes, chisels,
pins, bracelets etc, which were found in the remains that were analyzed.
Indus Valley metallurgy included casting and hammering. Use of copper in
domestic utensils, axe heads, dagger, sickles etc. Copper was possibly smelted from
ores near mines, the metal being refined in clay crucible. Four varieties of copper and
its alloys were found.
The Post Harappan Period comprised the use of various copper implements4.
Vedic period
Rigveda is the sacred religious text of Aryans, different metals are described
by the word ‘Lohas’. The Aryans knew the use of bronze, copper, gold and silver
considered among metals and metallic objects.
In Yajurveda mentions six metals. Ayas - gold, Hiranya - silver, Loha -
copper, Shyama - iron, Sisa - lead and Trapu - tin.
In Atharvaveda, three metals are explained. Harita, Rajata and Lohita.
Lohitayas is the word used for copper. The Sharira Dhatus are compared with metals5.
In India, it is an age old tradition to drink water which is kept in Copper vessel
overnight. It is also a customary, to drink water kept in a Copper pot with a Copper
spoon while chanting Gayatri Mantra.
Puranas
Tamra Utpatti has been explained in Varaha Purana. There is evidence of
household use of Tamra by common man in Shrimad Bhagavat and Mahabharata.

Page 5
Kautilya Artha Shastra (3rd cent. B.C.) 6

There is mention of 7 Dhatus and Tamra is one among them. Copper ores are
obtained from plains of mountains, which are heavy, greasy, soft, tawny, green, pale
red or red.
The Lohadhyakshah shall carry the manufacture of commodities from copper
and other metals. Silver coins contain 4 parts of copper and copper coins contain
11parts of copper. Preparation of alloy from copper and gold is explained.
Harshacharita7
The red eye caused by weeping was described as Tamra varna and the redness was
compared with the same produced during sunset.
Kadambari7
Blood is said to be Tamra Varna. It is considered as Lohitayas.
Samhitha period
In Ayurvedic Granthas there is abundant description of Tamra in the context
of various Lakshanas of diseases as varna and also used in treatment aspect.
Charaka Samhita mentioned Tamra as one of the six Lohas. It has been
advised in the treatment of Kushta and Garavisha. Many Yogas like Bhrama
Rasayana in Rasayana Prakarana, Muktadya Churna in Hikka Swasa Prakaran etc. are
described, which contain Tamra as an important ingredient.

Page 6
Table No. 1 - Showing Different references of Tamra in Charaka Samhita8
Sl. No Contexts in Charaka Samhita Reference

1. Visha Chikitsa Sutra Sthana 1/131
2. Jihwa Nirlekhana Sutra Sthana 5/74
3. Lakshana of Pittaja Shotha Tamra Varna and Loma Sutra Sthana 18/2
4. Type of Kilasa Sutra Sthana 19/6
5. Udumbara Kushta Lakshana Nidana Sthana 5/2
Rishyajihwa Kustha Lakshana Nidana Sthana 5/4
6. Pittonmada Lakshana Nidana Sthana 7/2
7. Lakshana of Vikrata bhumi Vimana Sthana 3/4
8. Raktaja Krimi Lakshana Vimana Sthana 7/11
9. Shleshmaja Krimi Lakshana Vimana Sthana 7/12
10. Vaikarika Varna of Sharira Indriya Sthana 1/8
11. Varna of Dhristi and Varna of Siras on Udara Indriya Sthana 3/6
12. Ingredient of Bhrama Rasayana Chikitsa Sthana 1/1/58
13. Tamra Shilajatu Lakshana Chikitsa Sthana 1/3/58
14. Indrokta Rasayana Ingredient Chikitsa Sthana 1/4/22
15. Vrashyapupalika yoga – Tamra chuda Anda Chikitsa Sthana 2/2/28
16. Lakshana of Alaji Chikitsa Sthana 12/88
17. Pittodara Lakshana Chikitsa Sthana 13/28
18. Muktadi Churana Chikitsa Sthana 17/126
19. Pittaja Visarpa Lakshana Chikitsa Sthana 21/32
20. Granthi Visarpa Chikitsa Chikitsa Sthana 21/131
21. Visha Chikitsa – Vamana Yoga Chikitsa Sthana 23/239
22. Ingredient of Shankadi Varti Chikitsa Sthana 26/246
23. Utthana Vatarakta Lasshana Chikitsa Sthana 29/20
24. Ghambira Vatarakta Lakshana Chikitsa Sthana 29/21
25. Varna of Dravanti Kalpa Sthana 12/4

Page 7
Susrutha classified Tamra with other metals in Sutrasthana. Description of

Trapvadi gana is speciality of Susrutha. Copper is stated to be Kashaya, Madhura,
Lekhana, Sita and Sara Gunatmaka. Tamra Churna along with decoction of
Shalasaradi gana is advised in all types of Prameha. It is also indicated in Upadamsa
and Abhishyanda.
Table No. 2 - Showing Different references of Tamra in Sushruta Samhita9
Sl. No Contexts in Sushruta Samhita Reference

1. Sara Lakshana – Varna of Nakha Sutra Sthana 35/16
2. Lohamala Sutra Sthana 38/62
3. Bheda of Harina and Ena Sutra Sthana 46/57
4. Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka Sutra Sthana 46/327
5. Twak Sharira Sharira Sthana 4/4
6. Pitta Prakriti Lakshana Sharira Sthana 4/67
7. Tamra Deepa in Kustha Chikitasa Sthana 9/23
8. Prameha Chikitsa yoga Chikitasa Sthana 12/10
9. Apachi Chikitsa yoga Chikitasa Sthana 18/38
10. Upadamsha Chikitsa yoga Chikitasa Sthana 19/47
11. Tamra Patra used in Netra pichu Chikitasa Sthana 40/25
12. Anjana prayoga in Shleshma Abhishyanda Uttara Tantra 11/6
13. Anjana prayoga in Rakta Abhishyanda Uttara Tantra 12/13, 29
14. Patra use in Rakta Abhishyanda Chikitsa Uttara Tantra 12/40, 49, 53
15. Rakta Abhishyanda chikitsa yoga Uttara Tantra 12/51
16. Srotoanjana yoga Uttara Tantra 18/24
17. Use of Tamra Shalaka Uttara Tantra 18/61
18. Tamra Pryoga as Anjana and Patra Uttara Tantra 18/101, 104

Page 8
Samgraha Kala - In the Samgraha Kala, Vagbhata in Astanga Hrudaya and Astanga
Samgraha have explained the properties of Tamra which are similar references.
Table No. 3 – Showing Different references of Tamra in Astanga Hrudaya10
Sl. No Contexts in Astanga Hrudaya Reference

1. Tamra Ksheera Sutra Sthana 7/7
2. Hrud vishodhana Sutra Sthana 7/27
3. Shalaka for lekhana Sutra Sthana 23/13
4. Lekhana Putapaka Sutra Sthana 24/15
5. Shastra Vidhi – Tamra Shalaka Sutra Sthana 26/13
6. Vidradhi Lakshana Nidana Sthana 11/7
7. Pittodara Lakshana Nidana Sthana 12/17
8. Pittaja Shopha Lakshana Nidana Sthana 13/33
9. Audambara Kushta Lakshana Nidana Sthana 14/15
Nighantu Kala11,12,13,14,15
The explanation regarding Tamra is also found in the Nighantus.
In Astanga Nighantu (8th Century A.D) by Vahatcharya explained various
Dhatus. Dhanwantari Nighantu (11th century A. D.) by Dhanwantari has explanation
regarding the Types, Doshas, and Guna karma of Tamra.
Raja Nighantu (14th century A.D.) by Narahari Pandita explains the origin,
synonyms, types, grahya and agrahya lakshanas, Shodhana and Marana are explained.
Kaiyyadeva Nighantu (1425 A. D.) and Shaligrama Nighantu (19th Century A.
D.) explains about the Dhatu Vraga among which Tamra is one. There is explaination
regarding the origin, types, grahya and agrahya lakshanas, Shodhana, Marana, Guna,
karma and therapeutic index are explained.
In Bhavaprakasha Nighantu (16th century A.D.) by Bhavamishra has explained
Dhatvadi varga among 22 Vargas. Tamra is one among the Dhatus.
Shivakosha (Shivaprakasha – 1677 A. D.) by Shivadatta Mishra has explained
source of Tamra as Mountain tracts of Gujarat. In the 6th chapter, there is explanation

Page 9
regarding the origin, synonyms, types, Grahya and Agrahya Lakshanas, Shodhana,
Marana, Guna, Karma, indications are explained.
Haritakyadi Nighantu (1926 A.D.) by Pandit Shiva Sarma explains about
Dhatu Varga among 24 vargas. Tamra is considered as one among the Dhatus.
Rasa Kala
In the renowned days of Rasashastra, after 8th century different types of
Bhasma processes were developed. The physician became familiar with the
properties of Tamra as well as its toxic effects and their antidotes were also known.
Since then the utility of Tamra is on ascending path. Tamra is explained in detail in
the Rasagranthas i.e., its types, Doshas, Shodhana, Marana etc.
The oldest classics - Rasarnava, Rasahridaya tantra etc. have explanations
regarding Samanya shodhana of Dhatus and also classification is found. There is no
much reference of its types, Bhasma preparation and detailed aspect of administration.
In Rasendra chudamani - Tamra Bheda, Shresta Lakshana, Shodhana, Marana and
pharmacological action are explained. Somanathiya Tamra Bhasma is explained.
Rasaratna Samucchaya and Rasaprakasha Sudhakara - onwards Tamra Bhasma
was used in various pharmaceutical preparations.
Rasa Chintamani described a special “Swetha Bhasma” of Tamra while
Rasamrita mentioned specific Amla and Dadhi Parikshas for the standard Tamra
Bhasma.
Rasendra Chintamani explains its use in Yakshma, Parinama Shoola, Kushta,
Amlapitta, etc. Rasapaddhati has explained Somanathiya Tamra Bhasma with Maraka
gana. Ayurveda Prakasha, Rasa Kamadhenu, Rasa chudamani, Yoga Ratnakara, Rasa
Tarangini, etc. Granthas have explained Tamra in detail.

Page 10
Table No. 4 – Showing Different references of Tamra in various Rasa Granthas
Rasa Ratnakara (7th – 8th A.D.) - Rasa Khanda 8th Chapter

Rasendra Chudamani (12th A.D.) - 14th Chapter
Ananda Kandha (13th A.D.) - 2nd Vishrani 4th Ullasa
Rasa prakasha Sudhakara (13th A.D.) - 4th Chapter
Rasa Ratna Samuchaya (13th A.D.) - 5th Chapter
Sharangadhara Samhita (14th A.D.) - Madhyama Khanda 11th Chapter
Rasendra Chintamani (14th A.D.) - 6th Chapter
Rasa Manjari (15th A.D.) - 5th Chapter
Lohasarvasva (15th A.D.) - pg 28
Rasendra Sara Sangraha (16th A.D.) - 1st chapter
Rasa Darpana (16th A.D.) - Tamra is explained
Rasakamadhenu (16th A.D.) - 2nd Chapter
Rasendra chintamani (16th A.D.) - 6th Chapter
Yogaratnakara (17th A.D.) - pg 102 – 103
Ayurveda Prakasha (17th A.D.) - 3rd Chapter
Basavarajeeyam (17th A. D.) - 397 pg
Bruhath Rasa Raja sundara (19th A.D.) - Tamra Prakarana Page 65 – 74
th
Rasendra Purana (19 A.D.) - 13th Chapter
Rasa Jala Nidhi (20th A.D.) - 4th Chapter
Rasendra Sambhava (20th A.D.) - 2nd Chapter
Rasamrutam (20th A.D.) - 3rd Chapter
Rasa Tarangini (20th A.D.) - 17rd Chapter
Ayurveda Sara Sangraha (20th A.D.) - 108 pg to 109 pg
Alchemy and Metallic Medicines In - 5th chapter
Ayurveda (20th A.D.)

Page 11
Drug Review
DRUG REVIEW
Tamra Utpatti -
Various Mythological verses are quoted in our classics regarding Tamra Utpatti.
Varaha Purana -
The mythological origin states that – Gudakesha, a Rakshasa possessed a body
resembling Tamra. He prayed to Lord Varaha for 14,000years. He was enriched by a
boon from Lord Varaha that, his death would occur by Sudarshana chakra and his
body would turn into Tamraadi dhatus, which would serve the Lord by all means.
Lord Varaha obliterated Gudakesha with the Sudarshana Chakra and his body fell on
to the earth; Mamsa dhatu turned to Tamra, Rakta to Swarna, Asthi to Raupya and
many more.
Secondly in Ayurveda Prakasha16, Rasendra Purana17, Bhava prakasha18 -
Acharyas quote that Shukra of Kartikeya settled on the Bhumitala to form Tamra.
A third reference Bhrit Rasaraja Sundara19 says-
The Patana of Ravi Kantija Teja on the Bhumitala gave origin to Tamra.
Prapthi Sthana -
According to the classics tamra is available in – Nepala and Mleccha desha.
Collection of Tamra -
Nepala, Bangala, Sudesha, Kedara - Tamra procured from these places is
considered as Mahapavitra20. It is available in Shwasa, Patakadi, Kakaranikara and
nepala desha. But the one from Nepala desha is used21 in Rasashastra.
Mineral sources and Animal sources -

1. Tuttha
2. Swarna Makshika
3. Mayura Piccha
4. Bhunag

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Drug Review
Nirukti –
In Amarakosha22 it is defined as ‘Tamyati tamyateva’. It is derieved from ‘Tamu
Dhatu’ which means ‘Kamkshayam’. Tamra can be defined as that which attracts.
Classification of Tamra -
Table No. 5 – Showing the Classification of Tamra in different classics:
Sl.No. Name of the text Classification
1. Sharangadhara Samhita23, Bhava prakasha24 Sapta Dhatu
2. Raja Nighantu25 Swrnadi Varga
3. Kaiyyadeva Nighantu26 Dhatu varga
4. Shaigrama Nighantu27 Dhatu-Upadhatu Varga
5. Rasarnava28 Sadharana Loha
6. Rasaprakasha Sudhakara29 Astha Dhatu – Shudda Loha
7. Rasaratna Samuchchaya30 Shudda Loha
31 32
8. Rasendra Sambhava , Rasa Tarangini Sapta Loha
9. Bharatiya Rasa Paddati33 Shudda Dhatu
10. Rasapaddati34 Loha varga

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Drug Review
Vernacular Names35 –
Table No. 6 – Showing the Vernacular Names of Tamra
Sl. No. Language Names
1. Latin Cuprum
German
2. Afrikaans Koper
3. Danish Kobber
4. Dutch Koper
5. English/ Scottish Copper
6. German Kupfer / Koppa
Italian
7. Aragonese Arambre
8. Asturian Cobre
9. Bosnian Bakar
10. French Cuivre
11. Greek Chalkos
12. Italian Rame
13. Romanian Cupru
Indo-Iranian Branch/Indo-Aryan
14. Bengali Kapāra/ Tama
15. Arabi Nuhas
16. Gujarati Tā'bu / Trambu /Tambu
17. Hindi Tā.nbā/ Tamba
18. Kamviri dâr'ü
19. Marathi Tambe
20. Nepali Tama
21. Pali Tamba/ tambaloha
22. Romani Charkum, Harkuma, Sónnasáster
23. Telugu Ragi

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Drug Review
Synonyms of Tamra –
Synonyms of a material in the literatures especially in Samskrit gives an idea
of the drug in general. The synonyms are based on the history, appearance,
resemblance, habitat, physical characters, pharmacology, therapeutic effect, etc. of the
drug. This helps in the identification of the drug and also to overcome the
controversies in relation to the drug. The synonyms of Tamra are tabulated in an
alphabetical order.
Tamra has synonyms in relation to Surya. It is the metal which is related to
Sun. It has resemblance to the varna of Lotus, Udumbara fruit etc. Based on this, it
has the synonyms in relation to sun, its resemblance, use, Lord Eshwara etc. enlisted
as follows.
Ambhakam, Kamalahvam – Varna resembles Kamala pushpa.
Arka, Bhaskara, Bhasura, Mihira, Raviloham, Ravinamakam, Ravipriyam,
Ravisanjnaka,, Suryaparyaya naama, Suryahva, Suryaloham, Suryaangam,
Suryakyam – It is Surya Paryaya.
Arkesta, Raviloham, Suryestam – It is said as ‘Surya Priya’.
Aravinda dala prabham – Resembles the flower Nilotpala. Synonym of Baana of
Mihira.
Audumbara – It is considered as Napumsaka Linga for Tamra Paryaya.
Its colour resembles Udumbara Phala.
Dwyasta, Dvista, Dhwashthya, Varistha – Paryaya of Tamra.
Kamyam – Told as the name of Baana of Kamadeva.
Kaniyasa, Kaniya, Koniyasam – As it is considered Young – Soft.
Lohitayasa, Lohitapa, Raktam, Raktadhatu, Raktakam etc. – based on its Varna.
Marakatayasam – The flame is of Marakata varna when subjected to fire.
Mleccha Mukham, Mleccha – ‘Mleccha deshe mukham utpattirasya’ – Its origin is
from Mleccha Desha (Afganisthan).
Munipittalam – Used by Munis.
Naktam – It means ‘Ratri’.
Shulba – For Yajna Karma the Jala is kept in Tamra Patra.
Trayambhakam – Means ‘Ishwara’

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Drug Review
Table No. 7 – Showing the Synonyms of Tamra according to different authors.

36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47
Sl. No Name R. A. R. R. R.J A.P Ra Ra Dh. K. S.

K. K. Am T .N B. da Ni Ni Ni Ni
D P
1. Adambaram - - - - + - - - - - -
2. Ambakam - - - + + - - - - - +
3. Arka - - - + - - + - - - +
4. Arkestam + - - - - - - - - - -
5. Aravindadala prabham - - - - - - - - - + -
6. Aravindam + + - + - - - + - - +
7. Audumbaram - - - - + + - - - + +
8. Aunduvaram - - - - + - - - - - -
9. Bhaskaram - - - + - - + - - - -
10. Bhasura - - - - - - - - - - +
11. Brahmam - - - - - - - - - - -
12. Brahma Varchasam + - - - - - - - - - +
13. Brahma Vardhanam - - - - - - - - - - -
14. Dhwyashtha - - - - - - - - - - +
15. Dvistam - - - + + - + - - - +
16. Dwyastam - - - + - - + - - + -
17. Kamalahvam - - - - + - - - - - -
18. Kamyam + - - - - - - - - - -
19. Kaniyam - - - - - - - - - + -
20. Kaniyasam + - - - + - - - - - +
21. Karendugha - + - - - - - + - - -
22. Koniyasam - - - - - - - - - - -
23. Lohitapa - - - - - - - - - - +
24. Lohitayasam - - - + + - + - - - +
25. Markatasyam + - - - - - - - - - -
26. Mihiram - - - - - - - - - + -
27. Mleccham + - - - - - - - - - -
28. Mlecchamukham + + + - + + - + + + +
29. Mlecchavaktram - - - + - - + - - - -
30. Munipittalam - - - - + - - - - - +
31. Naktam - - - - - - + - - - -
32. Nepaliyam - - - + - - + - - + +

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Drug Review
33. Nepalakam - + - - - - - + - - -
34. Pavitrakam + - - - - - - - - - +
35. Rajivam - - - - + - - - - - -
36. Raktam - + - - - - - + + + +
37. Raktakam - - - + - - - - - - -
38. Raktadhatu - - - - - - - - - + -
39. Raktadhatukam + + - - + - - + + - -
40. Raktaloham - - - - - - - - - - -
41. Ratnadhatu - - - - - - - - - + -
42. Ravinamakam - - - - - - - - - + +
43. Ravipriyam - + - + + + + + - - +
44. Raviloham - + - - - - - + - - +
45. Ravisanjnaka - - + - - - - - - - +
46. Sarvadhatukam - - - - - - - - - + -
47. Sarvaloham + - - - - - - - - + +
48. Shavarabhedakhyam + - - - - - - - - - -
49. Sarvavarchsam - - - - - - - - - + -
50. Shulbam + + + + + + - - + + +
51. Shulla - - - - - - - - - - +
52. Shulvam - - - - - - + + - - -
53. Suryaangam - - - + - - + - - - -
54. Suryaloham - - - + - - + - - - -
55. Suryahva - - - - - - - - - - +
56. Suryaparyaya naama - - - - + + + - - - -
57. Suryakyam + - - - - - - - - - -
58. Suryestam - - - - + - - - - - -
59. Tamram + + + + + + + + + + +
60. Tamraka - - - - - - - - - - +
61. Tamrakam - - - + - - + - - - -
62. Tapanestam - + - - - - - + - - +
63. TapanestamTarani - - - + - - - - - - -
64. Trambhakam - - - - - - + - - - -
65. Trayambakam + + - + - - + + + + -
66. Twastram - - - + - - + - - - -
67. Udambaram - - - - + - - - - - +
68. Udumbaram + + + + - + + + + - +
69. Unduvaram - - - - + - - - - - -
70. Vayastam + - - - - - - - - - -
71. Varistam - - - - + - - - - - +

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Drug Review
Tamra Bheda and Lakshana -

The Rasa granthas have classified Tamra as follows -
Based on the Prapti Sthana48 -
9 Nepala Tamra
9 Mleccha/ Bangala Tamra/ Kedara Tamra
Based on the varna49 -
9 Rakta varna
9 Krishna varna
Nepala Tamra50,51,52 - It is considered as Uttama and Shresta. It has the following

Lakshana’s -
Susnigdha (Snigdha), Mradula (Komala), Shonavarna (Lohitam),
Ghanaghatasaha (Ghanakshama), Guru, Nirvikara, Madhura, Amala, Shuddhaakaram
(abundency), Japakusuma Sankasham, Lohanaga rahita, Nirmala.
Mleccha Tamra53,54 - It is considered as Hina. The Lakshanas are Shweta (Sita) –
Krishna - Aruna chaya, Khatora (Khatina), Ruksha, Atistabdha, Ghanasaham,
Lohanaga yuta, produces Vami, after Kshalana turns black.
Kedara Tamra55 – It is considered as Hina.
Rakta/ Ati Shona Tamra56 - is Uttama, Mrudu, Ghanaghatasaha, Snigdha, Rakta.
Krishna Tamra56 – Khatina
Grahya Tamra Lakshana57,58,59 –

Rasagranthas have considered Nepala Tamra as Shresta. The Grahya
Lakshanas as per various Rasa Granthas and Nighantu are as follows-
1. Japakusuma Sankasha – resembling the colour of red hibiscus flower.
2. Snigdha (Chikkana) – Slimy on touch
3. Mrudu – Soft metal, since it is malleable in nature.
4. Ghanakshama (Ghanaghata saha) – Malleable
5. Vimala (Shudda)
6. Sad Akarodbhavam
7. Loha naga rahita – It should not contain any Loha and Naga.
8. Tanu - thin
9. Bhange Karavira Kusuma Sankasham – On breaking it resembles Karaveera
Kusuma varna.
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Drug Review
10. Amlam cha vipakvam kathamapi hi na yati katubhavam – On heating amla dravya
in Tamra vessel, it does not attain katu bhava.
11. Nepala desha jatam pravarm – attained from Nepala desha.
12. Rakta patram – Rakta varna
In Kautilya Arthashastra60- Tamra is said to be Bharika, Snigdha, Mrudu, Prastara
dhatu, got from bhumi in various varna - Pingala, harita, patala, lohita.
Agrahya Tamra Lakshana61,62,63,64 – The Agrahya Lakshanas as per various Rasa

Granthas are as follows-
1. Sadala – with patra.
2. Pandura, Shona
3. Khatina - Hard
4. Laghu – light in weight.
5. Bhangura – easily breakable.
6. Samala – mixed with mala
7. Ghanaghata asaha – Which cannot withstand weight.
8. Krushna and Shweta
9. Ruksha - Dry
10. Sputhana Samyukta – which has cracks
Quantity of Tamra taken for Shodhana and Marana 65-

The quantity of Tamra should be at least 1 pala but not exceed 5 Pala as
explained by Shri Bhairava in Ananda.
Shodhana -
The metals available in nature are either in combination with undesired other
elements or in improper and non consumable forms. These forms are not suitable for
the human body. All modifications and developments in Rasasastra are for the
purpose of making these elements useful and body friendly. The two basic processes
adopted for this purpose are Shodhana and Marana.
Shodhana is the preliminary and most important procedure adopted by
Ayurvedic physicians to nullify the toxins from the metals, potentiate them to achieve
therapeutic excellence and to make them easily digestible, absorbable, incorporable in
the body.
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Drug Review
Shodhana process told in Rasa texts not only causes chemical purification but
it is a specific process of addition and separation which cases Physical, Chemical and
Biological changes in the metals.
Shodhana means ‘purification’. Although references regarding Shodhana are
available since the time of Charaka Samhita (1000 B.C. to 500 B.C.), this process has
been traced only after the development of Rasa Shastra (8th AD and later). In the
early days of Rasashastra, a number of processes were developed for purifying the
minerals/ metals to remove their toxicity. Inspite of several superior qualities of these
drugs, there is a drawback of high toxicity and little absorption capacity. The
Acharyas developed different Shodhana treatments for different types of drugs,
depending on the various physical and chemical characteristics of these drugs.
Shodhana is a process of removal of impurities from substances by using
different pharmaceutical processings of Swedana, Mardana etc for particular drugs.
This is explained as ‘Tadeva shodhanam karmam Dravya Dosha Nivaranam’ in
Dravya Guna Vijnyana text.
In Rasa Tarangini66 - Shodhana is defined as the process by which blemishes
are separated from the substance by various processing like grinding etc for specific
drugs.
In context of metals this process is grossly subdivided into two major categories.
1. Samanya Shodhana
2. Vishesha Shodhana
Importance of Shodhana
Physical Changes
1. Elimination of physical impurities
2. Reduction in Hardness
3. Increased brittleness – due to repeated heating and quenching.
4. Reduced particle size
Chemical Changes
1. Elimination of chemical impurities
2. Formation of chemical compounds e.g. During Red hot stage oxidation occurs
and oxides are formed.

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Drug Review
Biological changes
These physico-chemical changes ultimately increase bioavailability.
Reduction in particle size helps in absorption. Smoothness leads to non irritability and
all chemical changes makes metal body friendly and suitable for further proceeding.
Tamra Shodhana -
For Tamra, Astha Doshas67 are told in the Rasa granthas. In Dhanwantari
Nighantu68 it is further explained that Ashudda Tamra produces - Tanuta of the
Dhatus, Vividha Vyadhi, Kanti decreases, Kustha, Ruja, Vanti, Vireka, Ayughna,
Atitapa, Murcha, reduces Shukra Dhatu.
According to Rasamanjari, Bhrut Rasaraja sundara69 – Visha is not only said
as visha, but Tamra is also said to be visha as it has the Astha Dosha’s. In Rasa
grantha’s various Dosha’s of Tamra in body are explained –
Table No. 8 – Showing the Doshas of Tamra as per Various

Acharyas70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85
Doshas RK R R. R. R. AP/ R. BR R. R. R.J R R. A.
D Ch Am R. M BP T RS/ Sa R .N Sa B K
u S N R m a m
Pu Ka
Aruchi + - + - + + + - - - - + + -
Ayughnam - - - + - - - - - + + - - +
Balapaham - - - + - - - - - - + - - +
Bheda - - - + - - - - - - - - - +
Bhrama + + + + + + - - - + + + + +
Bhranti - - - - - - + + + + - - - -
Chitta tapa + - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Chitta santapa - - - - + - + - - - - + - -
Daha - + + + - + + - - - - - + +
Deha Nasha - - - - - - - - + - - - - -
Dhatu Kshaya + - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Dhatu pradushana - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
Gadotkleda - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
Jivadhyutikshaya + - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Kamala - - - - - - - - + - - - - -
Kandu - - - - - - - + - - - - - -

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Drug Review
Kantighnam - - - + - - - - - + + - - +
Klama + - - - - - - + - - - - - -
Kledana - - - - + + - - - - - + - -
Kushta + - - + - - - - + + + - - +
Medaha - + - - - - - - - - - - - -
Moha - + - + - - + - - - - - - +
Murccha + - + + + + - - - + + + + +
Reka - - + - - + - - + - - - + -
Ruk - - - - - - - - - + - - - +
Samastasdosha + - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Sarvadhatuha - - - - - - - - - + - - - -
Shosha + - - - - - + - - - - + - -
Shotha - - - + - - - - - - - - - -
Shramaja shosha + - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Shula - - - + - - - + - + + - - +
Sweda - - + - + + - - - - - - + -
Tapa + - - - - - - + + - - - - -
Unmada - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
Utkleda - + - + - - - - - - + - + +
Utklesha - - + - - - - - - + - - - -
Vami + - + - - + - - + - - - + -
Vanti - - - + + - + + - - + + - +
Vata Asra - - - - - - - - + - - - - -
Vidaha - - - - + - - - - - - + - -
Virechana - - - - - - - + - - - - - -
Viryahani - - - - - - - + - - + - - -
Viryanasha - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Viryapahatwa - - - + - - - - - - - - - -
Vishamaruja + - - - - - - - - - - - - -

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Drug Review
Samanya Shodhana –
This procedure is used as a general procedure for shodhana of all drugs of a
particular group.
According to Rasaratna Samuchchaya86, Rasendra Chintamani87 and Rasa
Ratnakara88 – the Swarnadi dhatus are heated and quenched 7 times in Taila,
Takra, Gomutra, Aranala and Kulatha Kwatha in order. In Rasadarpana89, Kulattha
Kwatha is replaced by Triphala Kwatha. In Rasamanjari90, the same media used
but there is an inter change in the sequence of Kulatha Kwatha and Kanjika.
Rasa Paddati91 - All the dhatus are heated and quenched in Takra, Kanjika,
Gomutra, Tila taila and Kulatha ambu for 21 times.
Sarngdhara Samhita92 and Rasajalanidhi93 - Swarna, Tara, Tamra Dhatus are
subjected to heat and quenched 3 times in Taila, Takra, Kanjika, Gomutra and
Kulattha kashaya.
Rasa Tarangini94 – Suchivedha patra of Loha are taken and heated on Agni till red
hot, snapana is done in Kanji, Takra, Kulatha kwatha, Gomutra, Tila taila. This
procedure is repeated 3 times in each media.
Rasa Tarangini94 and Rasendra Chintamani95 – The Lohas are heated and
nisechana done in Rambha mula jala. This procedure repeated 7 times.
Rasakaumudi96 - Loha and Pashana are heated, kshalana is repeated 7 times in the
following - Amla, Kshara, Raviksheera, Snuhidugdha, Dhattura swarasa, Chitraka
swarasa, Triphala swarasa, Gojala.
Bharatiya Rasashastra97 - The Swarnadi loha patra are heated and nishechana is
done 7 times in each orderly - Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanjika, Ravidugdha,
Kulatha kashaya, Jambira drava.
Vishesha Shodhana
It is used as a specific procedure for a particular drug material individually,
not for a group. It can be applied after Samanya Shodhana.
In the context of Tamra Shodhana, Ayurveda Prakasha98, says that after the
Samanya Shodhana in Taila, Takra etc, to remove the Dosha, Vishesha Shodhana is
done to enhance the property. Samanya Shodhana helps to remove the toxic
substances in the drugs which are harmful to body and Vishesha Shodhana helps to
remove the substances whose presence reduces the potency of the drug.

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Drug Review
For Tamra Shodhana, in Rasa Granthas there are various procedures

explained. Mainly Nirvapa and Pachana are explained. But in some contexts Puta is
also considered as method of Shodhana for Tamra.
Table No. 9 – Showing the Tamra Shodhana procedures according to different

Acharyas99 to128
Sl. Reference Drugs used for Lepana Procedure No.of
No Times/
Duration
1. Rasarnava 7/106 Snuhi Ksheera, Arka Agni Tapta - Nirgundi Rasa -
Ksheera, Lavana, Kshara, Dalana
Amla
2. R. Ra. 8/47 – 49 Snuhi Ksheera, ArkaKsheera, Pratapta - Nirgundi Rasa 12
Lavana, Kanji Sinchana
Khatika, Lavana, Takra, Tapta and Nirvapa - Kanji 6 in each

Aranala and Nirgundirasa
- Pachana in Gomutra 3yama
3. R. R. S. 5/49 ;R. J. N Ksharamla, Gairika Tapta (chagana agni) and 7

A. K. 2/4/9 Nikshepana - Mahishi Takra
4. R. R. S. 5/50; R. J. N Nimbu rasa and Sindhu Dhmapana and Kshepana – 8
Sauvira
5. R. R. S. 5/51; R. J. N; Nimbu rasa and Patu Tapita and Majjana – 8
A. K. Nirgundi rasa
6. R. R. S.; R. J. N; R. - Gomutra - Pachana 1 Yama
M.; Ra Sam; A. K
7. R. M. Lavana, Vajra Dugdha Santapya and Sinchana – 7
Nirgundi rasa
8. R. M. - Snuhi Ksheera, Arka 7
Ksheera
9. A. P; R. Pu 13/12-13 Snuhi Ksheera, ArkaKsheera, Pratapta and Samsechana – 3
Lavana Nirgundi rasa
10. Ra Sam Patu, Ravi Dugdha Agni Tapa and Sinchana – -
Nirgundi rasa
11. Ra Sam - Nilapushpa Swarasa – 1day
Swedana
12. Rasayana Sara - Puta for Tamra patra kept in 3
Surana Kanda

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Drug Review
13. R. Pu. 3/11 - Tapta – Sinchana in Taila, -

Takra
14. R. Pu. 3/15 - Agni tapta – Sinchana in -
Vajra and Arka dugdha
15. R. Pu. 3/16 Chincha, Patu Gomutra – Pachana for -
1yama
16. L. Sa. Mahishi Takra, Ghruta Tapta – Nikshepa in 7
Mahishi Takra
17. Ra. Sam. Ka – R.K.D Gomutra, Amla rasa Pachana – Dhruda agni 20times
Kshalana in Vari
18. R. T. 17/12 - Pratapta and Sinchana – -
Changerika dala rasa
19. R. T. 17/13 - Pachana in Sheetasaha 1 day
swarasa in Pithara Yantra
20. R. T. 17/14 - Swedana in Sindhu and -
Mandira vari
21. R. T. 17/15 Sindhu, Vajra paya - Lepana Pratapta and Sinchana – 7
Sindhuvara drava
22. R. T. 17/17 - Pachana in Gomutra 2 yama
23. R. T. 17/18 Kshara – amla lepana Pratapta and snapana - 7
Takra, Kulatha Kwatha
24. R. J. N. A. K. Snuhi, Arka ksheera, Lavana, Pratapta and Sechana– 12
Kanjika - Lepana Nirgundi rasa
Khatika, Lavana, Takra, Pratapta and Nisechana– 6
Aranala – Peshana and lepana Amlapistha/ Nirgundi rasa
25. R. Chi 6/10 Snuhi, Arka ksheera, Lavana, Pratapta and Sechana– 12
Kanjika - Lepana Nirgundi rasa
26. A. K. 2/4/18-19 - Tapta and Sechana - Tiktaka
rasa
Amla Takra Lepana Tapta and Sinchana - 3

Lavana yukta Kanjika
Rasayana Sara has considered 12 medias for Tamra Shodhana in which the
Agni tapta Tamra Nirvapana is to be done – Taila, Takra, Gomutra, Kanji,
Kulathambu, Amlika Kwatha, Nimbukambu, Kumarirasa, Surana rasa, Gopayas,
Narikela jala and Makshika for 7 times.129
If Surana Swarasa is not available then Shodhana is done by giving 3 putas to
the Tamra Patra in Surana Kanda129. If Narikela jala not available then Taila prepared
by heating and dipping Narikela patra in it for 3 times is used129.

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Drug Review
According to Bhrut Rasaraja sundara130, Rasendra Purana131, Rasendra

Sambhava132 the Astha Dosha Nivarana can be done by the Shodhana of tamra in
various media as follows –
Table No. 10 - Showing the Vishesha Shodhana for the Shamana of Astha
Doshas of Tamra
Sl. No. Tamra Dosha Media for Shodhana
1. Bhranti Kanji, Kulatha
2. Kandu Dugdha, Grutha
3. Klama Vajri dugdha, Godugdha
4. Rechana Surana, Mastu toya
5. Shula Kanya, Kashrishitoya
6. Taapa Tintini, Nimbu rasa
7. Vanti Taila, Takra, Dhenumutra
8. Virya hani Kshaudra, Draksharasa
Special Procedures –
According to Ananda Kanda133 -
Tamra Patra is placed in Kumari patra and Puta is given to get Pandura varna
Tamra patra.
Marana –
Development of Rasashastra (Ayurvedic Pharmaceutics) in the field of
Ayurveda found the use of formulations of metals and mineral origin in Ayurvedic
therapeutics in the form of Bhasmas. Different types of metals, minerals and gems
need to under go a processing called Marana.
According to Shabdakalpa Dhruma, Marana is defined as “Maryante iti
Marana” which means “Killing of a substance.” It is said that the Shodhita Lohadi
dhatu’s are subjected to processing with Swarasadi, followed by Agni samyoga and
Bhasama is produced. This procedure is called Marana.
The main aim of Marana is to convert the drug into a form which is made
available to the body without any harm, to bring out the Atyanta Sukshmatva i.e.,
finest form of Bhasma and to bring Guna Vishishtatva.

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Drug Review
After processing with Swarasadi dravyas, the Chakrikas are prepared and
dried, sealed in Samputa. This set up is cooked in specially designed fire place called
Puta. For the conversion of the metals into compound forms suitable to be absorbed
by the biological system and to show their desired therapeutic effect without
producing any harmful toxic effects temprature plays a very important role.
Tamra Marana
Tamra Marana is a procedure explained in our Rasa Granthas by various
Acharyas with difference of opinion. The quantity of Tamra, other drugs used in
Marana, their quantity, drava dravya used for mardana, fuel used, number and type of
Puta all these have a difference of opinion as per Acharyas.
In Bhrut Rasa raja Sundara134 and Rasendra Chintamani135– For Tamra
Marana if Parada is not used then ‘Pumaniha udarenasya kitaani jayante’ means krimi
is produced in udara.
The drugs used in the following procedures are taken after the Shodhana
procedure.
Table No. 11 - Showing the Various procedures for Tamra Marana as per
various Acharyas136 to 171
Sl. Drugs used Dravya Means of Agni Reference

No
1. Tamra and Gandhaka - Bhavana -Kanji 1 Gajaputa
equal part R. Ra 8/51 -53
1/4th Gandhaka Jambhira rasa/ Kanji/ 4 Gajaputa’s

Mrugadurvai rasa
1/4th Gandhaka Matulunga rasa 1 Gajaputa

2. Tamra and Gandhaka - Bhavana -
equal part and Sharkara Jambhira rasa 3 Gajaputa’s R. Ra 8/54
3. Tamra and Gandhaka 2p Bhavana -

1/7th Gandhaka from 2nd Pashanabheda and 7 Gajaputa’s R. Ra 8/55 -56
Puta Matsyakshi Drava
4. Tamra – 1 part Bhavana – 1 Gajaputa

Parada - 2parts Jambhira rasa (Gandhaka and R. Ra 8/57-59

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Drug Review
Dhattura patra used as

media inside Musha)
5. Tamra - 1 Puta
Parada and Gandhaka (Gandhaka used as R. Ra 8/60-61
media inside Musha)
6. Shulba Patra, Lepana - Jambhira Rasa 3 Putas R. R. S. 5/53

Parada and Gandhaka R. M. 5/29-34
R. J. N
7. Arka patra and Haratala Nimbu rasa Puta R. J. N.
8. Gandhaka and Tamra – Amla pistha lepana 1 Puta R. J. N.
equal parts
Gandhaka – ¼ part Jambira/ Aranala mardana 4Puta
Matulunga rasa pistva 1 Puta
9. Tamra – 1 Part Jambira amla mardana 3 Puta R. J. N.
Suta – 2 parts
Sita/ Sharkara
10. Gandhaka – 2 parts Pashana bhedi and Gajaputa R. J. N.
Tamra patra Matsyakshi drava –
lepana
Gandhaka – 1/7 part Pashana bhedi and 7 Putas
Matsyakshi drava –
lepana
11. Tamra patra Tilaparni Lepana Puta Br.R.R.Su
Ra.Sam2/276
Ra. Pu. 13/20
R. J. N.
12. Tamra patra – 1part Dughdikambu lepana Puta Br.R.R.Su
Parada – ½ part Ra.Sam2/277
Gandhaka – 2 parts Ra. Pu. 13/21
R. J. N.
13. Tamra dala – 1 part Kumari mardana Puta Ra.Sam2/281-
Parada – 1 part 282
Gandhaka – 1 part
Manashila – ¼ part
Haratala – 1/8 part
14. Tamra Patra – 1part Changeri Swarasa – 3 Puta R.T.17/23-24
Parada – ¼ part mardana
Gandhaka – 1part

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15. Tamra dala – 1part Nimbu drava and kajjali – 3 Puta R.T.17/25
Eshwara – 1 part Pisthi lepana
Gandhaka – 1 part
16. Tamra Patra – 1part Mardana – Samputa Ahoratri Pachana done R. T. 17/26-29
Gandhaka – 2 parts prepared on Valuka Yantra
Gandhaka – equal to Mardana 3 puta

Tamra obtained
17. Tamra – 1 part Kajjali prepared and Puta given till bhasma R. T. 17/ 30-31
Parada – 1 part remaining ingrediants formed
Gandhaka – 1 part mardana done in kanya
Manashila – ¼ part drava and dried
Haratala – 1/8 part
18. Tamra patra - 1part Lepana with Amla pistha Andha Musha - Puta R. Chi. 6/31-33
Gandhaka - 1 part A. K. 2/4/22-24
Gandhaka - ¼ part Lepana with Amlapistha 4 putas
- Matulunga Swarasa 1 puta
Sita/ Sharkara - 1 puta
19. Tamra patra Mardana in Jambhira Puta - till Vanti etc does R.Chi.6/42
Gandhaka Swarasa till Panka is not occur.
Saindhava formed
20. Tamra Patra and Shu. Lepana with Nimbu rasa 7 Puta A. K. 2/4/20
Gandhaka - equal parts
21. Gandhaka – 2 parts Pashana bhedi and Gajaputa A. K. 2/4/25-26
Tamra patra Matsyakshi drava lepana
Gandhaka – equal parts Pashana bhedi and 7 Putas
Matsyakshi drava – lepa
22. Tamra and Gandhaka - Bhavana -Amla rasa 1 Yama Paka on
2parts chullika in Bhanda R. Ra 8/62-63
23. Parada - 1part - 4 Yama Pachana in
Gandhaka - 2parts Sthali on Lavanayantra R. Ra 8/64-66
Shudda Tamra- 3parts
24. Tamra Arka-Vata kshira, patra - Puta Sha. Sam.
Gandhaka - equal parts Nirgundi and Kshirika 2/11/27
25. Tamra Patra Gomutrapachana 5yama R. R. S. 5/56-
Parada - 1part Amlaparni rasa lepana In Bhanda Agni given 57
Gandhaka -2parts for 1yama R. J. N.
26. Parada – 1 part Kanya rasa Pluta Kept in bhanda – R. J. N.
Tamra patra – 2 parts Lavana yantra – 4 yama
Gandhaka – 2 parts

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27. Parada - 1part Mardana – Kanya – Sthali kept on Chullika R. M. 5/29-31

Gandhaka -2parts 1yama. for 4 yama. A. K.2/4/33-35
28. Tamra Patra – 1 part Lepana with Changeri 1 yama Pachana in R. M. 5/29-32-
Parada – ¼ part patra Kalka Bhanda 33
Gandhaka -2parts A. Ka.2/4/30-
32
29. Tamra patra – 5Pala Nimbu rasa mardana – Kupipakwa method – 8 Br. R.R.Su.
Parada – 2 ½ Pala 3days yama Ra. Pu. 13/16-
Gandhaka – equal to 19
Tamra
30. Tamra – 1part Mardana – 2yama, Kajjali and Lepita tamra
Suta – ¼ part Kanyarasa – lepana in Handika, covered by
Gandhaka – 1 part sharava, placed in
lavana/ bhasma – A.P.3/129-133
dhrudagni – 4 yama.
Amlarasa mardana 3 gajaputa in surana
31. Tamra patra – 1 part Kanya mardana for 2 Sthali Samputa – paka Ra.Sam2/278-
Parada – 2 parts yama on Chullika for 4 yama 280
Gandhaka – 1 part
32. Tamra Patra, Parada, Kumari Swarasa – Puta in Lavana Yantra R. T. 17/ 32-33
Gandhaka – 1part each Mardana and dried for Dinardha
33. Tamra Dala – 1 part Jamvambu Pisthi – Lepa In Bhanda, Tintini twak R. P.
Parada – ¼ part bhasma and lipta Arka
Gandhaka – 1part patra is kept at the
centre.
34. Tamra patra – 3 parts Amla Salila lepa Samputa prepared and R. P.
Gandhaka – 1part kept inside bhanda and
Haratala – 1 part Agni given.
Manashila – 1 part
35. Tamra patra - 1part Kajjali prepared. with Placed in handika R. Chi. 6/34-37
Parada - ¼ part Kanya rasa lepana and covered with remaining
Gandhaka - 1part dried. Kajjali. Druda agni
pachana for 4 yama
36. Tamra patra Lakucha drava Lepana 1 yama paka in Sthali A. K.2/4/46
Gandhaka
37. Tamra patra Bhavana in Mandara Placed in Haratala patra Rasayana sara
payasa for 3 times in a sumputa. Mandagni
for 3 prahara on
chullika - Varaha Puta.

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Drug Review
Special Procedures – Other than the above methods of Tamra Bhasma preparation in
Rasagranthas there is explaination of various other methods which are explained
below.
Bhrut Rasaraja Sundara172 and Rasajalanidhi 173– Atapa marana
• Shudda Parada and Shudda Gandhaka are taken Mardana is done to get
Kajjali.
• ½ part Kajjali is taken and Lepana is done on 2 parts of Tamra patra.
• Marana is done by keeping in Atapa.
Rasayana Sara174 – Kupi pakwa method

• Shudda Tamra Patra is made into small pieces.
• Equal amount of Hingulaottha rasa and ½ part Nimbu neera is added –
Mardana done for 3 Prahara. In the evening Prakshalana is done with Jala till
all the Amlata is removed. This is done for 3days.
• To this equal amount of Shudda Gandhaka is added, Mardana is done to get
Kajjali. It is filled in a Kupi and paka done in Kupi pakwa method as in
Rasasindura.
Rasayana Sara175 - Handika Method

• Shudda Tamra Patra and Shudda Gandhaka taken equal in quantity. It is
spread inside a Handika in alternate layers.
• A Sharava with a hole in it allowing a Badari Phala through it is inverted on
the Handika and Sandhibandhana is done with Mrut, Bhasma and Sindhu for 7
times.
• Kramagni is given for 4 yama. After Swanga sheeta Tamra Bhasma is
collected.
Ayurveda Prakasha176 – Pachana on Chullika method

• Sukshma Tamra Patra Swedana is done in Amla rasa for 3 days.
• ¼ part of Parada is added and for 1 yama mardana done in Amla rasa. The
patra is smeared with 2 parts Gandhaka and golaka is prepared.

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• A pisti of Minakshi/ Changeri/ Punarnava is applied on the golaka 2 Angula

thickness. It is placed in a Bhanda and covered by a sharava, sandhibandhana
with Vibhuti, lavana and ambu is done.
• Pachana is done on chullika with Kramagni for 4 Yama. After swanga sheeta
it is removed and mardana done with Surana drava for 1yama.
• Golaka prepared, placed in Surana kand, mrut lepana done - Gajaputa given.
Rasa Tarangini177 – Urdhwa Patana Method

• Shudda Tamra and Shudda Hingula is subjected to mardana in Lunga neera.
The Pisthi is dried in sunlight. The churna is subjected to Urdhwapatana
Method.
• In the above patra Hingulotta parada is got and at the base Tamra churna is
got. This is repeated for 3 times.
• Then the Tamra is mixed with equal amount of Shudda Gandhaka and
mardana done. Subjected to 3 putas. Attains quality of Amrutikarana.
Rasaprakasha Sudhakara178 – Kukkuta puta and sthali method

• Tamra Patra is kept inside Kanya Patra and subjected to Kukkuta Puta. Parada
and Gandhaka taken Pisthi prepared. Mardana is done in Nimbu Swarasa and
this is applied to the Tamra Patra.
• It is placed in a sthali and pachana is done for 4 yamas. The 5 doshas of Tamra
are eliminated.
Rasaprakasha Sudhakara179
• Tamra Patra, Shudda Parada and Shudda Gandhaka – equal parts. Shudda Tala
half part of Parada and Shudda Shila half to that of Tala. Kajjali is prepared.
• The Kajjali and Tamra Patra are placed in the sharava in alternate layers and
samputa is prepared. Pachana is done for 1 yama in Gharba yantra. After
swanga sheeta it is taken in Khalwa and churna is prepared.

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• Tamra Patra, Shudda Parada and Shudda Gandhaka – equal parts. Shudda Tala
½ part of Parada and Shudda Shila ½ to that of Tala. Kajjali is prepared,
mardana with Nimbu Swarasa – Lepana to the Tamra patra.
• Kalka of Langali, Chitraka, Vyosha, Taalamuli, Karanjaka, Vatsanabha,
Shmyaka, Ativisha, Saindhava - 1 part each is prepared. The patra is kept in
the kalka and Mrut lepana is done. Pachana is done for 7 days.
• Shudda Tamra and Shudda Gandhaka – equal parts. ½ of the Gandhaka churna
is placed in a Sthali, on which Tamra patra is placed, again covered by
remaining Gandhaka.
• Purna Ghati is inverted on the Sthali and Sandhibandhana is done using
Saindhava and Mrut. 3 yama agni is given on Chullika. After swanga sheeta,
churna prepared – Galana through Vastra.
Rasajalanidhi182
• Shudda Tamra – 1part, Shudda Suta – 2 parts (Acc. Ananda Kanda - 3parts
of Shudda Suta) are taken and mardana done with Jambira swarasa. In a
Musha Dhatura patra is placed, on that the amalgamated tamra patra is
placed on which 1 part Shudda gandhaka is spread.
• Again Parada and jambira rasa lipta Tamra patra is placed and covered with
dhattura patra. Gajaputa is given.
Rasapaddati183
• Lepana of Trikshara, Patu, Snuhi and Arka ksheera, Amla gana drava for
Tamra patra. Dhamana is done and Nirvapana in Nirgundi rasa. This
procedure repeated for 10 times.
• Sukshma churna of Tamra patra is prepared and mardana in Trigavya [dugdha,
dadhi, ghruta] Puta is given.

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Drug Review
Rasapradipa184
• Swedana of Tamra patra in Amla rasa for 3 vasara. Taken in a Khalva with ¼
part of Suta and mardana done for 1 yama in Amla rasa. Patra is smeared with
2 parts of Gandhaka with Amla rasa and Golaka is prepared.
• A Kalka of Minakshi, Changeri and Punarnava of 1 angula thickness is
applied to the Golaka. The Golaka is placed in a Bhanda, filled with valuka,
covered with Sharava. Mudra is done with Vibhuti, Lavana and Ambu.
• Pachana is done on chullika imparting Kramagni for 4 Yama. After swanga
sheeta it is removed, mardana is done with Surana drava for 1 day, golaka is
prepared and lepa is done with ½ part of Gandhaka with grutha.
• It is kept in Musha and Gajaputa is given. This Tamra is considered Shubha
and does not cause Vanti, Bhranti, Klama and Murcha.
Ananda Kanda185
• Jirna Tamra, Vanga, Kamsya, Naga, Tikshna loha, Pittala and Kanta loha all
are taken equal parts. Dhamana is done using Vankanala in a Musha untill
only Tamra remains.
• The Tamra Dalana is done in Nirgundi Swarasa. The Dhamana is repeated as
above and Prativapa of Nirgundi mula churna is done for 7 times.
• 2parts Gandhaka, 1/3 part Parada/ Hingula mardana is done for 3 days in
Bijapura/ Jambhira/ Lakucha swarasa and Vatika of Tamra churna is prepared,
dried. It is placed in a Bhanda.
• A Bhanda is inverted on this pot and sealed with Mrut patta. On the upper pot
a mrut katori placed, sealed and water is filled in the Katori.
• The lower pot placed on Chullika and Kramagni given for 6 days. The Tamra
Bhasma gets collected in the lower pot and Mruta suta in upper pot.
Rasayana Sara186 - Nalika Damura Yantra Method

• Shudda Parada 3 parts, Gandhaka 3 parts are taken Kajjali prepared. It is kept
in a Nanda and another Nanda with a hole is inverted on the 1st one. Vitasti
mana Nalika is passed through the Chidra and suspended in the lower pot. The
Rasa sindura formed wil adhere to this Nalika.

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Drug Review
• Sandhibandhana is done with Niryasa of Tula, thread, Loha Bhasma, Mrut,

Kalka is prepared. Placed on a Vishala chullika and Kramagni is imparted.
Loha Shalaka is inserted through the hole. When the Kajjali does not adhere to
it the apparatus is removed and kept on Kosthi. Agni given for Ahoratri.
• The mouth is sealed with wet cloth and when gets dried up it is replaced so
that the parada does not escape. In the upper pot Sindura Bhasma is collected
and lower one Tamra Bhasma is formed.
Rasayana sara187
• Shudda Parada 1 part and Shudda Gandhaka 2 parts - Kajjali prepared and
placed in a Handika. It is covered with a Tamra Pidhana and Sandhibandhana
is done 7 times with Bhasma, Mrut and lavana; dried in Atapa. Kept on
Chullika and Kramagni given for Ahoratri.
• After Swanga sheeta Sindura sadrusha suta and Tamra Bhasma is obtained.
Both are taken and used.
Rasayana sara188
• Musha is prepared with Tamra patra and Shodhana is done by heating -
dipping in Taila, Takra, Gomutra and Surana rasa for 7 times. Shudda Parada
1 part and Shudda Gandhaka 2 parts taken, Kajjali prepared. Mardana is done
in Nimbu nira / Shrungavera rasa.
• The kajjali is filled in the Tamra musha and covered with another tamra
musha, Mudra is done with Mrut patta for 20 times and dried. It is placed in a
Handika filled with Lavana. Pachana is done on chullika for ahoratri. After
Swanga Sheeta the Tamra Musha becomes Bhasma is called Shulebha keshari.

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Drug Review
TAMRA AMRUTHIKARANA
Amruthikarana literally means ‘changing into nector’. In Rasa Tarangini189, it

is explained after the Marana of Lohadi, a special Samskara is followed to remove the
Shista doshas from the Mruta loha. This procedure is coined the term Amruthikarana.
Amruthikarana is the procedure followed mainly for Abhraka, Swarna Makshika,
Loha and Tamra. Amruthikarana not only helps to remove the toxicity but also
overcomes the Vanti, Bhrantiadi Dosha. It also brings about the Guna Vruddi in the
Bhasma.
Copper is strongly poisonous. If it is not properly purified and if it’s Bhasma

is not prepared properly, then it is likely to cause several complications like vomiting,
giddiness and burning sensation. Therefore, before internal administration, it should
be ensure that it is free from toxicity. As a precautionary measure, a special method is
prescribed for processing the bhasma called Amrithikarana.
Tamra if administered internally without subjecting to Amruthikarana after

Marana produces the Astha dosha which are ashu like visha. Hence for the Nivrutti of
Tamra Astha dosha, Amruthikarana is to be followed.
Various Amrithikarana procedures explained in the Rasa Granthas are as follows.
According to Rasaratnakara190 - Rasakhanda - 8th Upadesha 63-64 and Rasaratna

Samuchchaya191 -
Ingredients - Mruta Tamra
Mardana in Amla rasa.
Procedure -
9 Gola of the above drugs is made and kept in Surana Kanda.
9 After Shoshana Gajaputa is given.

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Drug Review
According to Rasendra Sambhava192

Ingredients - Mruta Tamra
Amla pista
Procedure -
9 Mardana is done. A bolus is prepared and dried properly.
9 Placed in the Surana kanda, it is covered with Multani mitti and dried. Puta is
given.
9 Similarly the procedure is followed with Panchamrita (Shunti, Musal, Giloya,
Shatavari, Gokharu) as mardana media and 3 Putas given.
According to Rasayana Sara193

Ingredients - Panchamrita Kwatha – Shunti, Giloya, Shweta Musali, Shatavari,
Gokharu
Tamra Bhasma
Procedure -
9 Mardana is done in the Kwatha. Chakrika is prepared, dried.
9 Gaja Puta is given.
According to Rasa Tarangini194 17/37-39

Ingredients - Mruta Tamra - 1 Part
Shudha Gandhaka - ½ Part
9 Sampeshana is done with Panchamruta. Chakrikas made and dried.
9 3 Gajaputas are to be given.
Rasa Tarangini195 17/40-42

Ingredients - Mruta Tamra - 1 Part
Shudha Gandhaka - ½ Part
Procedure -
9 Taken along with Nimbu Swarasa in Khalwa yantra and Mardana done for 1
yama. A bolus is prepared and dried properly.
9 Placed in the Surana kanda, it is covered with Multani mitti and dried. This set
up is subjected to Gajaputa.

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Drug Review
Rasa Tarangini196 17/43-44

9 Tamra bhasma is given Bhavana with Kumari Swarasa. Chakrikas are made
and dried
9 Treated with Gajaputa. The process is repeated for 7 times.
Rasamritam197
9 Tamra bhasma bhavana with Nimbu Swarasa and Golaka is prepared.
9 It is filled in the garbha of Surana and subjected to Gajaputa for 3 times.
According to Rasajalanidhi198
9 Shodhita Tamra Bhasma is subjected to Amla rasa mardana. Gola is prepared,
kept in Surana kanda and mrut lepana is done.After drying Gajaputa is given.
According to Bharatiya Rasa paddati199

9 Tamra Bhasma is given Bhavana with Nimbu swarasa. Bolous is made and
kept in Surana Kanda. Paka done in Gomutra, Gorvara, Godugdha, Godadhi,
Gogrutha.
According to Rasendra Chintamani200 6/41

9 Tamra Bhasma mardana with Amla pistha, kept in Surana Kanda, Mrut
lepana done.
9 Panchamruta can also be used. 3 Bhrut putas are given.
According to Ananda Kanda201

9 Nanavidha Marita Tamra 5parts, Shweta Kacha 1part, Shweta Tankana 1part
are taken together taken in a musha.
9 1 part Abhraka patra is placed on it. Tivra Dhamana is done and Grahana is
done after Swangasheetala.
According to Rasayana Sara202 if bhasma is not prepared properly, i.e., if Shodhana
of tamra is not done correctly then the Tamra Bhasma is heated and nirvapana done
in Gomutra for 21 times.

Page 38
Drug Review
Colour of Tamra Bhasma

It is explained in Bhrut rasaraja Sundara203 and Rasendra Sambhava204 that
Tamra Bhasma has Shubra/ Shweta varna.
In Bharatiya Rasashastra205 - Atasi Pushpa Sankasha is mentioned.
According to Yogaratnakara Krushna Varna is explained for Tamra Bhasma.
Tamra Bhasma Pariksha

The lakshanas for Tamra bhasma explained in Ayurveda Prakasha206, Bhrut Rasaraja
Sundara207 and Rasendra Purana208 are as follows –
Barhi kantha chavi nibham – Colour of Mayura Khanta.
Pishtam churnatvam ayati - On pounding Churna is formed.
Sarasam chet sachandrikam – That which is prepared with Parada has
Chandrika.
According to Rasamritam209, Amla pariksha is told for Tamra Bhasma as follows –

A pinch of Tamra Bhasma is put into a glass container with Nimbu rasa and
kept for 24 hours. There should not be any greenish colour change. Then the Tamra
Bhasma is considered to have attained the Samyak Lakshanas.
Guna - Karma of Tamra Bhasma – In our Rasagranths there is refrence regarding

the Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka, Karma and its Rogagnata which is delt below.

Page 39
Drug Review
Table no. 12 Showing the Guna Karma of Tamra Bhasma as per various
Acharyas210 to 224
R.Ch R R R L A R RJ R. K. R A
u; R K M S P; T. N N; Ni C K
Rasa panchaka RRS a D a B S. hi
P Ni
Madhura - + + + + + + + + + - -
Amla + - - + - + + + - + - -
Rasa
Tikta + - + + + + + + + + - +
Kashaya + + + + + + + + + + - +
Ushna + - + - - - + - - - - +
Veerya
Sheeta - + - + - + - + + + - -
Madhura + - - - - - - - - - - +
Vipaka
Katu - - - - + + + + + + - -
Hima - - - - + - - - - - - -
Laghu - - - - + + - + - + - -
Tikshna - + - - - - - - - - - -
Guna
Ushna - + - - - - - - - - - +
Sara - + + - - - - - - + - -
Snigdha - - - - - - + - - - - -
Bruhmana - - - - - + - + - - - -
Kshut kara + - - - - - - - - - - +
Lekhana + - + - + + + + - + + +
Netrya + - - - - - - - - - - +
Saraka - - - - - + + + - - - -
Karma Rasayana - + - + - - - - - - - -
Ropana - - - - + + - + - + - -
Vamaka + - - - - - - - - - - +
Virechaka + - - - - - - - - - - +
Vishodhana - - - - - - - - - - + -
Visha hara - - - - - - + - - - - +
Pitta
+ + - + + + + + + + - +
Doshagh Kapha hara
nata Vata kapha
- - + - - - - - - - + -
Hara

Page 40
Drug Review
Therapeutic Indications of Tamra Bhasma

Therapeutically Tamra Bhasma is used in Various diseases. The indications are listed
below.
Table No. 13 – Showing the Therapeutic indications of Tamra Bhasma

According to Various Classics. 225 to 244
R. R. R Ra. R. A R R D R K. R A. R.
Chu R K Sam/ M P J P N/ Ni Ni C K Sa.
Indications RRS a D Br.R. B N S. /S hi
R.S P Ni Ni
Ama dosha + - - - - - - - - - - - + -
Ama Shula - - - - - - - - - - - + - -
Amlapitta - - - - - + + - - - - - - -
Arsha - - - + + + + - - - + - - +
Arti - - - + - - - - - - - - - -
Atisara - - - + - - - - - - - - - +
Bheda - - - - - - - - + - - - - -
Bhrama - - - + - - - - + - - - - +
Daha - - - - - - - - + - - - - -
Durnama + + - - - - - - - - - - + -
Gara - - - - - + - - - - - - - -
Gudamaya - - + - - - - - + - - - - -
Gulma - - + + - - - - + + - + - +
Hikka - - - + - - - - - - - - - +
Hrudroga - - - - - - - + - - - + + -
Jwara + - + + - - - + - - - - + +
Jathara ruk - - - - - - - - - - - + + -
Kasa - - + - - + + + - - + - - +
Kayavyatha - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
Krimi - - + + - + + - - - - + - +
Kshaya roga + - + + - + + - - - - - + +
Kustha + + + + + + + - + - + + + +
Mandagni - + - - - - - - - - - - - +
Meda roga - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
Moha - - - + - - - - + - - - - +
Netra gada - - - - - - + - - - - - - -
Pandu roga + + + + - + + - + + + + + +
Parinama Shula - + + - + - - - - - - + - -
Pinasa - - - - - + + - - - - - - -

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Drug Review
Pleeha - - + + - - - - - - - + - +
Prameha - - - + - - - - - - - - - +
Ruk + - + - - - - - - - - - - +
Shiro vyadhi - - - + - - - - - - - - - -
Shopha - - - + - + - - + - - - - -
Shotha - - - - - - + - - - - - - +
Shula - - - + - + + + + + - - - -
Shwasa - - - + - + + + - - + - - +
Shwayathu - - - - - - - - - - + - - -
Sthoulya + - - - - - - - - - - + -
Tandra - - - + - - - - - - - - - +
Udara Roga + - + + - + + - + + - - + +
Utkleda - - - - - - - - + - - - - -
Vami - - - + - - - - - - - - - -
Vamana - - - - - - - - - - - - - +
Vibandha - - - - - - - - - + - - - -
Visha dosha + - - - - - + - - - - - + -
Yakrut dosha + - - - - - - - - - - - + -
Matra and Anupana –

Matra – ½ to 1 Ratti.
Table No. 14 – Showing the Matra, Anupana, Pathya, Aushadha sevana Kala,
Duration and effect of Tamra Bhasma According to Various
Classics245,246,247,248,249,250
Sl. Ref Matra Anupana – Pathya - Aushadha Duration Effect
No. Sevana Kala
1. Br.R.R.S. 1 Ratti Shalmali rasa, Grutha and Makshika. 6Masa Virya, Pusti,
Dugdha with Khanda Sharkara, Dipana, Dehadya,
Grutha anamlayukta Bhojana Divyadrusti
2. Br.R.R.S 1 Ratti Shalmali rasa, Grutha and Makshika. 6Masa Virya, Pusti, Kanti,
R. J. N Dugdha with Khanda Sharkara, Divyadrusti
anamla, Ajaya yukta Bhojana
3. R. J. N. 2Gunja Shrunga vera rasa - Sarva udara nasha
Prataha Kala
4. R. Pr. Su. 2Valla Madhu - Parinama Shula,
Method 2 Purvaanha Kala 8Shula, Udara,
Pandu, Shopha,

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Drug Review
Gulma, Pleeha,
Yakrut, Kshaya,
Agnisada, Meha,
Grahani.
5. R. Pr. Su. 1Valla Madhya, Aajya - Jara nasha, Mrutyu
Method 3 nasha
6. R. Pr. Su. 1Valla Pippali, Madhu - Kasa, Shwasa,
Method 4 Gulma, Prameha,
Sarvadosha,
Durnama, Grahani,
Rasayana
7. R. J. N. 1Valla Pippali, Madhu - Shwasa, Kasa,
Method 4 Kshaya, Pandu,
Agnimandya,
Aruchi, Gulma,
Pleeha, Yakrut,
Murcha, Shula,
Udara, Arsha,
Tridosha roga,
Rasayana
8. R. Chi. 6/67 24gunja - - -
9. A. K. 2Valla Based on Roga - Parinamashula,
Udara, Shula,
Pandu, Jwara,
Gulma, Pliha,
Yakrut, Kshaya,
Agnisadana, Meha,
Mulamaya, Dushta
grahani, Sarva
amaya.
10. A. K. 1Valla In Tambula patra. - Jwara, Shula,
Method 8 Gavya Takra, Shali. adhmana, Visha -
If Ativamana - Bhrusta Ikshu Danda Gara visha
rasa which is made Sheetala/ Bilva removed by
kwatha and sharkara. vamana.
If Ativirechana - Babula twak rasa and
Takra.

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Drug Review
Antidote –
According to Rasendra Sambhava251 and Bhrut Rasaraja Sundara252 the following
antidotes are explained for Dosha caused by Tamra Bhasma.
9 Munivrihi with sita for pana, Dhanyaka with sita.
In Rasayana sara253 the following is explained -
9 Shymakanna Sitayukta and Sitayukta Dhanyaka as pana for 3 days.

Page 44
Modern Review - Copper
MODERN REVIEW – COPPER
The discoveries and inventions in the late 18th to early 19th Centuries by
Ampere, Faraday, Ohm propelled copper into a new era. Demonstrating excellent
electrical conducting and heat transfer characteristics, copper played a pivotal role in
launching the Industrial Revolution. Homer, following the Greek practice of around
1000 B.C., called the metal Chalkos. This is why the Copper Age is also known as the
Chalcolithic Era. A thousand years later during the Early Christian Era, the words
"aes Cyprium" appeared in Roman writings about copper, because much of the metal
at the time came from Cyprus. The word "copper" is an Anglicized term of this Latin
phrase254.
Occurence254 -
Copper is available in 2 forms –
Native form
Ore form – copperpyrite, Copper glance.
Native/ pure copper rarely occurs in nature. It is extracted mainly 7 ores –
1.Oxides - Cuprite, tenorite
2.Sulphides - Chalcopyrite, copper pyrite, chalcocite, copper glance
3.Grey copper - Tetrahedrite, tennantite famatinite, enargite
4.Sulphate - Chalcanthite
5.Carbonates - Malachite, azurite
6.Silicates - Chrysocolla, dioptase
7.Chlorides – Atacamite
Availability255 –
World’s copper is obtained from the mountain ranges from Alaska to South
America. 1/7th is mined from U.S.A. and 1/10th from Canada. Ore form is available in
countries like North America, Russia, Australia, Peru, Mexico, China, Germany etc.
Bihar is leading producer in India. It is available in districts - Singhbhum,
Hajaribagh in Bihar, Alwar, Jaipur in Rajasthan, Bhutan, Singbhoom, Nellor.

Page 45
Appearance-
Copper has reddish, orangish, or brownish colour as a thin layer of tarnish -
oxides gradually forms on its surface when gases - oxygen in the air react. Pure
copper, freshly got is pinkish or peachy metal. Copper has its characteristic color
because of its unique band structure. When copper is liquefied its surface without
ambient light appears greenish. When liquid copper is in bright ambient light, it
retains some of its pinkish luster. When copper is burnt in oxygen it gives off a black
oxide.
Copper is reddish brown in colour when its surface is seen under reflected
light; but in transmitted light it appears green. It is heavy, comparatively soft, but a
tough metal. It can be obtained in octahedral crystals.
Extraction of copper256 -
1) Large amount of copper are obtained from copper pyrite (CuFeS2) by smelting.
2) Ores containing 4% or more copper are treated by smelting process.
3) Very poor ores are treated by hydro-metallurgical process.
Extraction Of Copper By Smelting Process - Following steps are involved in the

extraction of copper.
1) Concentration
2) Roasting
3) Smelting
4) Bessemerization
¾ Concentration - The finely crushed ore is concentrated by Froth-Floatation

process. The finely crushed ore is suspended in water containing a little amount
of pine oil. A blast of air is passed through the suspension. The particles get
wetted by the oil and float as a froth which is skimmed. The gangue sinks to the
bottom.
¾ Roasting - The concentrated ore is then roasted in a furnace in the presence of a

current of air. Sulphur is oxidized to SO2 and impurities of arsenous, antimony
are removed as volatile oxides.

Page 46
The following reaction takes place.

2CuFeS2 + O2 ----- Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2
S + O2 ------ SO2
4As + 3O2 ------ As2O3
4Sb + 3O2 ------- 2Sb2O3
Cuprous sulphide and ferrous sulphide are further oxidized into their oxides.
2Cu2S + 3O2 ------ 2Cu2O + 2SO2
2FeS + 3O2 ------- 2FeO + 2SO2
¾ Smelting - The roasted ore is mixed with coke and silica (sand) SiO2 and is
introduced in to a blast furnace. The hot air is blasted and FeO is converted in to
ferrous silicate (FeSiO3).
FeO + SiO2 ------ FeSiO3
Cu2O + FeS ----- Cu2S + FeO
FeSiO3 (slag) floats over the molten matte of copper.
¾ Bessemerization - Copper metal is extracted from molten matte through

bessemerization.The matte is introduced in to Bessemer converter. The air is
blown through the molten matte. Blast of air converts Cu2S partly into Cu2O
which reacts with remaining Cu2S to give molten copper.
2Cu2S + 3O2 ------ 2Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu2O + Cu2S ------- 6Cu + SO2
The copper so obtained is called "Blister copper" because, as it solidifies, SO2
hidden in it escapes out producing blister on its surface.
Impurities In Blister Copper and their Effects

Blister copper is 99% pure. It contains impurities mainly iron but little amount
of As, Zn, Pb, Ag and Au may also be present. These impurities adversely affect the
electrical as well as mechanical properties of copper. Therefore, they must be
removed.

Page 47
Refining of Copper
Blister copper is refined by electrolysis. Blocks of blister copper are used as
anodes and thin sheets of pure copper act as cathodes. The cathode plates are coated
with graphite in order to remove depositing copper. The electrolyte is copper sulphate
(CuSO4) mixed with a little amount of H2SO4 to increase the electrical conductivity.
Optimum potential difference is 1.3 volt for this electrolytic process. During
electrolysis, pure copper is deposited on the cathode plates and impurities which are
soluble and fall to the bottom of the cell as anode mud or sludge.
Electrochemical Changes During Electrolysis

Cu è Cu+2 + 2e- (at the anode)
Cu+2 +2e-è Cu (at the cathode)
This electrically refined copper is 100% pure.
Copper Properties254
Physical Properties of Copper:
9 Malleable and Ductile
9 Excellent Electrical Conductor
9 Excellent Alloying Characteristics
9 Non-Magnetic
9 Resistant to Corrosion
9 Machinable
9 Formable
9 Excellent Heat Transfer Characteristics
9 Durable
9 Recyclable
Specific Properties of Copper:

9 Chemical Symbol - Cu
9 Atomic Number - 29
9 Atomic Weight - 63.54
9 Density - 8960 kg m(-3)
9 Melting Point – 1083oC
9 Specific gravity - 8.92
Page 48
9 Boiling point - 2325oC

9 Specific Heat at 293K - 0.383kJkg(-1)K(-1)
9 Thermal Conductivity - 394W m(-1) K(-1)
9 Electrical Conductivity (%International Annealed Copper Standard) - 100%
9 Electrical Resistivity - 1.673x10(-8) ohm-m
9 Crystal Structure - Face Centered Cubic
9 Co-efficient of thermal expansion - 16.6 X 10-6/0C at 200C
9 Latent heat of fusion - 45.7 – 50.46 cal/g
Copper in Human Body –

Adult human contains 100 to 150 mg of copper.
9 65mg in Muscles
9 23mg in Bones
9 18mg in Liver
Foetal liver contains 10 times more copper than that of adult liver. It occurs as
9 Erythrocuprein in Red blood cells contains 2 atoms of Copper molecule
9 Hepato cuprein in Liver
9 Cerebro cuprein in Brain
Source for Average Diet – 2 to 4mg/ day in the form of meat, shell fish, legumes,
nuts and cereals. Milk and milk products are poor source.
Absorption –
Primarily 32% of dietary copper is absorbed in duodenum.
Copper absorption is inhibited by – Phytate, Zinc, Cadmium, Silver, Mercury and
high amount of Vitamin.
An unidentified low molecular weight substance from human saliva and
gastric juice complexes with copper to keep it soluble at pH of intestinal fluid. In the
intestinal mucosal cells copper is associated with low molecular weight metal binding
protein called as metallo thionein.
After absorption, copper enters plasma where it is bound to amino acids
particularly histidine to serum albumin at a single stron binding site. In less than an
hour the circulatory copper is removed from circulation by liver.

Page 49
Role of liver in copper absorption

Liver processes absorbed copper through routes.
1. Copper excreted in bile into GI tract which is not reabsorbed. Copper
homeostasis is maintained almost exclusively by biliary excretion. The higher
the dose of copper the more it is excreted in feaces. Normally human urine
contains traces of copper.
2. Incorporation as an integral part of coeruloplasmin, a glycoprotein synthesized
exclusively by liver.
Serum copper is approximately 904g% and red blood cells contains 93 to 115
g/100ml. During pregnancy the level rises but remains constant during parturition.
Excretion – Normally, 85-95% of ingested copper is excreted in faeces and 15% in

urine.
Daily Requirement
Children and infants – 0.05mg of copper/kg body weight per day.
Adults – 2.5mg per day.
Functions257
1. Role in enzyme action: Copper forms integral part of certain enzymes such as –
Cytochrome oxidase, Tyrosinase, Monoamine oxidase(MAO), Lysyl oxidase,
Catalase, Ascorbic acid oxidase, Uricase and Super oxide dismustase. These
contain about 550mu gm of copper per gm of enzyme protein.
2. Role of copper in Iron Metabolism: Copper helps in the utilization of Iron for
Hb synthesis in the body. Caeruloplasmin a blue - copper protein complex of
blood plasma, functions as serum. Ferro oxidase catalyses the oxidation of
Ferrous to Ferric. This helps in the incorporation of Iron in transferin to
facilitate mobilization and utilization of Iron.
A yellow copper protein called serum ferro oxidase II or non
ceruplasmin ferro oxidase may also participate in the oxidation of Iron in human
plasma.
3. Role in maturation of Elastin: Copper helps to form insoluble elastin fibres by
cross linking proelastin chain through the oxidation of lysine side chains of the
later aldehydes.
Page 50
4. Role in bone and Myelin sheath of nerves: Copper has been reported to help
in formation of bones and myelin sheath.
5. Role in Haemocyanin: It’s a copper protein, functions as Hb in the storage and
transport of O2.
6. Copper releases energy in body, melanin production in skin and helps to
produce red blood cells.
Copper Deficiency Manifestation:

1. Loss of weight: Diet deficient – Loss – Sometimes fatal.
2. Bone disorder
3. Anaemia – Microlytic hypochromic anaemia due to erythropoiesis and
decrease in erythrocyte survival time, which cannot be corrected by
administration of Iron.
4. Copper deficiency turns hair grey, which is controlled by copper
administration.
5. Atropy of myocardium.
6. Skin sores, loss of taste, labored breathing, Immune system defect, slow
wound healing.
Genetic Abnormalities Linked to Copper258

When the proteins involved in the adsorption and distribution of copper are
not present in the human body in sufficient quantity, copper builds up in the liver
leading to Wilson's Disease or there will be body failure to absorb copper leading to
Menkes Disease.
Wilson's disease can be managed by therapies that involve administering a
chelator to the patient. The chelator binds the copper and enables the patient to
excrete excess copper accumulated in the liver.
The protein produced by the Menkes gene is responsible for balancing the
intake and excretion of copper. A deficiency of this protein causes copper to remain
trapped in the lining of the small intestine, resulting in copper-dependent enzyme mal
functioning in the body. The consequences occur as coarse, brittle, depigmented hair
and other neonatal problems.
Idopathic Copper Toxicosis (ICT), the third genetic copper metabolic disease,
was recognized in the early 20th century primarily in the Tyrolean region of Austria
Page 51
and in Pune. ICT appears to be vanishing as a result of greater genetic diversity within
these populations and educational programs to ensure that tinned cooking utensils are
used. Only occasional spontaneous cases of ICT arise today.
Copper in Blood
High copper levels in the blood should no longer be a cause of alarm,
according to a recent study in the British Journal of Nutrition258.
Scientists have long mistakenly believed that high copper levels in the blood
indicate high copper levels in the body. Current research now shows that unlike most
metals, high levels of copper in the blood are completely independent of copper levels
in the body.
For example the blood level of lead, is an indicator of whether or not there is
risk of lead-toxicity. By contrast, elevated blood copper level does not indicate if
there is risk of toxicity from high copper levels in the body.
This mistaken belief has often incorrectly implicated copper in pathological
conditions ranging from Alzheimer’s disease to premature death from heart disease.
Now it is known that copper in the body is a good indicator of an active immune-
defence. For example, during a cold or flu, copper blood levels will triple, although if
no more or no less copper in the body.
Copper plays a vital role in human health and is needed for a wide range of
biological processes, including maintaining a healthy heart, liver, bone strength and
brain development. In fact, for a variety of biochemical processes in the body to
operate normally, copper must be a part of our diet. Too little copper in the body can
actually lead to disease.259
Signs of Toxicity
Brain stimulation, Insomnia, Irritability, Alienation, Anger, Paranoia,
Aggressiveness, Depression, Hyperactivity in children, Autism, Stuttering, Brittle
hair, Premenstrual tension

Page 52
Samanya Shodhana – Tamra
PHARMACEUTICAL STUDY
In this study the Pharmaceutical section includes the following steps -

1. Samanya and Vishesha Shodhana of Tamra as per the reference quoted in
Rasaratnasamucchaya.
2. Preparation of Tamra Bhasma will be carried out as per Rasa Ratna
Samucchayya.
3. Three different procedures of Tamra Bhasma Amruthikarana as explained in
Rasa Tarangini and one procedure as explained in Rasamritham3 will be
carried out.
All the above practicals were carried out at SDM Practical Lab.
Practical No. 1
Name of the Practical – Preparation of Takra. 260

Reference - Su. Su. 45/85
Date of starting: 18/07/09
Date of completion: 18/07/09
Materials required:
9 Dadhi - 9 litres
9 Water - 1.5 litres
Apparatus required -
9 Churner, Porcelain container, measuring glass.
Procedure -
- Dadhi was taken and to it 1.5 litres of water was added.
- It was churned well and butter was separated.
Observation -
Initially on churning bubbles appeared on the surface of the dadhi and after
120 minutes of churning butter got collected on the surface.

Page 53
Precautions -
- Churning done in a clean porcelain container.
Result -
1. Duration for churning - 120 minutes.
2. Total Takra – 10 ½ litres
3. pH of Takra - 4 (Acidic)
Physical Examination -
- Colour - White
- Taste - Amla Madhura
- Smell - Sour smell
- Consistency – Thick liquid
Practical No. 2 –
Name of the Practical – Preparation of Aranala261

Reference - Bhaishajya Ratnavali 4/52-53
Materials required:
9 Rice - 1 Kg.
9 Radish - 250g
9 Water - 14 litres
9 Vessel, Gas stove, Spoon, cloth, measuring jar.
Procedure -
- 14 litres of water taken in a clean vessel and kept for boiling.
- When it started to boil the washed rice and sliced radish were added to it.
- When the rice and radish got cooked properly the boiling stopped, kept for
cooling.
- Then it was put into a plastic container and covered properly.
Page 54
- It was kept till the Amla gandha was perceived.

- Then the rice and radish were macerated properly, then filtration done to get
Kanji.
Precautions -
- Clean containers were used for preparation and fermentation.
- The rice - radish were washed and cleaned properly.
- The Sandhana was done properly when kept for fermentation.
Observations -
Initial pH of water - 7 (Neutral)
Watery consistency along with rice, turned thick at the end of fermentation
process. On filtration the consistency was thin.
It took 12 days for the preparation.
Table No. 15 – Showing the observations of Kanji preparation, its pH and

observations.
Preparation of Kanji - pH and observations

Date pH Observations
19/07/2009 6.5 No Change
20/07/2009 6.5 No change
22/07/2009 6 Fermentation started, appearance of bubbles on
surface, change in odour
24/07/2009 5.5 Increase in the density of bubbles
26/07/2009 4.5 Thick consistency
28/07/2009 3.5 Bubbles density decreased
30/07/2009 3 (acidity There was amla gandha.
increased) White coloured liquid obtained
Result -
1. No. of days for preparation - 12 days
2. Total Aranala - 11 litres
3. pH of Aranala - 3 (acidity increased)

Page 55
- Colour - White
- Taste - Acidic
- Smell - Sour smell
- Consistency - Thin liquid
Practical No. 3 –
Name of the Practical – Preparation of Kulattha Kwatha262

Refrence - Astanga Hrudaya 6/14
Materials required:
9 Kulattha - 3 Kg.
9 Water - 48 litres
9 Vessel (Tamra Patra), Gas stove, Spatula, cloth, measuring jar.
Procedure -
- 3 Kgs of Kulattha was taken along with 48 litres of water in a wide mouthed
copper vessel.
- The container was subjected to heating process on mandagni.
- Frequent stirring was done.
- The heating continued till the reduction to ¼th.
- Then it was filtered through a clean cloth to get the Kulattha kwatha.
Observations -
Initial pH of water - 7 (neutral)
After 1 hour the water turned brown in colour.
Continuous stirring became necessary.
The Kulattha became softer at the end.

Page 56
Precautions -
- Kulattha was cleaned properly for the impurities.
- Frequent stirring of the Kwatha during pachana.
Result -
1. No. of days for preparation - 1 day
2. Duration for preparation - 13 hours
3. Total Kulattha Kwatha - 12 litres
4. pH of Kulattha kwatha - 6.5 (increased acidity)
- Colour - brownish
- Taste - Astringent
- Smell - Typical smell of kulattha
- Consistency - Thin liquid
Practical No. 4 –
Name of the Practical - Samanya Shodhana of Tamra. 263

Reference – Rasaratna Samucchaya 5/13
Materials required:
9 Tamra - 440g
9 Tila Taila - 10 ½ litres pH - 6.5 (Acidic)
9 Takra - 10 ½ litres pH - 4 (Acidic)
9 Gomutra - 10 ½ litres pH - 9 (Alkaline)
9 Aranala - 10 ½ litres pH - 3 (Acidic)
9 Kulattha kwatha - 10 ½ litres pH - 6.5 (Acidic)
9 Gas stove, vessels, stirrer, measuring glass.

Page 57
Procedure -
- Flat Tamra wire was heated up to red hot on a gas stove.
- When it became red hot it was dipped in Tila Taila, this was repeated for 7
times. Each time the media was replaced.
- After 7th time Ushna Jala Prakshalana was done and dried each time.
- The procedure was repeated in the other 4 medias in order for 7 times each.
Then the Tamra was dried properly and weighed.
Observations -
Tamra took around 45 minutes to become red hot for the 1st time. From the 2nd
media onwards the 1st heating duration was 10 minutes to turn red hot. Where
as in the successive times the heating took 20 to 30 minutes.
Greenish - blue flame was seen initially till the Shodhana in Taila, Takra,
Gomutra got completed. Then the intensity of colour reduced in successive
treatment.
Tamra was easily moulded on subjecting to fire. Tamra became brittle as the
procedure progressed. Finally turned to powder at the end of Shodhana.
The copper turned to bright metallic red colour at the end.
Table No. 16 - Showing the changes in Tamra during Samanya Shodhana
Media Tamra Quantity Colour changes Quantity of Loss/ gain (in

before Shodhana Initial - Final/ form Tamra after grams and %)
(in grams) of copper Shodhana
(in grams)
Tila Taila Market Sample - Coppery - 430g 10(loss)
440g Blackish / Flat wire (2.273%)
Takra Taila Shodhita Blackish - reddish 440g 10(gain)
Tamra - 430g black/ brittle(5th (2.326%)
time)
Gomutra Takra Shodhita Reddish black/ 425g 15 (loss)
Tamra - 440g brittle - powdery (3.409%)

Page 58
Aranala Gomutra Reddish black - 350g 75 (loss)

Shodhita Tamra Reddish with white (17.64%)
- 425g and black tinge /
powdery
Kulattha Aranala Reddish with black 335g 15(loss)
Kwatha Shodhita Tamra tinge - Reddish / (4.285%)
- 350g powdery
Table No. 17 - Showing the Temperature of heat source and change in flame in
different media during Samanya Shodhana
Media Heat source - Temperature of flame Changes in flame
Tila Taila Direct flame (gass stove) - 650° - 750° C Intense greenish coloured
flame
Takra Direct flame (Kosthi) - 700° - 800° C Bluish -green flame
From 5th time indirect heating (iron pan on
Kosthi) - 840° - 900° C
Gomutra Indirect heating (iron pan on Kosthi) - Intensity of Bluish - green
840° - 950° C flame decreased
Aranala Indirect heating (iron pan on Kosthi) - Slight bluish green flame
950° - 1050° C
Kulattha Indirect heating (iron pan on Kosthi) - Not visible
Kwatha 950° - 1050° C
Table No. 18 - Showing the changes in media in Samanya Shodhana

Media Media Quantity pH of media Colour of media
(in Litres)
Initial Final Initial Final Initial Final
Tila 10 ½ 9 6.5 7 Yellowish Brownish with bottle
Taila green tinge
Takra 10 ½ 8.5 4 4.5 Milky white Supernatant fluid green
and Takra at bottom
white

Page 59
Gomutra 10 ½ 8 9 8 Light Dark brown with black

Brown particles
Aranala 10 ½ 7.5 3 7 White Greyish with fine black
particles
Kulattha 10 ½ 8.5 6.5 7.5 Brown Blackish brown
Kwatha
Precautions -
- The heating and quenching in each media should be done for 7 times.
- For each dipping fresh media was used.
- The quenching order should be followed as follows - Taila, Takra, Gomutra,
Aranala and Kulattha Kwatha respectively.
- The Tamra should be heated to red hot before quenching for each time.
Results -
1. Number of days for Samanya Shodhana - 19 days
2. Duration taken for Shodhana - approximately 40 hours
3. Weight of Ashuddha Tamra - 440g
4. Weight of Tamra after Samanya Shodhana – 335g
5. Loss of weight in Tamra – 105g (23.863% loss)
Reasons for Weight loss -

• There was gross loss of Tamra when Shodhana was done in Aranala and little
amount of loss on heating and quenching in other media.

Page 60
Vishesha Shodhana – Tamra
Practical No. 5
Name of the Practical – Vishesha Shodhana of Tamra. 264

Reference - Rasa Ratna Samuchchaya 5/52
Materials required:
9 Samanya Shodhita Tamra - 335g
9 Gomutra - 5 liters pH - 9.5
9 Gas stove, earthen pot, stirrer, cloth, thread, measuring glass.
Procedure -
- Samanya Shodhita Tamra was taken; a Pottali was prepared in a double folded
cloth. It was tied to a support and suspended in an earthen pot containing 4
liters of gomutra. Agni was imparted to the pot for a duration of 3 hours. Then
the Tamra was washed in warm water, dried and weighed.
Observations -
Initially when the gomutra started to boil there was bubbling, later there was
froth formation. The froth adhered to the pottali.
The temperature was 525° C.
The froth started to ooze out of the pot after about 20 minutes. To overcome
this water was sprinkled on it. The temperature was reduced to 479° C.
About 1 ½ and 2 ½ hours later ½ liter of warm Gomutra was added each time.
After 3 hours gas was put off and on cooling the Tamra was removed and
washed in warm water.
Tamra became finer after Vishesha Shodhana. Colour turned to bright metallic
with blackish particles. It became more brittle.
Gomutra after Shodhana turned dark in colour and quantity was reduced to 2
½ litres. pH was 9.
Page 61
Vishesha Shodhana – Tamra
Precautions -
- Gomutra level should be maintained above the pottali.
- Care should be taken that the pottali does not touch the base or inner surface
of the pot.
Result –
1. No. of days for the preparation – 1 day
2. Duration of practical – 3 hours
3. Quantity of Gomutra at the end of process – 2 ½ litres
4. Initial weight of Tamra – 335g
5. Weight of Vishesha Shodhita Tamra - 311g
6. Loss of Tamra – 24g (7.164%)
7. pH of Gomutra – 9.5

Page 62
Parada Shodhana
Practical No. 6
Name of the Practical – Parada Shodhana. 265

Reference - Ayurveda Prakasha 1/165
Materials required:
9 Ashuddha Parada - 1000 g
9 Nistusha Lashuna - 1000 g
9 Saindhava Lavana - 500 g
9 Tapta khalva, spatula, steel vessel, cloth.
Procedure -
- Lashuna was taken along with Saindhava Lavana in Khalva yantra. Grinding
was done to get a paste.
- Ashuddha Parada and the Kalka was taken in a Tapta khalva yantra and was
triturated. This was done for 7 day. The parada mixed with the Kalka properly.
- Then warm water was added to the mixture, properly macerated. The parada
got separated by continuous washing with warm water.
- It was finally filtered through a clean cloth to get the Shudda parada. It was
dried at room temperature and weighed.
Observations -
Initially the Parada did not mix with the Lashuna kalka. After a trituration for
about 1 hour the parada started to disintegrate and mix with the Lashuna Kalka
forming small globules. The procedure was done for 7 days.
The Lashuna Kalka which was white in colour after about ½ hour of trituration
started to turn blackish and by 7 days it turned fully black.
When the warm water was added and macerated the Parada got collected at
the base of Khalva which was collected. It was dried and weighed.

Page 63
Parada Shodhana
Precautions -
- Low temperature of the Khalva is to be maintained. (Fuel used was charcoal)
- Trituration done carefully to avoid spillage of Parada.
- The washing pf Parada is done with care as there will be loss in water.
Result -
1. No. of days taken - 7 days
2. Total duration trituration done - 49 hours
3. Ashudda Parada taken - 1000g
4. Shuddha Parada obtained - 995g
5. Weight loss - 5g (0.5% loss)

Page 64
Gandhaka Shodhana
Practical No. 7
Name of the Practical - Gandhaka Shodhana266

Reference –-Ayurveda Prakasha 2/21-24
Materials required:
9 Ashuddha Gandhaka - 1250 g
9 Goghruta – 1250g
9 Godugdha - 6 litres
9 Warm water - Q. S.
9 Mortar and pestle, spatula, iron pan, steel vessels, cloth, stove.
Procedure -
- The Gandhaka was powdered using a mortar and pestle. It was taken in a iron
pan to this the Goghruta was added. It was heated on mandagni till all the
Grutha melts. Then the Gandhaka is added and heated on Mandagni till all the
Gandhaka melts.
- Godugdha is taken in a steel vessel and is covered with a cloth smeared with
Goghruta.
- The melted Gandhaka was poured into the vessel containing Godugdha
through the cloth.
- Solid mass of Gandhaka was collected from the Godugdha and washed with
warm water.
- The procedure was repeated for 3 times.
- Gandhaka finally obtained was dried, powdered and weighed.
Observations -
Initially the gandhaka took 45 minutes to melt totally but in the consecutive
process it took 30 minutes.
The physical impurities such as sand, thread etc. got collected on the cloth.
Page 65
Gandhaka Shodhana
On pouring the gandhaka into the milk the ghruta got collected on the surface
with yellowish tinge.
After the Shodhana the gandhaka was obtained as a mass at the base with oily
appearance. Gandhaka became dull yellow coloured.
Precautions -
- Mandagni is to be maintained and constant stirring was done.
- After the complete melting of gandhaka, it was poured into milk immediately.
- The gandhaka was washed in warm water and powdered.
Result -
2. Ashudda Gandhaka taken - 1250
3. Shuddha Gandhaka obtained - 1140 g
4. Weight loss - 110 g (8.8%)

Page 66
Preparation of Kajjali
Practical No. 8
Name of the Practical – Preparation of Kajjali267

Reference – R. T. 6/107
Materials required:
9 Shuddha Parada - 995 g
9 Shuddha Gandhaka - 995g
9 Khalva Yantra, spatula.
Procedure -
- The Shuddha parada - Shuddha Gandhaka churna were taken is a Khalva
Yantra and mardana was done to get a homogenous mixture.
Observations -
Initially the mixing of Parada and Gandhaka was difficult.
After about 2 hours of trituration the mixture turned grayish yellow with few
particles of free mercury in it.
Gradually became dull black in colour with shining particles in it.
The trituration was carried for about 70 hours, till all the mercury particles got
mixed and shining particles not seen.
The Kajjali turned darker gradually and became black.
The shining particles of mercury were not visible under sunlight. The end
product became jet black colour having the properties of Kajjali.
Precautions -
- Shudda Gandhaka used was dried and powdered properly.
- Water was sprinkled on kajjali to prevent spillage.
- Trituration was done carefully to prevent loss of parada by spilling.

Page 67
Preparation of Kajjali
Result -
2. Duration of mardana – approximately 70 hours
3. Raw drug taken – 1990g
4. Weight of Kajjali – 1900g
5. Weight loss - 90g (4.737%)

Page 68
Tamra Marana
Practical No. 9
Name of the Practical – Tamra Marana268

Reference - R. R. S. 5/53
Materials required:
9 Shudda Tamra – 311g
9 Kajjali – 311g
9 Nimbu Swarasa – 300 ml.
9 Khalva Yantra, spatula, sharava, clay (multani mitti), cloth, upala (cow dung
cake)
Procedure -
- The Kajjali was taken in a Khalva Yantra, Nimbu swarasa was added and
mardana done to get a homogenous mixture for about 45 minutes. The
Shodhita Tamra patra was added to it and mardana done for 2 ½ hours, made
into bolus, then dried and weighed.
- After drying it was spread in a Sharava. Another Sharava was inverted on it
and the gap between the 2 Sharava was sealed by Multani mitti smeared cloth.
The samputa was dried and subjected to Varaha Puta. Next day after Swanga
sheeta the Sandhi bandhana was removed, the Marita Tamra was collected,
powdered and weighed. The quantity of cow dung cakes was gradually
reduced.
- After the 1st puta the Marita Tamra mardana with nimbu swarasa was done,
chakrikas were made and dried properly.
- From the 2nd Puta onwards the quantity of kajjali was ¼ th of the marita Tamra
which was added till the 7th Puta.
- From the 8th puta onwards the Marita Tamra mardana was done with Nimbu
swarasa and procedure continued.

Page 69
Tamra Marana
- The same procedure was repeated for 19 times till the Bhasma Lakshanas
were attained.
Observations -
Initially for the 1st puta the preparation of Chakrika was difficult as the
Shuddha Tamra was in the form of small pieces. A bolus was made but on
drying it got dispersed into particles.
The drying after mardana in Nimbu swarasa was done in sunlight for 5 hours.
From 2nd Puta onwards the preparing of Chakrikas was easy as the Tamra got
powdered after 1st Puta.
The Mardana in Nimbu Swarasa in the successive puta took a duration of
approximately 2 ½ hours.
Puta was given for 19 times till the Bhasma Lakshanas were attained.
Initially the colour of the Tamra Bhasma was grayish with brown and green
colour which turned to gray at the end of the procedure. The Bhasma had
sulphur odour.
The bitter sour irritative taste decreased gradually and it became tasteless at
the end. On touch initially the Bhasma was rough and from 15th puta onwards
it became smooth.
Precautions -
- The mardana should be done properly till a homogenous mixture is formed
and consistency of chakriaka is got, except for 1st Puta.
- The Chakrikas should be dried properly.
- The sealing of the gap between the 2 sharavas and its drying is to be done
properly.
- The samputa is to be removed after swanga sheetala.
Result -
1. No. of days taken - 4 months.
2. Initial weight of Shuddha Tamra – 311g
3. Weight of Tamra Bhasma at the end – 365g
4. Weight gain – 54 Kg (17.363%)

Page 70
Tamra Marana
Table No. 19 – Showing the Observations during the puta
Puta Wt. after Wt. of Wt. of Wt. Colour Odour Taste Touch
No. each Puta Chakrika cow dung after
+ Kajjali (grams) cake Marana
(grams) (Kgs) (grams)
1 311 + 311 670 15 400 Grayish Sulphur Bitter, Rough
sour,
Irritative
2 400 + 100 515 10 385 Grayish – -do- +++ +++
Brown,
green.
3 485 + 121 525 8 510 -do- -do- +++ +++
4 510 + 125 687 8 500 -do- -do- +++ +++
5 500 + 125 675 8 480 -do- -do- +++ +++
6 480 + 120 610 8 464 -do- -do- +++ +++
7 464 + 106 585 8 505 -do- -do- +++ +++
8 497 510 8 485 Grayish -do- +++ +++
Brown
9 485 503 8 477 -do- -do- +++ ++
10 477 497 8 465 -do- -do- +++ ++
11 465 483 8 453 -do- -do- ++ ++
12 453 467 8 434 -do- -do- ++ +
13 434 456 8 427 grayish -do- ++ +++
14 427 439 7 415 grayish - -do- ++ ++
black
15 415 423 7 404 grayish – -do- ++ Smooth
black
16 404 419 7 397 black -do- + -do-
17 397 405 7 389 black -do- + -do-
18 389 397 7 370 black -do- + -do-
19 370 395 7 365 black -do- No Taste -do-

Page 71
Tamra Marana
Table No. 20 – Showing the Bhasma Pariksha after each Puta.

Puta No. Chandrika Varitara Rekhapurnata Amla pariksha
1 +++ 0 0 -
2 +++ 0 0 -
3 +++ 0 0 -
4 +++ 0 + -
5 +++ 0 + -
6 +++ 0 + -
7 ++ + ++ -
8 ++ + ++ -
9 ++ + ++ -
10 ++ ++ ++ -
11 ++ ++ +++ -
12 ++ ++ +++ +ve
13 ++ ++ +++ +ve
14 ++ ++ +++ +ve
15 + +++ +++ +ve
16 + +++ +++ +ve
17 + +++ +++ +ve
18 0 +++ +++ +ve
19 0 +++ +++ -ve
* Chandrika
+ + + indicates that there was shiny appearance on the surface of Chakrika and also on
powdering there were shining particles were seen.
++ indicates the shining particles only on powdering.
+ indicates that the intensity of the shining particles decreased.
0 indicates no shining particles on exposure to sun.
* Varitara
0 indicates that the Bhasma sank in water.
+ indicates that about 25% of Bhasma floated on water.
++ indicates that about 50% of Bhasma floated on water.
+ + + indicates that all the Bhasma floated on water.
* Rekhapurnata 0 indicates no particles entered crease of fingers.

+ indicates that a few particles entered the crease of fingers.
+ + indicates that 50% of the particles got into the crease of fingers.
* Amla pariksha +ve indicates the bluish discolouration of curds.

-ve indicates no discolouration.

Page 72
Tamra Marana
Table No. 21 – Showing the Temperature for Puta with 15 Kgs Upala.
Time Temperature in° C Time Temperature in° C

8.00 - 8.30am 30 8.30 - 9.00pm 470
8.30 - 9.00am 72 9.00 - 9.30pm 470
9.00 - 9.30am 289 9.30 - 10.00pm 440
9.30 - 10.00am 387 10.00 - 10.30pm 410
10.00 - 10.30am 484 10.30 - 11.00pm 390
10.30 - 11.00am 525 11.00 - 11.30pm 440
11.00 - 11.30am 615 11.30 - 12.00 410
11.30 - 12.00pm 726 12.00 - 12.30am 370
12.00 - 12.30pm 798 12.30 - 1.00am 350
12.30 - 1.00pm 833 1.00 - 1.30am 330
1.00 - 1.30pm 830 1.30 - 2.00am 310
1.30 - 2.00pm 810 2.00 - 2.30am 290
2.00 - 2.30pm 790 2.30 - 3.00am 270
2.30 - 3.00pm 760 3.00 - 3.30am 250
3.00 - 3.30pm 730 3.30 - 4.00am 230
3.30 - 4.00pm 710 4.00 - 4.30am 210
4.00 - 4.30pm 690 4.30 - 5.00am 180
4.30 - 5.00pm 690 5.00 - 5.30am 160
5.00 - 5.30pm 650 5.30 - 6.00am 140
5.30 - 6.00pm 620 6.00 - 6.30am 100
6.00 - 6.30pm 590 6.30 - 7.00am 70
6.30 - 7.00pm 560 7.00 - 7.30am 70
7.00 - 7.30pm 560 7.30 - 8.00am 52
7.30 - 8.00pm 530 8.00 - 8.30am 45
8.00 - 8.30pm 500 8.30 - 9.00am 45
Temperature in° C for Puta with 15 kgs Upala
900
800
700
Temperature
600
500
Temperature in C
400
300
200
100
0
8.00 - 8.30am
9.30 - 10.00am
11.00 - 11.30am
12.30 - 1.00pm
2.00 - 2.30pm
3.30 - 4.00pm
5.00 - 5.30pm
6.30 - 7.00pm
8.00 - 8.30pm
9.30 - 10.00pm
11.00 - 11.30pm
12.30 - 1.00am
2.00 - 2.30am
3.30 - 4.00am
5.00 - 5.30am
6.30 - 7.00am
8.00 - 8.30am
Time

Page 73
Tamra Marana
Table No. 22 – Showing the Temperature for Puta with 8 Kgs Upala.
Time Temperature in °C Time Temperature in °C

8.00 - 8.30am 25 7.30 - 8.00pm 500
8.30 - 9.00am 85 8.00 - 8.30pm 477
9.00 - 9.30am 196 8.30 - 9.00pm 452
9.30 - 10.00am 363 9.00 - 9.30pm 427
10.00 - 10.30am 620 9.30 - 10.00pm 400
10.30 - 11.00am 695 10.00 - 10.30pm 370
11.00 - 11.30am 778 10.30 - 11.00pm 335
11.30 - 12.00pm 798 11.00 - 11.30pm 300
12.00 - 12.30pm 805 11.30 - 12.00 265
12.30 - 1.00pm 793 12.00 - 12.30am 235
1.00 - 1.30pm 747 12.30 - 1.00am 205
1.30 - 2.00pm 739 1.00 - 1.30am 190
2.00 - 2.30pm 720 1.30 - 2.00am 160
2.30 - 3.00pm 709 2.00 - 2.30am 145
3.00 - 3.30pm 694 2.30 - 3.00am 125
3.30 - 4.00pm 675 3.00 - 3.30am 110
4.00 - 4.30pm 655 3.30 - 4.00am 95
4.30 - 5.00pm 635 4.00 - 4.30am 80
5.00 - 5.30pm 615 4.30 - 5.00am 65
5.30 - 6.00pm 590 5.00 - 5.30am 50
6.00 - 6.30pm 565 5.30 - 6.00am 42
6.30 - 7.00pm 540 6.00 - 6.30am 42
7.00 - 7.30pm 505 6.30 - 7.00am 37
Temperature in °C for puta with 8 Kgs upala
900
800
700
Temperature
600
500
Temperature in C
400
300
200
100
0
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
Time

Page 74
Tamra Marana
Table No. 23 – Showing the Temperature for Puta with 7 Kgs Upala
Time Temperature in° C Time Temperature in° C

8.00 - 8.30am 33 7.30 - 8.00pm 470
8.30 - 9.00am 89 8.00 - 8.30pm 450
9.00 - 9.30am 198 8.30 - 9.00pm 425
9.30 - 10.00am 356 9.00 - 9.30pm 395
10.00 - 10.30am 528 9.30 - 10.00pm 365
10.30 - 11.00am 726 10.00 - 10.30pm 335
11.00 - 11.30am 788 10.30 - 11.00pm 305
11.30 - 12.00pm 775 11.00 - 11.30pm 275
12.00 - 12.30pm 755 11.30 - 12.00 245
12.30 - 1.00pm 735 12.00 - 12.30am 215
1.00 - 1.30pm 715 12.30 - 1.00am 185
1.30 - 2.00pm 700 1.00 - 1.30am 170
2.00 - 2.30pm 700 1.30 - 2.00am 155
2.30 - 3.00pm 680 2.00 - 2.30am 140
3.00 - 3.30pm 660 2.30 - 3.00am 125
3.30 - 4.00pm 640 3.00 - 3.30am 100
4.00 - 4.30pm 625 3.30 - 4.00am 85
4.30 - 5.00pm 605 4.00 - 4.30am 75
5.00 - 5.30pm 585 4.30 - 5.00am 65
5.30 - 6.00pm 560 5.00 - 5.30am 55
6.00 - 6.30pm 535 5.30 - 6.00am 40
6.30 - 7.00pm 510 6.00 - 6.30am 40
7.00 - 7.30pm 470 Environmental Temperature - 32° C
Temperature in °C for Puta with 7 Kgs Upala
900
800
700
Temperature
600
500
Temperature in C
400
300
200
100
0
8.00 -
9.30 -
2.00 -
3.30 -
5.00 -
6.30 -
8.00 -
9.30 -
2.00 -
3.30 -
5.00 -
11.00 -
12.30 -
11.00 -
12.30 -
Time

Page 75
Tamra Amruthikarana
Practical No. 10
Name of the Practical – Tamra Amruthikarana269 – Method 1

Reference – R. T. 17/40-42
Materials required:
9 Marita Tamra – 60g
9 Shudda Gandhaka – 30g
9 Surana kanda – 2 Kg
9 Khalva Yantra, spatula, clay (multani mitti), cloth, upala (cow dung cake)
Procedure -
- The Marita Tamra was taken in a Khalva Yantra with Shudda Gandhaka,
Nimbu swarasa was added and mardana done for about 3 hours to get a
homogenous mixture. A round bolus was prepared.
- A surana kanda was taken, the pulp was scooped out and a shallow pit was
made.
- The bolus was placed in it and Mrut kapata was done. It was dried and then
subjected to puta with 7 Kgs upala. The bolus was removed after swanga
sheeta, powdered and weighed.
- The quantity of Shudda Gandhaka taken was ½ of Marita Tamra each time
after the 1st puta. This procedure was repeated for 3 times.
Observations -
Marita Tamra, Gandhaka and nimbu swarasa mardana was done for 45
minutes.
The surana got completely charred after the Puta.
At the end the Bhasma had no taste, sulphur odour, pale black colour and
smooth to touch.
Page 76
Tamra Amruthikarana
Table No. 24 – Showing the Observations of Tamra Amrithukarana – Method 1
Amruthi Marita Wt. of Wt. after Colour Odour Taste Touch

karana Tamra + Bolus (g) Puta (g)
Shu.Gand
haka
1 60 + 30 135 95 Gray Sulphur No Taste Smooth
2 95 + 47.5 185 130 Grayish -do- -do- -do-
Black
3 130 + 65 220 144 Pale -do- -do- -do-
Black
Precautions -
- The mardana should be done properly till a homogenous mixture is formed for
3 hours.
- The Surana Kanda was sealed properly and Mrut lepana done.
Result -
1. No. of days taken – 12 days
2. Marita Tamra weight – 60g
3. Weight of Amruthikrita Tamra Bhasma with Gandhaka and Nimbu Swarasa –
144g
4. Weight gain in Tamra Bhasma after Amruthikarana Method 1 – 84g (58.3%)

Page 77
Tamra Amruthikarana
Practical No. 11

Reference – Rasamritam
Materials required:
9 Surana kanda – 2 Kg
9 Khalva Yantra, spatula, clay (multani mitti), cloth, upala (cow dung cake)
Procedure -
- The Marita Tamra was taken in a Khalva Yantra, Nimbu swarasa was added
and mardana done for about 1 ½ hour to get a homogenous mixture. A round
bolus was prepared.
- A surana kanda was taken, the pulp was scooped out and a shallow pit was
made.
- The bolus was placed in it and Mrut kapata was done. It was dried and then
subjected to puta with 7 Kgs upala. The bolus was removed after swanga
sheeta, powdered and weighed.
- This procedure was repeated for 3 times.
Observations -
Marita Tamra and nimbu swarasa mardana was done for 1 ½ hour.
The surana got completely charred after the Puta.
After the 1st puta of Amruthikarana the Bhasma was blackish – gray in colour,
which turned to black after 3 putas. It had sulphur odour and smooth to touch.

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Tamra Amruthikarana
Table No. 25 – Showing the Observations of Tamra Amrithukarana –

Method 2

karana Tamra Bolus (g) Puta (g)
1 60 70 60 blackish - Sulphur No Taste Rough
gray
2 60 72 57 Black -do- -do- Smooth
3 57 74 55 -do- -do- -do- -do-
Precautions -
- The mardana should be done properly till a homogenous mixture is formed.
- The Surana Kanda was sealed properly and Mrut lepana done.
Result -
3. Weight of Amruthikrita Tamra Bhasma with Nimbu Swarasa – 55g
4. Weight loss of Tamra Bhasma after Amruthikarana Method 2 – 5g (8.33%)

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Tamra Amruthikarana
Practical No. 12

Materials required:
9 Shudda Gandhaka – 30g
9 Panchamruta – 15 ml.
9 Khalva Yantra, spatula, Sharava, clay (multani mitti), cloth, upala (cow dung
cake)
Procedure -
- The Marita Tamra and Shudda Gandhaka was taken in a Khalva Yantra,
Panchamruta was added and mardana done for about 45 minutes to get a
homogenous mixture.
- Chakrikas were prepared and dried. It was kept in Sharava and another
Sharava inverted on it, Sandhi bandhana was done and dried properly.
- This samputa was subjected to puta with 7 kgs upala. Then the Chakrikas were
removed powdered and weighed. This procedure was repeated for 3 times.
Observations -
Marita Tamra and Panchamruta mardana was done for 45 minutes.
The chakrikas appeared oily on drying.
The Chakrikas emitted odour of Panchamruta and sulphur.
The end product was blak in colour, having sulphur odour, rough on touch and
tasteless.

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Tamra Amruthikarana

karana Tamra + Chakrikas Puta (g)
Gandhaka (g)
1 60 + 30 115 75 Grayish Sulphu No Rough
r Taste
2 75 + 37.5 120 95 Black -do- -do- -do-
3 95 + 47.5 150 130 -do- -do- -do- Smooth
Precautions -
- The Sharava was sealed properly with Mrut patta.
Result -
3. Weight of Amruthikrita Tamra Bhasma with Panchamruta – 130g
4. Weight gain in Tamra Bhasma after Amruthikarana Method 3 – 70g(53.85%)

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Tamra Amruthikarana
Practical No. 13

Materials required:
9 Kumari Swarasa – 20 ml.
9 Khalva Yantra, spatula, Sharava, clay (multani mitti), cloth, upala (cow dung
cake)
Procedure -
- The Marita Tamra was taken in a Khalva Yantra, Kumari was added and
mardana done for about 45 minutes to get a homogenous mixture. Chakrikas
were prepared and dried.
- It was kept in Sharava and another Sharava inverted on it, Sandhi bandhana
was done and dried properly. This samputa was subjected to puta with 7 kgs
upala. Then the Chakrikas were removed powdered and weighed.
- This procedure was repeated for 7 times.
Observations -
Marita Tamra and Kumari Swarasa mardana was done for 45 minutes.
The chakrikas appeared black for 1st 3 putas and then turned brown.
Initially the colour of the Bhasma was black, which turned to blackish brown
colour. It had sulphur odour initially and finally turned to non specific odour,
which was smooth on touch.

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Tamra Amruthikarana

karana Tamra Chakrikas Puta (g)
(g)
1 60 60 60 Black Sulphur No Taste Rough
2 60 58 58 -do- -do- -do- -do-
3 58 59 57 -do- Not specific -do- -do-
4 57 58 56 Brownish -do- -do- -do-
Black
5 56 58 57 -do- -do- -do- -do-
6 57 60 58 -do- -do- -do- Smooth
7 58 60 57 -do- -do- -do- -do-
Precautions -
- The Sharava was sealed properly with Mrut patta.
Result -
3. Weight of Amruthikrita Tamra Bhasma with Kumari – 57g
4. Weight loss of Tamra Bhasma after Amruthikarana Method 4 – 3g(5%)

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Analytical Study
ANALYTICAL STUDY
Introduction -
Conceptual, Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological study gives only the
retrospective information regarding the drug, as it becomes incomplete without
Analytical study. The word 'analyze' means to examine methodically and in detail,
typically for purposes of explanation and interpretation.
Conceptual study deals with the classical references and pharmaceutical study
with the method of preparation. The pharmacological study aids in knowing the
pharmacokinetics of a drug, to perceive the pharmacodynamics of a drug we are
bound to perform the analytical study, or in brief analytical study is the assurance for
standardization of a drug.
In the urge of fulfilling the demand for various Ayurvedic formulations the
manufactures compromise with the quality of the product. For the qualitative
assurance of the raw material and finished product certain standards are reckoned
through Analytical study. Analytical study provides the objective parameters for
standardization.
Amruthikarana is a special procedure which is explained only for certain

Bhasmas. For Tamra Bhasma there are various opinions regarding the Amruthikarana.
Here in this study the Tamra Bhasma was made to under go four procedures of
Amruthikarana and subjected to advanced tests like X – ray diffraction (X – RD),
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and Scanning electron SEM which gave
better idea regarding the chemical composition, cell shape and structure of the
product. Various tests like Loss on drying, Total ash etc. were the other parameters
followed . By these analytical procedures the final product can be validated.
Aims and Objectives

To analyze the drugs undertaken for the present study, i.e. a sample of Tamra
Bhasma and 4 samples of Tamra Bhasma after four different Amrutikarana
procedures.

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Analytical Study
Materials and Methods

One sample of Tamra Bhasma and 4 samples of Tamra Bhasma after four different
procedures of Amritikarana are taken as follows for the Analytical study –
9 Sample A - Tamra Bhasma without Amritikarana

9 Sample B - Tamra Bhasma after Amritikarana with Gandhaka and Nimbu
Swarasa
9 Sample C - Tamra Bhasma after Amrutikarana with Nimbu Swarasa.
9 Sample D - Tamra Bhasma after Amrutikarana with Panchamruta.
9 Sample E - Tamra Bhasma after Amrutikarana with Kumari.
Steps evolved in the Analysis can be categorized under –

1) Bhasma Pariksha as told in the classics.
2) Organoleptic characters.
3) Physico – Chemical Analysis.
4) Quantitative and qualitative assessment.
Bhasma Pariksha as told in the classics, was carried out in SDM practical hall.
1. Rekhapurnatva - Pinch of Tamra Bhasma is taken in between the thumb and
index finger. It was rubbed between the 2 fingers. The Bhasma got embedded in
the crease of the finger indicating Rekhapurnatva as positive for all the 5
samples.
2. Nischandrata - The fingers were observed in sunlight. It was observed for
metallic luster. All the 5 samples passed this test as there was no luster.
3. Varitaratva – Pinch of sample taken between the index and thumb pressed. It
was placed on water, the Bhasma floated on water surface. All the 5 samples
passed Varitara test.
4. Unama - A rice grain was put on the floating Bhasma. The rice also floated.
5. Apunarbhava - The Dravyas of Mitrapanchaka i.e. Guda, Gunja, Madhu, Ghrita
and Tankana were taken each 1gm and mixed properly, 1 gm of the sample was
taken and mardana was done. A round mass was prepared and subjected to Puta
in a musha. Then it was removed and powdered. It was observed that no
metallic particles found after powdering in all the 5 samples. This suggested that
Bhasma passed Apunarbhava Pariksha.
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Analytical Study
6. Amla Pariksha – Pinch of sample was put in a plastic container containing

Dadhi and kept for 24 hours. There was no discoloration found in any of the
samples.
Organoleptic characters -
The test for organoleptic characters was carried out at SDM Practical hall. The
assessment was done by sense organs, which gives the idea regarding the observations
at macroscopic level. The Organoleptic characters for one sample of Tamra Bhasma
and 4 samples after Amruthikarana are tabulated below.
Table No. 28 – Showing the Organoleptic characters of 5 samples
Sample Appearance Colour Taste Touch Odour

A Powder Pale Black Tasteless Smooth Sulphur
B Powder Pale Black Tasteless Smooth Sulphur
C Powder Black Tasteless Smooth Not specific
D Powder Black Tasteless Rough Sulphur
E Powder Brownish Tasteless Rough Not Specific
Physico – Chemical Analysis -

The analysis for the Physical and Chemical nature of the drug was carried out
at MCOPS, Manipal. The various analytical procedures are -
1) Determination of pH
2) Determination of Specific gravity
3) Loss on Drying
4) Ash value -
a) Total Ash
b) Acid Insoluble Ash
c) Water Soluble Ash

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Analytical Study
1) Determination of pH value273 -
Apparatus required –
Digital pH meter (Eutech pH meter), beaker, volumetric flask
General Procedure –
1gm of the sample taken and mixed in 100ml of distilled water to get 1%
sample solution in a volumetric flask. The Digital pH meter was calibrated using the
standard solution between 4 and 10. Then the pH was determined for each sample of
Tamra Bhasma at 25°C .
Table No. 29 - Showing the Result for pH of Various samples.

Sample A B C D E
o
pH at 25 C 4.60 2.08 4.50 4.76 5.77
2) Determination of Specific gravity273-
Specific gravity bottle, beaker, 25 ml volumetric pipette, sonicator,
electronic balance.
Dry and clean specific gravity bottle was weighed. The bottle was filled with
25 ml distilled water and weighed again.
1% sample solution (100ml of Distilled water + 1gm Tamra Bhasma) was
taken in a beaker and subjected to sonication in a sonicator. During sonication 25 ml
of sample solution was pipetted using a volumetric pipette into an empty specific
gravity bottle previously weighed. Then the weight of the specific gravity bottle with
the sample solution was noted. This procedure was followed for each of the 5
samples. The specific gravity of each sample was calculated using the following
formula -
Specific gravity of Sample = Weight of Sample

Weight of water

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Analytical Study
Table No. 30 - Showing the Calculation and Results for specific gravity for 5
samples
Sample w1 (gms)* w2 (gms)* w3 (gms)* w2 – w1 w3 – w1 w3 – w1 / w2 – w1
A 17.469 42.537 42.394 25.068 24.925 0.994
B 22.117 47.227 47.207 25.110 25.090 0.999
C 15.471 40.720 40.696 25.249 25.225 0.998
D 17.469 42.537 42.427 25.068 24.958 0.995
E 22.117 47.227 47.126 25.110 25.009 0.996
*Weight of empty bottle with lid - w1

*Weight of bottle filled with lid and 25ml distilled water - w2
*Weight of the bottle filled with 1% of sample solution - w3
*Weight of water - w2 – w1
*Weight of sample - w3 – w1

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Analytical Study
3) Loss on Drying 274-
Petri dish, Electric drier and Electronic balance
Dry and clean petri dish was weighed. Then approximately 2 gms of the
sample was taken in the petri dish and weighed again. The temperature of the electric
furnace was set to 110°C and the samples were placed in it. After 1 hour the sample
was removed, placed in a desicator and weighed. The same procedure was followed
until a constant weight was obtained.
Loss on drying = 100 x w

W
Here ‘w’ – Loss of weight on drying
‘W’ – Weight of drug taken initially.
Table No. 31 - Showing the Calculation of Loss on Drying and Results

Sample Weight of Weight of W Constant w 100w/W
empty petri petri dish (gms) Weight (gms)
dish (gms) with (gms)
drug(gms)
A 32.552 34.565 2.013 34.551 0.014 0.6954%
B 30.827 32.829 2.002 32.813 0.016 0.7992%
C 33.635 35.642 2.007 35.629 0.013 0.6477%
D 31.665 33.676 2.011 33.659 0.017 0.8453%
E 32.553 34.559 2.006 34.544 0.015 0.7477%

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Analytical Study
4) Ash Value –
The ash remaining following ignition of drug is determined by three
different methods which measure
a) Total ash
b) Acid Insoluble ash
c) Water Soluble ash
a) Total Ash275 –
Electronic balance, spatula, silica crucible, electric muffle furnace.
A clean, empty and dry silica crucible was taken and weighed. Approximately
2gms of the air-dried sample was taken in the crucible and weighed again. The drug
was spread in even layer and ignited in an electric muffle furnace at 560°C for 6
hours. It was cooled in a desicator and weighed. The percentage of Total Ash was
calculated as follows.
Total Ash = 100 x w1

w2
Here ‘w1’ – Weight of sample after the procedure
‘w2’ – Weight of drug taken initially.
Table No. 32 - Showing the Calculation of Total ash and results

Sample Weight of Weight of w2 Weight w1 100 w1/
empty crucible with (gms) after (gms) w2
crucible Sample incineration
(gms) (gms)
A 26.950 28.970 2.02 28.965 2.015 99.75%
B 34.847 36.855 2.008 36.769 1.922 95.71%
C 37.672 39.694 2.022 39.618 1.946 96.24%
D 44.640 46.652 2.012 46.462 1.822 90.56%
E 29.436 31.459 2.023 31.347 1.911 94.46%

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Analytical Study
b) Acid Insoluble ash275 –
Electronic balance, beaker, funnel, ash less filter paper, silica crucible, electric
muffle furnace.
Reagent used – 0.1N HCl
To the crucible containing the total ash, 25 ml of 6N Hydrochloric acid was
added and all the contents were emptied into a beaker, covered with a watch-glass and
boiled gently for 5 minutes. Then the watch glass was rinsed with 5 ml of hot water
and added to the beaker. The insoluble matter was collected on an ashless filter paper
and washed with hot water until the filtrate became neutral. The filter paper was
transferred into the original crucible and then kept in muffle furnace at 560°C for 6
hours. Then it was removed and cooled in a desicator, weighed without delay. The
acid soluble ash was calculated as follows.
Acid Insoluble Ash value = Ash weight x 100

Sample Weight
Table No. 33 – Showing the calculation of Acid Insoluble Ash and Results
Sample Weight of Weight of Sample Weight after w1 Ash weight x
empty crucible weight Acid (gms) 100 /
crucible with (gms) treatment Sample Weight
(gms) Sample
(gms)
A 31.866 33.875 2.009 31.891 0.025 1.2444%
B 44.658 46.673 2.015 44.665 0.007 0.3473%
C 45.646 47.645 1.999 45.697 0.051 2.551%
D 38.168 40.188 2.02 38.217 0.049 2.425%
E 27.149 29.147 1.998 27.203 0.054 2.702%

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Analytical Study
c) Water Soluble ash275 -
Electronic balance, beaker, funnel, ash less filter paper, silica crucible, electric
muffle furnace.
To the crucible containing the total ash, 25 ml of distilled water was added,
boiled for 5 minutes. The insoluble matter was collected on an ashless filter-paper. It
was washed with hot water, the filter paper was transferred into the original crucible
and then kept in muffle furnace at 560°C for 6 hours. Then it was removed and cooled
in a desicator, weighed without delay. The acid soluble ash was calculated as follows-
Water Soluble ash = Total Ash - Water insoluble ash.
Table No. 34 – Showing the calculation of Water Soluble ash and Results
Sample Weight of Total Weight Water Water %
empty crucible sample Ash after insoluble soluble
crucible with (gms) water ash ash
(gms) Sample treatment
(gms)
A 27.936 29.950 2.02 2.015 28.681 0.745 1.27 62.871%
B 31.834 33.875 2.041 1.050 32.360 0.526 0.524 25.673%
C 34.483 36.496 2.013 1.975 35.651 1.168 0.807 40.894%
D 41.281 43.297 2.016 1.807 42.459 1.178 0.629 31.2%
E 29.436 31.459 2.023 1.911 31.260 1.824 0.087 4.3%

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Analytical Study
Qualitative Analysis -
1. Nambudri Phased Spot Test (NPS Test) was conducted in MCOPS, Manipal.
Quantitative Analysis -
The quantitative tests for Tamra Bhasma Sample before and after Amrutikarana was
carried out as follows -
1. Particle Size determination was done at Department of Chemical engineering,
MIT, Manipal.
2. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was done at Manipal Life Science
Centre, Manipal
3. X – Ray Diffraction (XRD), SEM and EDAC was carried out at National
Institute of Technology, Surathkal.
Namburi Phased Spot Test (NPS Test) 276

Petri dish, Volumetric flask, Drier, 0.5 ml pipette, Digital balance, Test tubes.
A clean and dry volumetric flask was taken, 5 gms of Potassium Ferrocyanide
crystals was taken in it and 100 ml distilled water was added. A Watman filter paper
No. 1 was soaked in a petri dish containing 5% of Potassium Ferrocyanide solution,
removed and dried in a dryer.
0.25 gms of the sample was taken in a test tube to this 20% HCl was added
and shaken well. It was kept for 24 hours. Then the supernatant liquid was removed
and dropped with the help of dropper at the center of 5% Potassium Ferrocyanide
paper. Observations were done upto 5 minutes (I Phase), 20 minutes (II Phase) and 24
hours (III Phase).

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Analytical Study
Observation –
9 Sample A - 1st Phase - Brownish blue colour, started spreading rapidly.

2nd Phase – Dark brown at centre, light brown at periphery and
blue border.
3rd Phase – chocolate coloured centre, white periphery and blue
periphery line.
9 Sample B - 1st Phase - Pale greenish blue, spreading rapidly.
2nd Phase – Bluish with dispersed border.
3rd Phase – Bluish at the centre with white periphery.
9 Sample C - 1st Phase – Brown at centre and blue spreading periphery.
2nd Phase – Dark brown with blue periphery.
3rd Phase – Chocolate coloured centre with white periphery and
blue line.
9 Sample D - 1st Phase – Dark brown coloured spot with blue spreading
periphery.
3rd Phase - Chocolate coloured centre with white periphery and
blue line.
9 Sample E - 1st Phase – Quick spreading, light at centre dark periphery.
2nd Phase – Appearance of small blue spot at centre.
3rd Phase – Brown centre with white periphery and light yellow
circle at periphery.

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Analytical Study
1. Particle Size determination -

The Particle size was determined by an electronic instrument. The reports of
which are attached.
2. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

Introduction:
Most of the trace and heavy metals in biological samples or in formulations of
biomedical importance can be estimated by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS).
Samples must be digested by closed digestion method by using Microwave Digester
in-order to transfer the analytes completely into solution by decomposition of the
matrix, to avoid loss and contamination so that they can be introduced into Atomic
Absorption Spectroscopy in the liquid form.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS):

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy in analytical chemistry is a technique for
determining the concentration over 62 different metal elements in a given sample.
Although atomic absorption spectroscopy dates to the nineteenth century, the modern
form was largely developed during the 1950s by a team of Australian chemists, lead
by Alan Walsh, working at the CSIRO (Commonwealth Science and Industry
Research Organization) Division of Chemical Physics, in Melbourne Australia.
The technique makes use of a flame to atomize the sample, but other atomizers
such as a graphite furnace are also used. The height of the flame must also be
controlled by modulating the flow of the fuel mixture. A beam of light is focused
through this flame at its longest axis onto a detector past the flame. The light that is
focused into the flame is produced by a hollow cathode lamp. Inside the lamp is a
cylindrical metal cathode containing the metal for excitation, and an anode.
When a high voltage is applied across the anode and cathode, the metal atoms
in the cathode are excited into producing light with a certain emission spectra. The
type of hollow cathode tube depends on the metal being analyzed. For analyzing the
concentration of copper in an ore, a copper cathode tube would be used, and likewise
for any other metal being analyzed.
The electrons of the atoms in the flame can be promoted to higher orbital for
an instant by absorbing a set quantity of energy (a quantum). This amount of energy is
specific to a particular electron transition in a particular element. As the quantity of
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Analytical Study
energy put into the flame is known, and the quantity remaining at the other side (at the
detector) can be measured, it is possible to calculate how many of these transitions
took place, and thus get a signal that is proportional to the concentration of the
element being measured.
Sample Digestion
Acid digestion procedures are employed for determination of elements in
biological tissues subsequent to sample preparation in order to completely transfer the
analytes into solution so that they can be introduced into the determination step in
liquid form. Therefore, the goals of every digestion process are:
• Complete solution of the elements;
• Complete decomposition of the matrix;
• Avoiding loss and contamination;
• Reduction of handling and processing time.
Chemistry of Acid Digestion:

Acid digestion whether open or closed pressure digestions, are carried out with
wide varity of reagents. Aside from the mineral acids, there has to be some oxidant (to
neutralise fats) and a interference reductant e.g: strontium in case of magnesium and
potassium. Naturally, the selection of the specific reagents or preparation of a reagent
mixture depends on the sample to be digested.
Organic sample materials are generally decomposed into carbon dioxide with aid of
oxidising acids primarily nitric acid and reagents (mainly hydrogen peroxide) and
completely mineralised. Caution is required during this procedure, particularly when
dealing with reactive samples, that is, with materials (fats and oils) whose
decomposition process under these conditions is exothermic. The solubility of
resulting salts must be considered so that the solution remains stable for a longer
periods of time.
Materials and Methods:

1. Nitric Acid
2. Hydrogen Peroxide
3. Microwave Digester (Milestone – Start-D)

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Analytical Study
4. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (Varian AA240)

5. Glasswares- Volumetric flasks
Procedure:
1. 0.5gms of various types of Bhasmas were taken in different digestion vessels.
2. 8ml Nitric acid and 2ml of hydrogen peroxide were added to individual
vessels and kept for 30minutes and were digested at 1500C for about 15min.
3. After digestion the volume was made up to 50ml with MilliQ water.
4. Blank and various concentrations of standard were prepared.
5. Calibration curve was plotted using appropriate standards.
6. Various Bhasma samples were analyzed and the results were calculated
according to the weight of the samples taken for digestion.
Table No. 35 – Showing the Results of elemental analysis by AAS

Sample Copper Mercury Manganese Iron Zinc
mg/Kg µg/Kg mg/Kg mg/Kg mg/Kg
(PPM) (PPB) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM)
A 8140 694 338.3 2220 346.1

B 2995 584 119.6 434.3 142.13
C 4970 406 173.1 490 232.66
D 5320 5700 271.7 1020 419.16
E 5950 5450 246.9 1650 302.03

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Analytical Study
3. X - Ray Diffraction (X - RD)

Introduction
X-Ray Diffraction is based on the scattering of X-Rays through the crystals,
used to detect the crystal structures of various compounds.
Principle
A beam of X - Radiation is incident on a substance, the electrons constituting
the atoms turn to small oscillators. These oscillate with the same frequency as that of
incident X - Radiation. The scattered waves come from electrons, which are arranged
in a regular manner in a crystal lattice, traveling certain directions. These waves if
undergo constructive interference, they get diffracted by the crystal plane. Each
crystalline substance scatters the X-Rays in their own unique diffraction pattern
producing a fingerprint of its atomic and molecular structure.
Analytical procedure of XRD

For the present study the X-ray analysis of 5 samples were carried out using
Bruker’s D-8 Advance X-ray diffractometer. All samples were very well grounded
and air-dried. The X-ray diffractometer scans was made on randomly oriented
samples from 9.97° - 99.97° 2-theta with a step size of 0.02°, speed of 2° /min and
wavelength of 1.5418 Amstrong.
The 2-theta value and counts i.e., the peak intensity are represented on X and
Y- axis respectively. High value of counts represents high crystallanity of the phase.
Crystallanity varies as per sample and experimental conditions. Minimum of 3 strong
peaks were selected and comparison done with standard file, for the identification of
peak.
Powder crystal method

X - RD analysis for the five samples was done by powder crystal method. The
experimental design and main features are described as follows -
1. Source of X –Rays is made monochromatic by a filter.
2. X- ray beam is made to fall on the powdered sample through the slits S1andS2.
The slits help in getting a narrow beam of X-Rays.
3. Fine powder, stuck on a hair by means of gum is suspended vertically in the
axis of a cylindrical camera which enables sharp lines to be obtained on a
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Analytical Study
photographic film. This is surrounding the powder crystal in the form of a

circular ark.
4. X-Ray after falling on the powder passes out of the camera through a cut in
the film so as to minimize the fogging produced by the scattering of direct
beam.
5. On a flat photographic plate the observed pattern consists of traces are
observed.
Sample preparation:
About 1 gram of fine powder of sample was put in the groove of sample
holder of the X-Ray diffractometer. Surface of the sample was made flat to avoid any
error coming out of rough surface specimen .The X- ray diffractograms were taken in
a X- Ray diffractometer with target at 25 KV and 10 MA.
Method of Calculation:
The crystal structure is got by the arrangement of traces and there relative
intensities. The angle of incidence is θ and angle of reflection will be 2θ.
The film radius is r, circumference 2πr, corresponds to a scattering angle of 360°
then
l/2πr = 2θ / 360 or θ = 360 x l/ пr
Using the above equation the value θ is calculated and this value is substituted
in Bragg’s equation to get the characteristic ‘d’ values corresponding to the diffraction
angle. There ‘d’ values are the characteristic of the materials constituting the sample.
The X-Ray data files provides with the ‘d’ values of the different material of the
sample.
All the reports of X-RD showing the peak height intensity, the observational
and final values are attached.

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4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

The elemental analysis was done for the samples using SEM and the reports are
attached.
Introduction
The scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that
images the sample surface by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons in a
raster scan pattern. The electrons interact with the atoms that make up the sample
producing signals that contain information about the sample's surface topography,
composition and other properties such as electrical conductivity.
The types of signals produced by an SEM include secondary electrons, back-
scattered electrons (BSE), characteristic X-rays, light, specimen current and
transmitted electrons. Secondary electron detectors are common in all SEMs, but it is
rare that a single machine would have detectors for all possible signals.
Principle
The signals result from interactions of the electron beam with atoms at or near
the surface of the sample. The SEM can produce very high-resolution images of a
sample surface, revealing details about less than 1 to 5 nm in size. SEM micrographs
have a large depth of field yielding a characteristic three-dimensional appearance
useful for understanding the surface structure of a sample.
Back-scattered electrons (BSE) are beam electrons that are reflected from the
sample by elastic scattering. BSE are often used in analytical SEM along with the
spectra made from the characteristic X-rays. Because the intensity of the BSE signal
is strongly related to the atomic number (Z) of the specimen, BSE images can provide
information about the distribution of different elements in the sample.
Characteristic X-rays are emitted when the electron beam removes an inner
shell electron from the sample, causing a higher energy electron to fill the shell and
release energy. These characteristic X-rays are used to identify the composition and
measure the abundance of elements in the sample.
Sample preparation
Samples must also be of an appropriate size to fit in the specimen chamber and
are generally mounted rigidly on a specimen holder called a specimen stub. For
conventional imaging in the SEM, specimens must be electrically conductive, at least
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Analytical Study
at the surface and electrically grounded to prevent the accumulation of electrostatic

charge at the surface.
Metal objects require little special preparation for SEM except for cleaning
and mounting on a specimen stub. Nonconductive specimens tend to charge when
scanned by the electron beam, and especially in secondary electron imaging mode,
this causes scanning faults and other image artifacts. They are therefore usually
coated with an ultra thin coating of electrically-conducting material, commonly gold,
deposited on the sample either by low vacuum sputter coating or by high vacuum
evaporation. Coating prevents the accumulation of static electric charge on the
specimen during electron irradiation.
Scanning process and image formation

In a typical SEM, an electron beam is thermionically emitted from an electron
gun fitted with a tungsten filament cathode. Tungsten is normally used in thermionic
electron guns because it has the highest melting point and lowest vapour pressure of
all metals, thereby allowing it to be heated for electron emission, and because of its
low cost.
The electron beam, which typically has an energy ranging from 0.5 keV to 40
keV, is focused by one or two condenser lenses to a spot about 0.4 nm to 5 nm in
diameter. The beam passes through pairs of scanning coils or pairs of deflector plates
in the electron column, typically in the final lens, which deflect the beam in the x and
y axes so that it scans in a raster fashion over a rectangular area of the sample surface.
The size of the interaction volume depends on the electron's landing energy,
the atomic number of the specimen and the specimen's density. The energy exchange
between the electron beam and the sample results in the reflection of high-energy
electrons by elastic scattering, emission of secondary electrons by inelastic scattering
and the emission of electromagnetic radiation, each of which can be detected by
specialized detectors. The beam current absorbed by the specimen can also be
detected and used to create images of the distribution of specimen current. Electronic
amplifiers are used to amplify the signals which are displayed as variations in
brightness on a cathode ray tube. This is digitally captured and displayed on a
computer monitor and saved.

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Discussion
DISCUSSION
Science is a gradual evolution and not a sudden invention. Ayurveda as a

science is not an exception for it. The imperishable fundamentals of Ayurveda, which
were laid down by Acharyas since the time immemorial are still applicable because of
their scientific background. A careful survey of the original text of Rasashastra shows
that the subject covers the entire field of inorganic pharmaceutical preparations.
Rasaushadhis play an important role in curing ailments in human beings.
Ayurvedic system is suffering a lot and therefore crumbling its image in the society,
due to the fact that there is a complaint from the society that the Ayurvedic medicines
available in the market are not up to the standard. To overcome this embarrassing
situation, systemic research work in the field of Ayurveda is highly essential. In the
present study Tamra Bhasma was prepared and was subjected to four different
procedures of Amruthikarana, for which the pharmaceutico and analytical study was
carried out.
Conceptual Study
The use of Tamra has been since the Pre – Vedic period, the Archaeological
evidence suggests that the use of copper dates back to about 10,000 years in Western
Asia. It was the first metal used by mankind to make tools, implements, ornaments,
utensils etc. Copper was smelted from ores near mines, the metal being refined in clay
crucible. The Post Harappan Period utilized various Copper implements.
In the Vedic period, the Vedas have references to Tamra as one among Lohas.
In India, it is an age old tradition to drink water which is kept in Copper vessel
overnight. Further it is a time tested fact that Copper helps the purification of water.
This water kept in Copper pot also helps in regulating peristalsis and bowel habits,
thus acting as a preventive measure.
Kautilya Arthashastra explains the manufacture of commodities from Copper
and other metals. Preparation of alloy from Copper and Gold is explained.
Tamra is described as Varna in context of various diseases and also is used for
treatment in Ayurvedic Granthas. The Copper was used in Rajaha (churna) form

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Discussion
during Samhita Kala, which suggests that the use of Copper might be in Rajaha form
during this period.
Charaka Samhita mentions Tamra as one of the Parthiva Dravya. The
instrument for Jihwa nirlekhana was then made from Tamra. Tamra Varna is a
Lakshana for various diseases like Pittaja shotha, Kilasa, Udumbara kushta, Krimi,
etc. This suggests the colour of Tamra as red which was known since the time of
Charaka.
Sushruta explained for the first time the Rasa, Guna, Veerya, Vipaka of
Tamra. It was used as Rajaha along with a decoction of Shalasaradi gana, was advised
in all types of Prameha. The application of Tamra Patra in various formulation
preparations is explained. It can be thus opined that for the preparations, certain
explanation regarding the Patra was also told, which might help in the enhancement of
property of the formulation.
In Samgraha Kala the properties of Tamra are explained. There are also
references regarding Tamra indication in Kashyapa and Harita Samhita.
Since the Medieval period Tamra was used for the first time in Bhasma form.
In the renowned days of Rasashastra, the advancement of various Bhasma processing
took place. During this era the physicians were more familiar with the properties of
Tamra, the ill effects produced and their antidotes. This suggests that the utility of
Tamra was on ascending path. Tamra is explained in detail in the Rasagranthas i.e., its
types, Doshas, Shodhana, Marana etc.
The oldest classics - Rasarnava, Rasahridaya Tantra etc. have explanations
regarding Samanya Shodhana of Dhatus and also classification. There is no much
reference to its types, Bhasma preparation and detailed aspect of administration. In
Rasarnava, it is told that when Tamra is subjected to flame it emits Neela Varna.
In Rasendra Chudamani, Somanathiya Tamra Bhasma is explained. It is
prepared in a minimum duration. Rasaratna Samucchaya and Rasaprakasha Sudhakara
- onwards Tamra bhasma was used in various pharmaceutical preparations. Rasa
Chintamani described a special “Swetha Bhasma” of Tamra while Rasamrita
mentioned specific Amla and Dadhi Parikshas for the standard Tamra Bhasma.
Rasapaddhati has explained Somanathiya Tamra Bhasma with Maraka gana. This
refers to the marked transformation in the formulation Tamra Bhasma as the science
developed.

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Discussion
Tamra Utpatti is described in mythological verses of Varaha Purana and Rasa

Granthas. According to Purana, it is considered as Mamsa Dhatu of Gudakesha and
the Rasagranthas say that Tamra is the Shukra of Kartikeya and the Patita Ravi
Kantija Teja. Since it is found on the Bhumi Tala it can be co related to the ores like
oxides, sulphides, grey Copper, sulphate, carbonates, silicates and chlorides.
The availability of Tamra is told in Mleccha and Nepala desha. Nepala desha is
considered as Nepal and Mleccha Desha considered as foreign or barbarous country.
Regarding the Paryayas of Tamra, it has all the Surya paryayas, in relation to
Ambhaka, based on Prapti sthana, Udumbara phala, Ratna - Marakata, its tenderness.
It also has other synonyms such as Shulba, Kamya etc.
Tamra has the synonym of Surya as it is considered as the metal of Sun God. The
Varna of Tamra resembles Ambhaka Varna, hence it has Paryayas in relation to
Lotus. It is considered to be of two types, namely, Nepala and Mleccha, as per the
availability. Hence it has the Paryayas based on Desha. Also Tamra resembles
Udumbara phala in Varna and so it has the Udumbara Paryayas. When Tamra is
subjected to fire it releases bluish flame, so it has Paryaya of Marakata. Further, it has
synonyms such as Kaniyasa, Koniyasa etc. in relation to its tenderness, as it
malleable. Kamya is one synonym in relation to Kama Deva. Tamra is one among the
five Banas of Kama deva.
Tamra is classified based on its availability and Varna. Nepala Tamra available in
Nepala desha is considered as Shresta indicating genuine Tamra. Mleccha Deshaja
variety is considered as Hina. In some texts, Kedara and Bangala variety are described
instead of Mleccha. These are also said to have Hina guna. Hence it can be opined
that Kedara, Bangala and Mleccha varities are considered same.
The Rasa Granthas have also explained the Grahya and Agrahya Lakshanas of
Tamra. The Nepala Tamra is considered as Shresta and is used in Rasashastra. The
Shresta Tamra Lakshanas is - that which does not attain Katu bhava when Amla
dravya is heated in it. It is scientifically proved that, toxicity is produced when Copper
comes in contact with sour substances. This might be the reason given for the Katu
bhava of Tamra. Pure Tamra is said as Loha Naga rahita and resembles the Japa
kusuma, suggesting the absence of any alloy or impurities in Shresta Tamra. Tamra
has Ghanaghatasaha and Mrudu property, suggesting that it is malleable and ductile.
As per the evidences Tamra is considered as Visha – as it contains the Astha
Doshas. It produces 8 symptoms in human beings such as Vanti, Bharnti,
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Discussion
Chittasantapa, Shosha, Gadotkleda, Aruchi, Daha and Moha. So, Tamra is to be used
in Bhasma preparation after Shodhana.
The Samanya Shodhana is explained in various Rasa Granthas for the Lohas.
Nirvapana is done in Taila, Takradi media for 7 times. Some authors mentioned
Nirvapana for three times only. In Rasa Tarangini Kadali moola jala is the media.
Vishesha Shodhana is described as Nirvapana in various Rasa Granthas.
Lepana of Dravyas to the Tamra patra is done and then heated, followed by Nirvapana
in liquid media. There is difference of opinion regarding Lepana dravya and
Nirvapana media.
Some have explained Gomutra pachana, Dalana and Puta as other special
methods for Tamra Shodhana. Some have explained only Nirvapana without any
Lepana. Rasayana sara mentions 12 media are explained for Nirvapa. There is a
description of various media for Nirvapana on basis of the Astha Doshas.
In both Samanya and Vishesha Shodhana for Tamra, mainly Nirvapana and
swedana methods are explained. This involves both Toya and Agni Sannikarsha.
These Samskaras increase the potency of drug by removal of the impurities.
Samanya Shodhana is explained for all the Dhatus in general chiefly involving
the removal of impurities. Vishesha Shodhana of Tamra and other Dhatus in
particular, removes the specific impurities present respectively. The media used for
Vishesha Shodhana depend on the disease for which the formulation is used.
Tamra Marana
Tamra Marana is a procedure explained in our Rasa Granthas by various
Acharyas with a difference of opinion. There are variations in, quantity of Tamra,
other drugs used in Marana and their quantity, Drava dravya used for Mardana, fuel
used, number and type of Puta.
Some have explained Parada and others have explained Gandhakadi as
Marana dravya. In Rasendra Chintamani it is said that Tamra Marana should be done
using Parada, if not it produces deposition of Kitta in the Udara. If Marana is done
with Parada it imparts the Tamra Bhasma with Rasayana property. As Gandhaka is
the Arhi loha for Tamra, it destroys the medicinal property of Tamra, so Parada can
be considered as the better option for Tamra Marana.
For the preparation of Tamra Bhasma Shudda Tamra is used. The texts not
only explain the procedure for Puta but also for Kupipakwa method, Atapa Marana,
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Discussion
Marana in Handika on Chullika, Urdwha patana method, Lavana yantra method and
many more.
In case of Atapa Marana it is not explained about the duration of the
procedure, neither how many times the Kajjali is to be applied. In some procedures
the Type of Puta, the number of Putas to be given for Tamra Marana is not mentioned,
which indicates that the procedure should be continued till attainment of Bhasma
Lakshanas.
If Rasa dravyas are used as Maraka gana dravyas for Tamra Marana, it should
be in purified form. Their quantity depends on type and number of drugs used in the
procedure. GajaPuta, Varaha Puta and Kukkuta Puta are described in Tamra Bhasma
preparation. The number of Putas explained have a difference of opinion. In general
the selection of Puta should be in such a way that the temperature should be below the
melting point of Copper, if it exceeds the Punarbhava of Tamra takes place. It also
depends on Maraka Gana dravya used in the procedure.
In case of Somanathi Tamra Bhasma and some procedures of Tamra Bhasma
preparation in classics, Tamra patras are kept in Bhanda and Bhasma prepared. In
such cases, various media are mentioned in which the Tamra is placed, that is, Tintini
twak bhasma, Kajjali, Gandhaka, Kalka of Minakshi, Changeri, Punarnava patra kalka
etc. The Dhrudagni is imparted for 4 yamas. The end product is Tamra Bhasma. Here
the time duration for the processing is minimal in comparison to Puta method.
In some procedures, the end product of Tamra Marana is the Tamra Bhasma
along with Rasa sindhura. This is possible only when Kajjali is used as Maraka gana
dravya and sublimation is done.
Tamra Amruthikarana
As there was advancement in the Bhasma preparation procedure, it was used
internally by which certain adverse drug reactions arose in the body. In
Rasaratnasamucchaya a special Samskara was added as a continuation of Tamra
Marana. Later authors coined the term as ‘Amruthikarana’ which literally means
‘changing into nector’. Amruthikarana is a special Samskara which is followed after
the Marana of Lohadi. This mainly helps to remove the Shista doshas from Mruta
Loha, to bring about Guna vruddi in the Bhasma.
Tamra is said to be Visha. Improper purification results in improper Bhasma
which has Astha Doshas, which in turn lead to 8 symptoms. Therefore, before internal
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Discussion
administration, it should be ensured that it is free from toxicity. It can be considered

as a precautionary measure, in which Amruthikarana is the special procedure
prescribed.
Various Amrithikarana procedures are explained in the Rasa Granthas. In most
of the classical references, the Chakrikas are placed in Surana Kanda after Mardana
procedure. Only few authors have explained the use of Sharava.
As per Acharyas, the Mardana dravya is mainly Nimbu swarasa, Panchamruta,
Kumari swarasa.
According to some authors Panchamruta is explained as Shunti, Musal,
Giloya, Shatavari, Gokharu. Bhavaprakasha indicates the following Gunas for these
Panchamrutas -
• Shunti is Pachani, Ruchaya, Laghu, Snigdha, Ushna and Agneya guna
Bhuista.
• Shatavari has Guruta, Sheeta, Snigdha, Balya, Vayasthapana, Agnivardhaka
• Gokharu is Sheeta, Swadu, Balya, Basti Shodhana, Madhura, Deepana
• Musali has Sheeta, Laghu, Snehana, Balya.
• Giloya is of Swadu paka, Rasayana, Samgrahi, Laghu, Agnideepani.
In paribhasa prakarana of Rasa granthas the Panchamruta is considered as
Goghruta, Godudgha, Dadhi, Madhu, Sharkara.
In Ananda Kanda the ingredients for Amruthikarana are different. Shweta
Kacha and Tankana are used, Dhamana is done in Musha. Tankana has kshara
property which might have an impact on Tamra.
The Varna of Tamra Bhasma is explained as Krishna in Yogaratnakara,
Shweta Tamra Bhasma is explained in Rasendra Sambhava which is processed in Tila
parni rasa. Atasi pushpa Varna is explained in Bharatiya Rasashastra. This might be
due to the action of Maraka gana dravya. The Krushana Varna of Tamra Bhasma can
be assumed due to the conversion of copper into copper oxide by subjecting to heat.
For the white colour of Tamra Bhasma it can be inferred that the Bhasma is in
sulphate form.
Amla Dhadi pariksha, as explained in Rasamritam determines the completion
of the Bhasma preparation and colour change may state the presence of Copper in
metallic form.

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Discussion
Pharmaco therapeutic properties of Tamra Bhasma

Rasa of Tamra:
Most of the Acharyas described Tamra as Kashaya, Madhura and Tikta
Rasatmaka. Actually neither Tamra nor Tamra Bhasma has any taste but probably the
action of this drug on body is somewhat similar to the action of Kashaya, Madhura
and Tikta Rasatmaka. Amla Rasa is also described by some texts.
Guna:
Most of the texts like Bhava Prakasha, Rasa Tarangini and Ayurveda Prakash
mention it as Laghu Gunatmaka, where as Sushruta Samhita mentions it as Guru
Gunatmaka. The Gunas of Tamra Bhasma are Laghu, Tikshna, Ushna, Sara and
Snigdha. It is also considered as Bruhamana, Kshut kara, Lekhana, Netrya, Saraka,
Rasayana, Ropaka Virechaka etc
Virya:
Tamra is described as Sheeta Veerya by some and Ushna Veerya by others.
Rasaratnakara mentions it as both Ushna and Sita Viryatmaka.
It is indicated in many diseases such as Amlapitta, Arsha, Atisara, Bheda,
Bhrama, Hikka, Shwasa, Jwara, Pandu, Kushta, etc.
The dosage of Tamra Bhasma is said as ½ to 1 Ratti. In Rasajalanidhi, 2 Gunja
is the Matra of Tamra Bhasma. In Rasaprakasha Sudhakara, it is explained as Valla
Pramana. In Rasendra Chintamani the Matra for Tamra Bhasma is in increasing dose
upto 24 Gunja. This wide range of variation in the Matra might be due to the
difference in adopted procedures, Maraka Dravyas used for Marana, depending on the
Roga and Rogibala. Various Anupana’s are told as per the disease and Pathya is also
explained.
Pharmaceutical Study
Tamra Shodhana
Raw drug Tamra collected based on the Grahya – Agrahya Lakshanas for the
study. The Shodhana is required for Tamra before subjecting to Marana as explained
in the texts.
In the present study among the various procedures the Samanya and Vishesha
Shodhana were performed as explained in Rasa Ratna Samucchaya. This reference
was selected, due to easy availability of drug, easy method of preparation, less
ingredients and cost effectiveness.
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Discussion
Preparation of Takra – Practical No. 1

Takra was prepared as per the reference quoted in Sushruta Samhita. Half part
of water was added to 1 part of Dadhi, churned and butter separated to get the Takra.
Initially the Dadhi had Madhura rasa, on churning it was converted into Amla
Madhura, a weak acid with pH 4.
Preparation of Aranala – Practical No. 2

Aranala is the synonym of Kanji. The procedure for Kanji as explained in
Bhaishajya Ratnavali was followed in this study. The quantity of water taken for the
procedure was increased as the rice was to be cooked properly. The completion of
procedure was assessed on the basis of emission of Amla gandha. Due to the
environmental temperature of rainy season, the procedure might have taken twelve
days to complete. Madhura rasa was gradually converted to Amla rasa with a pH of 3
due to fermentation.
Preparation of Kulattha Kwatha – Practical No. 3

Procedure in Astanga Hrudaya was referred for preparing Kulattha Kwatha.
Kulattha was taken, to it 16 parts water added and reduced to ¼th part. The Kulattha
Kwatha pH was acidic that is 6.5. As the processing was done on Mandagni, the rate
of evaporation was slow. Therefore the contact period of Kulattha with water was
prolonged resulting in maximum release of active constituents into water.
Samanya Shodhana of Tamra – Practical No. 4

Initially the Samanya Shodhana was started with a market available sample of
Tila Taila, followed by Takra, Gomutra, Aranala and Kulatta Kwatha. The pH of all
the 5 media was noted by using pH paper strip, both before and after Nirvapana. The
pH of above media before Nirvapana was 6.5, 4, 9, 3 and 6.5 respectively. In the first
and last media the pH was towards neutral, the 2nd and 4th media were weak acids
where as the 5th one was alkaline in pH.
After Shodhana, the pH of the media were 7, 4.5, 8, 7 and 7.5 for Taila, Takra,
Gomutra, Aranala and Kulatta Kwatha respectively.
The colour change was observed in the media, yellow coloured Tila taila
turned to brownish with bottle green tinge. Takra which was milky white turned to
greenish white colour. Gomutra which was light brown turned to dark brown with
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Discussion
black particles. Aranala colour was white, turning to grayish with fine black particles.
The Kulattha Kwatha which was brown turned to blackish brown.
The black particles might be the carbon particles which were formed during
heating. The change in pH and colour change in the media is suggestive of the release
of impurities into media. There was marked difference in the pH of Aranala before
and after Shodhana, which can be assumed that there was more release of impurities
into this media.
As per Bhavaprakasha, Tila Taila has the Gunas such as Tikshna, Ushna,
Sroto Shodhana, lekhana, Vyavai, Vikasi etc. These properties might act on Tamra
which help in increasing the brittleness and make Tamra finer.
Takra has the quality of removal of Margavarana as per Sushruta. So it can be
assumed that similar effect takes place on Tamra, eliminating the impurities in Tamra.
Gomutra has the property of Tikshna, Laghu, Krimihara, Shodhana. Gomutra
might act on the basis of its Gunas on Tamra and remove the impurities in Tamra
making Tamra finer.
Kulattha has the guna of Sarata, Laghu, Vidahi, Ushna veerya and Krimihara
whose impact might help in the further Marana of Tamra.
The Tamra was subjected to direct flame in the 1st media. As the brittleness
increased and Tamra became powdery, the heating was done in a iron pan from the
2nd media. This suggests that the combined effect of heating, followed by sudden
quenching in different media, disintegrate Tamra into fine particles.
When the metals are roasted there is release of moisture; volatile and organic
impurities in the form of oxides. Some impurities which are not volatile in nature get
deposited on the surface of the metal in the form of oxides and are released into the
quenching media.
The Tamra turned to coarse powder, brighter with reddish black colour after
Shodhana. The coarseness might have occurred due to the loss of its malleability and
ductility. The black colour might be due to the oxidation of the organic matter present
and also by the partial oxidation of Tamra on subjecting to fire.
At the end of Samanya Shodhana there was 23.863% loss of weight in Tamra.
The reason for the loss might be predicted as the removal of impurities from the
Tamra.
7.64% was the gross loss seen during the Nirvapana in Aranala due to
processing error. The loss may be predicted due to the removal of impurities, as it was
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Discussion
assessed previously there was gross change in the pH of Aranala, also it might have
occurred due to technique error.
Vishesha Shodhana of Tamra – Practical No. 5

The Vishesha Shodhana of Tamra was done by Swedana in Gomutra having
the pH 9.5 which showed alkalinity. The pH of Gomutra did not change after the
swedana procedure. This implies that the impurities were lost during the samanya
Shodhana.
Cow’s urine is scientifically proven to enhance the antimicrobial effect and is
a bio enhancer. This process may impart special property to Tamra and prepares it for
Marana.
After the vishesha Shodhana there was 7.164% loss of weight in Tamra. The
loss could be due to the fine particles which passed through the cloth into the media.
Parada Shodhana – Practical No. 6

Parada Shodhana was done as per the reference in Ayurveda Prakasha. As the
Mardana of the Parada with Nistusha lashuna kalka and Saindhava lavana proceeded,
the colour turned to brownish, then finally it turned black at the end of 7 days in Tapta
Khalva. This colour change might have occurred due to the contact of mercury with
the sulphur content of Lashuna.
In Tapta Khalva the mixing of Parada with Lashuna Kalka and Saindhava
Lavana was found to be quicker. In the presence of heat Parada might easily release
the impurities into the mixture of Lashuna and Saindhava. But the temperature of
Tapta Khalva should be maintained properly or it leads to evaporation of Parada
which is called as Dhuma gati in classical texts.
Totally 7 days were required for the release of impurities into the Lashuna
mixture. The Prakshalana with Ushna jala was done. Here the Saindhava lavana got
dissolved in water, Lashuna kalka being light in weight floated on the surface of water
and Parada gets settled at the base due to its high density.
It may be ascertained that by discarding of the supernatant water the Lashuna
kalka got separated. On further Prakashalana the Saindhava content and the Lashuna
was totally removed. The procedure was carried out with utmost care to avoid the loss
of Parada through Jala, Mala and Hamsa Gati.

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Discussion
There was 0.5% loss of Parada which could be due loss on washing due to
various Gatis of Parada.
Gandhaka Shodhana – Practical No. 7

Gandhaka Shodhana was carried out as told in Ayurveda Prakasha. Ashudda
Gandhaka was subjected to Dalana and Galana procedure, for 3 times using fresh
Gogrutha and Godugdha each time.
The Mandagni was maintained throughout the process of heating. This might
be to avoid the charring and brownish colour in Gandhaka. Sulphur has an affinity
towards intense fire, so Mandagni was preferred in this process.
The use of powdered Gandhaka was to facilitate easy melting, which would
get easily filtered through the cloth. The cloth was smeared with Grutha to avoid
adherence of Gandhaka to the cloth.
Fine sand particles were found on the cloth which was considered as physical
impurities of sulphur. In classics it is referred to as Shila Churna, which is one among
the 2 Doshas of Gandhaka.
The Gogrutha got accumulated on the surface of the Godugdha with slight
colour change which was considered as some impurities of Gandhaka that got
liberated in the media, classically considered as Visha dosha.
Gandhaka which was in powder form, after the procedure got collected in the
milk media as a spikey mass, slimy in nature. The mass and spikey appearance was
due to the pouring of molten Gandhaka spontaneously into Godugdha through a cloth.
In the consecutive processing the Gandhaka became light yellow in colour and lost its
transparency becoming totally opaque. This denotes that there was change in the form
of Sulphur from crystalline to amorphous.
There was a loss of 8.8% at the end of the procedure. The loss was inferred to
be due to the physical impurities like sand (Shila Churna), chemical impurities (Visha
dosha) and minimal loss due to adherence to Khalva Yantra and cloth.
Kajjali Nirmana – Practical No. 8

The Kajjali nirmana was done as per the reference in Rasa Tarangini by taking
equal amount of Shudda Parada and Shudda Gandhaka. Parada is of heavy nature,
hence it was poured carefully by holding the palm to avoid spillage.

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Discussion
Gandhaka was used in the powder form which might have enhanced the
mixing process. Initially the mixing was little difficult and there was a greenish tinge.
Gradually the colour changed to grey and finally to black. The action of the mercury
particles with the sulphur particles might be the reason for the colour change.
Initially the mercury got dispersed into fine round particles, on further
Mardana the mixing took place and only shining particles observed. As the process of
Mardana continued the entire mass became jet black. Due to its jet black colour it is
termed as Kajjali in our classics. It was tested for presence of shining particles by
exposure to sunlight, which were found to be absent in the sample. It can be opined
that all the mercury got bound with the sulphur particles. A maximum duration of 70
hours was necessary for the entire process, to get the end product with Kajjalabha,
Slakshna and Nischandra Lakshana.
The fineness of the particles was increased as a result of which there was
spillage. This indicates the property of lightness attained by Kajjali. The spillage was
controlled by sprinkling water to minimize the loss.
The interval during the night hours when trituration was not done had an
impact on the process. The dispersed Parada particles have high affinity towards each
other and hence there was accumulation of the particles initially if interval were given
during Mardana.
The loss was 4.737% in the entire procedure. This loss was deduced due to
spillage, adherence of the particles of Kajjali to the Khalva Yantra, evaporation and
the quantity used for test to confirm.
Tamra Marana – Practical No. 9

The Tamra Marana was carried out as explained in Rasa Ratna Samucchaya.
Kajjali is the Maraka dravya used in this particular reference. This procedure was
followed, as in the classics it is told that there is Kitta deposition in the Udara if
Parada Bhasma is not used in Tamra Bhasma preparation. In the 1st Puta the Kajjali
quantity was equal to that of Tamra. In the consecutive Putas the amount of Kajjali
used was ¼th part of Tamra. Equal amount of Kajjali is required in the 1st Puta, the
reason might be for the conversion of Tamra into powder form. In the consecutive
Putas for the further disintegration of Tamra ¼ part of Kajjali is sufficient.

Page 113
Discussion
In the reference of Rasaratna samucchaya, the Puta for Tamra Bhasma is

GajaPuta. As per other references Varaha Puta, Kukkuta Puta are also told in the
context of Tamra Bhasma.
As per Aptopadesha, the Tamra Bhasma if subjected to GajaPuta, becomes
hard which can be assumed as the Punarbhava of Tamra. Hence in the current study,
Tamra Bhasma was prepared by Varaha Puta.
Though the Varaha Puta was given, the Tamra Bhasma became hard after 1st
Puta and hence the quantity of Upala was reduced from 15Kgs to 10Kgs. On
subjecting to the Puta with 10Kgs Upala, the Tamra chakrikas became slight hard. So
the quantity of Upala was reduced to 8 Kgs. After 13th Puta the Chakrikas again
turned slight hard. So from 14th Puta 7 kgs of Upala was used till the last Puta. The
hardness of the Chakrikas might have occurred due to the rise in temperature,
resulting in the Punarbhava of Tamra.
In the quoted reference 3 GajaPutas are told. But, in Ayurvediya Rasashastra
text by Prof. Siddhinandan Mishra, the Putas should be given until the Bhasma
Lakshanas are attained, that is 20 to 25 Putas. In this study by 19 Putas the Bhasma
Lakshana’s were attained.
There was varied duration in the temperature for the different Putas, i.e. for
15Kgs of Upala, the range for peak temperature was 800°C to 830°C which lasted for
1½ hours. For 8kgs of Upala the range for peak temperature was 778°C to 805°C
which lasted for 1½ hours and for 7kgs Upala the range was 726°C to 788°C for 2
hours. This variation was due to the variation in the quantity of Upala.
In Ayurvediya Rasashastra Text, it is explained to add Kajjali upto 7th Puta.
The same reference was followed in the present study. After the 7th Puta upto 19th
Puta only Nimbu Swarasa was used as a media.
The Mardana was done till the mass did not adhere to the Khalva yantra
indicating the proper mixing of the mass and the consistency attained so that the
Chakrikas could be prepared.
Initially the Kajjali coated Tamra pieces on drying were grayish in colour.
After the 1st Puta there was brownish colour with bluish green tinge, indicating the
formation of little percentage of Copper sulphate along with Cuprous oxide.
Chandrika was present on the surface of Chakrikas.
The Tamra became powder after 1st Puta and from 2nd Puta Chakrikas were
made. The colour of the Chakrikas after drying was grey. This colour might be due to
Page 114
Discussion
the impact of Nimbu swarasa with Kajjali on Tamra. Upto 7 Putas the colour of the
Chakrikas was grayish with brown, green, blue patches after Marana. On powdering
the Chakrikas it became grayish brown colour. The action of the heat, Kajjali and
nimbu swarasa on the Copper might be responsible for the colour. It might be
postulated that the mixture contains cupric oxide, cuprous oxide and copper sulphate
in combination.
The odour of the Bhasma through out the procedure was that of sulphur, this
was due to the Kajjali added which contained sulphur.
Initially the Bhasma had bitter and sour taste. It was highly irritative, which
may be due the metallic Copper and Cuprous oxide. At the end of 19th Puta the Tamra
Bhasma became tasteless.
The Tamra Bhasma was rough initially. In the successive Putas it became
finer.15th Puta it became smooth. It can de predicted that the fineness of Bhasma is
increased by the increase in number of Putas.
Copper filings and Kajjali when mixed, at room temperature do not have the
tendency to unite. When heated the Kajjali melts, violent action takes place. Copper
becomes red hot, black brittle body produced with properties different from the 2
ingredients. This is Copper oxide.
Tamra Amruthikarana
Amruthikarana was carried out in 4 methods for four samples of Tamra
Bhasma. The 3 references quoted in Rasa Tarangini and 1 reference as told in
Rasamritam was followed. These procedures were selected as these methods are
common in practice, the drugs are easily available and easy method of preparation.
(Method 1 and 2) – Practical No. 9 and 10

The Amruthikarana (Method 1) was carried out as per the reference told in
Rasa Tarangini. ½ part Shudda Gandhaka churna was taken and Mardana done with
Marita Tamra and Nimbu Swarasa, golaka was prepared.
The Amruthikarana (Method 2) was carried out as per the reference told in
Rasamritam. Marita tamra was taken with Nimbu swarasa, Mardana done and Golaka
was prepared.

Page 115
Discussion
In both the procedures 2 different Surana kandas were taken. A shallow

depression was done at the centre from above and the golaka was placed in it and
sealed.
Surana has the Gunas such as Deepana, Ruksha, Krimidosha hara, Ruchya,
Vishada, Laghu and Nimbu is Deepaka, Ruksha, Ushna, Guru, Amla, Krimihara as
per Bhava prakasha. Gandhaka has the Gunas such as ushna veerya, sara, jantu kandu
visarpa jit, Kustha Harana and Rasayana.
These properties might help in the removal of the Shistha Dosha from the
Marita Tamra, helping in the enhancement of the Guna of Tamra Bhasma. Shistha
doshas are those Doshas which produces the ill effects on administration in the human
body. Hence Amruthikarana is must after Tamra Marana.
The classics mention of 3 GajaPutas. But in this study, as it was continuation
procedure of Tamra Marana, same type Puta was given.
In the current study, for Method 1 there was 58.3% gain of weight in Tamra
Bhasma. This might be due to the remains of Gandhaka in the sample. This indicates
that it is better to give GajaPuta for Amruthikarana of Gandhaka and Nimbu swarasa
Marita Tamra, as stated in the classics.
Method 2 had 8.33% weight loss and there were all the Bhasma siddha
Lakshanas, indicating that the Puta was sufficient.
The compounds of copper are stable in nature at room temperature and in
closed container, but have a tendency to decompose. Cupric oxide and Cuprous oxide
are highly irritant causes nausea, vomiting etc system related symptoms. So in order
to over come these draw backs Amruthikarana becomes necessary.
(Method 3) – Practical No. 11

In Amruthikarana (Method 3) ½ part Shuddha Gandhaka, Panchamruta are
taken along with Tamra Bhasma and Mardana was done. Chakrikas are prepared and
dried. Placed in Sharava and 3Putas given as previous. The Panchamruta individually
has the following Gunas as explained in Bhavaprakasha -
• Dhadi – Ushna, Deepana, Snigdha, Guru, Grahi, Balya.
• Grutha – Vayaha Sthapana, Guru, Balya, Rasayana, Ayu Vardhaka, Ruchya.
• Madhu – Sheeta, Laghu, Grahi, Ruksha, Deepana, SrotoviShodhana, Rochana.

Page 116
Discussion
• Dugdha – Madhura, Guru, Kinchit Kledakara, Snigdha, Jara Samasta

Roganam Shanti.
• Sharkara – Sheeta, Madhura, Ruksha, Vata Pitta Asra Daha Nut, Murcha
Chardi Jwara Harana, Shukra Kara
The Chakrikas did not dry properly. They were easily breakable, which might
be assumed due to the addition of Panchamruta among which grutha is an ingredient
which imparted smoothness to the Chakrikas.
There was a weight gain of 53.85% which might be predicted as due to the
presence of Gandhaka, because of the insufficient Puta as explained previously.
(Method 4) – Practical No. 12

In Amruthikarana (Method 4) Marita Tamra Mardana was done with Kumari
and Chakrikas prepared, dried. It was subjected to Puta in sharava. Kumari - bhedana,
sheeta, rasayani, madhura, bhrumana, balya, vrushya, - bhavaprakasha.
There was 5% loss after this procedure of Amruthikarana. The loss can be
predicted due to the adherence to the Khalva Yantra and removal of Shistha Dosha.
Analytical study
Identification of Raw Tamra was done as per the classical reference. The
colour of Tamra was reddish. The Jwala Pariksha was carried out. On subjecting
Tamra to Agni, the flame colour was bluish due to the emission of blue colour
radiations.
The Analytical procedure was carried out by Bhasma Pariksha as told in the
classics, Organoleptic characters, Physico – Chemical Analysis, Quantitative and
qualitative assessment.
In the present study the Tamra bhasma sample (Sample A) and 4 samples of
Tamra Bhasma after four different procedures of Amrithikarana i.e., Tamra Bhasma
after Amritikarana with Gandhaka and Nimbu Swarasa (Sample B), Tamra Bhasma
after Amrutikarana with Nimbu Swarasa (Sample C), Tamra Bhasma after
Amrutikarana with Gandhaka and Panchamruta (Sample D) and Tamra Bhasma after
Amrutikarana with Kumari (Sample E) were subjected to analysis.

Page 117
Discussion
Bhasma Pariksha was carried out as told in the classics. The 5 Bhasma
samples passed the Rekhapurnatva pariksha, Nischandra test, Varitara, Unama,
Apunarbhava pariksha and Amla Pariksha.
Rekhapurnata indicated the fineness of the Bhasma. Nischandrata test means
no shining particles present, which can be predicted as the complete conversion of the
metal to oxide form.
Varitaratva and Unama tests were positive, indicated that the samples did not
break the surface tension of water and had specific gravity less than that of water.
Apunarbhava pariksha was passed, indicating the total conversion of Copper
into oxide form.
Amla Pariksha was negative that is there was no discolouration indicating the
attainment of Bhasma Lakshana. This confirms that there is no free Tamra in the
sample and there is complete oxidation of the samples.
The Organoleptic Characters was assessed for all the 5 Bhasma Samples. The
appearance of the 5 samples of Bhasma was in powder form.
As per classics the Tamra Bhasma is black in colour. The black colour is due
to the conversion of element Copper into Cupric oxide form. In this study the colour
was black for the sample A that is one before Amruthikarana. Sample B was pale
black in colour, Sample C and Sample D were black in colour, and Sample E was
brownish black in colour. This colour variation may be due to the drugs used during
Amruthikarana procedure.
All the 5 Samples were tasteless. Cupric oxide is tasteless when it is stable.
Copper is usually made available to saliva in hydrous form. When copper compounds
are given orally they are bound by the proteins present in the saliva, obstructing the
taste perception. May be the samples have attained such a form that solubility in
saliva is not possible.
The touch was smooth in sample A, B, and C, where as in the other 2 samples
that is Sample D and E it was rough. This indicates that it is better to do the
Amruthikarana in Surana Kanda.
The Samples A, B and D had sulphur odour. This might be due to the addition
of sulphur when the processing was done.
The analysis for the Physical and Chemical characters included -
Determination of pH, Determination of Specific gravity, Loss on Drying, Ash values
including -Total Ash, Acid Insoluble Ash and Water Soluble Ash.
Page 118
Discussion
The pH of the 5 samples was determined by using the Digital pH meter. The
pH for the samples was Sample A - 4.06, Sample B – 2.08, Sample C – 4.50, Sample
D – 4.76, Sample E – 5.77. This suggests that all the samples are weakly acidic in
nature. Except in Sample B, there is no much influence of Amruthikarana on the
Bhasma.
The specific Gravity was determined by the use of Specific gravity bolttle.
The Specific gravity of the Samples are as follows. Sample A – 0.994, Sample B –
0.999, Sample C – 0.998, Sample D - 0.995 and Sample E – 0.996. The values state
that all the samples had a specific gravity less than that of water. There is no marked
variation in specific gravity after Amruthikarana of Tamra Bhasma.
The moisture content of a drug should be minimal so as to prevent the
decomposition due to chemical changes and contamination. The Loss on Drying was
done as explained in the WHO guidelines. The values for Loss on Drying for the
samples are – Sample A – 0.6954%, Sample B – 0.7992%, Sample C – 0.6477%,
Sample D – 0.8453% and Sample E – 0.7477%. Here the Loss on drying for all the 5
samples was minimal. Slight increase was observed in the moisture content in Sample
B, D, and E.
The ash remaining following ignition of drug is determined - Total ash, Acid
Insoluble ash and Water Soluble ash.
The total ash value for the Samples of Tamra Bhasma were – Sample A – 99.75%,
Sample B – 95.71%, Sample C – 96.24%, Sample D – 90.56%, Sample E – 94.46%.
The total ash method is designed to measure the total amount of inorganic
material remaining after ignition. This includes both ash of Tamra and "physiological
ash", which is derived from the plant tissue. The loss might be due to the emission of
moisture, volatile content at 560 0C employed in the procedure.
Acid-insoluble ash is the residue obtained after boiling the total ash with dilute
hydrochloric acid, and igniting the remaining insoluble matter. This measures the
amount of silicaceous matter present in the samples. The Acid Insoluble ash for the
various Samples of Tamra Bhasma was as follows – Sample A – 1.2444%, Sample B
– 0.3475%, Sample C – 2.551%, Sample D – 2.425%, Sample E – 2.702%.
The Water soluble ash determines the amount of the water soluble percentage
of the given sample. Water Soluble Ash for the Samples of Tamra Bhasma was –
Sample A – 62.871%, Sample B - 25.673%, Sample C – 40.894%, Sample D –
31.2%, Sample D – 4.3%.
Page 119
Discussion
The NPS test was carried for all the 5 samples and the observations were
made. For sample A the spot appeared same as told in the reference. The references
for the Amruthikruta Tamra Bhasma were not quoted in the text and the observations
made are as follows
Sample A - 1st Phase - Brownish blue colour, started spreading rapidly.

2nd Phase – Dark brown at centre, light brown at periphery and
blue border.
3rd Phase – chocolate coloured centre, white periphery and blue
periphery line.
Sample B - 1st Phase - Pale greenish blue, spreading rapidly.
2nd Phase – Bluish with dispersed border.
3rd Phase – Bluish at the centre with white periphery.
Sample C - 1st Phase – Brown at centre and blue spreading periphery.
3rd Phase – Chocolate coloured centre with white periphery and
blue line.
Sample D - 1st Phase – Dark brown coloured spot with blue spreading
periphery.
3rd Phase - Chocolate coloured centre with white periphery and
blue line.
Sample E - 1st Phase – Quick spreading, light at centre dark periphery.
2nd Phase – Appearance of small blue spot at centre.
3rd Phase – Brown centre with white periphery and light yellow
circle at periphery.
The particle size was assessed by Scanning electron Microscope (SEM) and
the Particle size distribution was done by electronic method. In the SEM the
individual partical size of the selected particles was assessed. The assessment was
done at a magnification of 0 - 5μm with 15 kv voltage.

Page 120
Discussion
Sample Individual Selected Particle Size

A 681nm, 712nm, 768nm, 874nm, 877nm, 934nm, 962nm, 968nm
B 744nm, 773nm, 821nm, 881nm, 907nm,968nm, 1.08 μm
C 666nm, 716nm, 716nm, 789nm, 809nm, 850nm, 880nm, 884nm,899nm
D 685nm, 738nm, 848nm, 877nm, 888nm, 899nm, 930nm, 937nm, 1.09μm
E 709nm, 840nm, 948nm, 1.48μm, 2.09μm, 2.55μm
This individual particle size assessment cannot be considered as accurate, as the
selection of particles is done by vision of the operator.
The Partical size as assessed by electron microscope is as follows

Sample Mean Diameter Obscuration % Diameter(μm)
10% 50% 90%
A 16.53 μm 4 3.87 13.71 33.44
B 22.19 μm 7 3.43 15.15 52.48
C 18.65 μm 8 4.07 14.89 38.88
D 26.34 μm 8 5.57 21.57 54.46
E 67.64 μm 14 24.93 58.38 124.19
There is an increase in the particle size after Amruthikarana. The sample C has
a minimal increase in particle size in comparison to other samples. According to the
standards told in Indian Pharmacoepia very fine powder is if all the particles pass
through a sieve with nominal mesh aperture of 125 μm (No. 120 mesh). In this study
all the samples less than the size stated in I. P. The size of the particle may be
influenced by the temperature imparted, variation in the procedure, the impact of the
Mardana procedure and also the filtration medium.
The reports for quantitative analysis for all the 5 samples of Tamra Bhasma
were obtained by using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The analysis was carried
for Copper, Mercury, Manganese, Iron and Zinc. The results were expressed in Parts
per Million (PPM) for all elements except Mercury, which was parts per Billion
(PPB).

Page 121
Discussion
Results of elemental analysis by AAS

Sample Copper Mercury Manganese Iron Zinc
mg/Kg µg/Kg mg/Kg mg/Kg mg/Kg
(PPM) (PPB) (PPM) (PPM) (PPM)
A 8140 694 338.3 2220 346.1
B 2995 584 119.6 434.3 142.13
C 4970 406 173.1 490 232.66
D 5320 5700 271.7 1020 419.16
E 5950 5450 246.9 1650 302.03
Copper was found to be more in Sample A, where as in Sample B it was least.

In rest of the 3 samples it was in intermediate range.
Mercury was found in more quantity in Samples D, followed by Sample E. It
was least in sample C.
The quantity of Manganese was high in the Sample A, least in Sample B
followed by Sample C and intermediate range in Sample D and E.
Iron was in high quantity in Sample A and least in Sample B. The quantity of
Zinc was more in Sample A compared to other Samples.
This indicates that all the elements except mercury were in high concentration
in the Sample A, which is Tamra Bhasma before Amruthikarana. After
Amruthikarana the quantity of the elements except mercury was decreased. The rise
in the mercury quantity may be inferred as some instrumental error.
X-RD analysis was carried out at NITK, Surathkal. On the basis of the peaks
in each sample the following a feasible interpretation was done.
All the 5 samples of Tamra Bhasma were subjected to X – RD Analysis. The
major phase in all the samples was Cupric oxide. Sample A has peaks at 2θ values 28,
46, 32 degrees. Sample B has peaks at 2θ values 22, 48, 52, 59 degrees. Sample C at
2θ values 32 and 46 degrees, Sample D at 2θ values 32 and 46 degrees. All these
peaks indicate the presence of Cupric oxide.
The peaks for elemental copper occurs at 2θ values 42.5 and 51 degrees as
per literature. In the 5 Samples of Tamra Bhasma the peaks at these angles are absent.
This states that the elemental Copper is absent in all the 5 samples.
As stated in the literature the peak at 32 degree corresponds to Silica. Samples
A, B, C and D all have Silica, since X - RD pattern shows a peak at 32 degrees.

Page 122
Discussion
Major peak of Copper Sulphate and Cu2SO4 appears at 36 degrees as per the
literature. However, no prominent peak appeared around 36 degrees in all 5 samples,
indicating the absence of Copper sulphate.
Sample A and B is considered to be highly crystalline. There were prominent
peaks of Copper oxide as a major Phase and also impurities present like silica.
Sample C was relatively crystalline as the peaks equivalent to copper oxide
were found, but were comparatively less as in comparison to previous samples. It
might have low amorphous nature as there were no other prominent peaks.
Sample D was relatively amorphous as the graph pattern showed few
prominent peaks, indicating that low level of crystalline nature was present in the
sample.
Tamra Bhasma Sample E was totally Amorphous in nature. The peaks were
very low, with zigzag patterned graph not having any lengthy peak. This indicates that
the Sample E of Tamra Bhasma was completely Amorphous without any crystalline
form present in it.
The elemental analysis was done for all the 5 samples by Scanning Electron
microscope (EDAC). The test results are briefed in the Table.
Carbon was an element detected in the Sample A, C and D. It was more in
Sample C were the procedure was carried out in Surana Kanda.
Silicon % was found more in sample E and Iron % was more in Sample C.
Sample A Sample B Sample C Sample D Sample E

Element (mass %) (mass %) (mass %) (mass %) (mass %)
C 7.54 - 9.07 - 3.79
O 12.33 - 10.2 - 15.49
Mg 0.12 - - 1.03 0.54
Al 1 - - - 0.34
Si 1.41 0.71 1.63 0.3 1.94
S 13.04 51.93 10.56 21.53 4.52
Mn 0.17 - 0.43 - 0.19
Fe 0.96 0.67 1.18 - 1.02
Cu 63.43 19.62 63.02 77.14 71.32
Zn - - - - 0.85
Hg - 7.91 3.91 - -
Pb - - - - -
Bi - 19.16 - - -

Page 123
Conclusion
CONCLUSION
• The medicinal use of Tamra was not known in the Pre – Vedic and Vedic
period. It was used in domestic, commercial, instrumentation, and decorative
purpose.
• During the Samhita Kala, Tamra was classified under Parthiva Dravya,
internally in ‘Rajaha’ form and as Upakarana in Chikitsa aspect.. Its Rasa,
Guna, Veerya, Vipaka were known.
• The procedures for Shodhana and Marana of Tamra, and internal use of Tamra
Bhasma was invented for the first time in the medieval period.
• Later the internal administration of Tamra gave rise to adverse drug reaction.
Attempts made to over come this added on a special continuation to the Tamra
Marana, which was coined the term ‘Amruthikarana’ by later authors.
• Tamra Shodhana is carried out in two steps. Initially, Samanya Shodhana by

Nirvapana followed by Vishesha Shodhana by Swedana method.
• The acidic, alkaline and lipid nature of the media helped to eliminate the
impurities of the Tamra. In Nirvapana, colour change in media is suggestive of
the release of impurities into the media.
• Gomutra being a bioenhancer, which is used for Vishesha Shodhana adds on

specific properties to Tamra.
• Varaha Puta considered equivalent to 15 kgs, is sufficient for the initial

conversion of Tamra pieces to powder form, by using Kajjali as a media.
• The quantity of Upala should be reduced in the successive Putas, with a

maximum of 7 to 8 kgs Upala.

Page 124
Conclusion
• The Rasamritam reference employed for Amruthikarana is more convenient,

as the procedure is easy and the particle size is reduced in this Amruthikruta
Tamra Bhasma when compared to other procedures.
• There is no marked difference in Analytical study of Tamra Bhasma and

Amruthikruta Tamra Bhasma.
• Bio assay will help in finding the pharmacological action variation among the
samples.

Page 125
Summary
SUMMARY
The current study entitled “Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study of

Amruthikarana W.S.R. to Tamra Bhasma” has been summarized briefly in to 8
different sections starting from Introduction, Aims and Objectives of the Study,
Review of literature, Methodology, Discussion, Conclusion, Summary and
Bibliography.
Section-1 Briefing on the idea of the subject dealt in this study by highlighting the
basic important points is done in this section. This gives the gross picture regarding
the matter of the study.
Section 2 Here an idea about the aims and objectives for the study is dealt.
Section 3 Review of literature is dealt under 2 sub divisions -

Historical review - deals with the compilation of drug Tamra from the Pre - vedic
period including the Vedic period, Nighantu Kala, Samhita Kala and Rasa kala, till
date is explained in chronological order in brief.
Drug review – Firstly there is the description of the mythological origin of Tamra.
The discussion regarding the raw drug Tamra, formulation Tamra Bhasma and
Amruthikarana a special procedure adopted, their chronological development, various
references and opinions by various authors from its Utpatti up to its Guna karma is
dealt in this section.
Section 4 The methodology section is sub divided into 2 parts - Pharmaceutical and
Analytical study sections.
Pharmaceutical study – this section comprises the set of practicals conducted during
the study. It starts from the initial process Samanya Tamra Shodhana upto the
Amruthikarana, which includes the preparation of various media involved in Samanya
and Vishesha Shodhana, Marana and Amruthikarana four procedures. The references
are quoted in relation to the practical, with specification of starting and concluding

Page 126
Summary
dates. Systematic explanation of the procedure followed, observations done,

precautions taken and results are tabulated.
Analytical study: this section deals with the details of the analysis done for the
Tamara Bhasma and four samples of Amruthikruta Tamra Bhasma. The Bhasma
Pariksha and the test for organoleptic characters was carried out at S.D.M.C.A.
Practical hall. The Physico – Chemical tests and qualitative analysis were carried out
at MCOPS, Manipal; Partical Size Analysis was done at MIT, Manipal; Elemental
Analysis including Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was done at MLSC,
Manipal and E-DAC was carried out at NITK, Surathkal. The explanation regarding
the procedures is dealt and the values are tabulated.
Section 5 This is the section were all the possible hypothetical illustrations are
discussed with major importance given to the Amruthikarana procedure of Tamra
Bhasma.
Section 6 Concluding is done by selection of certain part from each section.
Section 7 The essence of the entire dissertation work is done in the summary section.
Section 8 Is the last section comprising of Bibliography.

Page 127
Bibliography
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Page 146
List of Photo plates & Graphs
LIST OF PHOTO PLATES
Sl. No. Photo Plate

1. Pharmaceutical Study
a) Tamra Samanya Shodhana
b) Tamra Vishesha Shodhana
c) Parada Shodhana
d) Gandhaka Shodhana
e) Tamra Marana
f) Tamra Amruthikarana
2. Analytical Study
pH, Ash Value, NPS test, Instrumental
LIST OF GRAPHS
Sl. Graphs Page no.

No.
1. Temperature in degree C for puta with 15 Kg Upala 73
xiii

This is to certify that Dr. Archana Kamath Final M.D (Ayu) Scholar in the Department
of Rasashastra in SDM College of Ayurveda, Udupi has carried out a part of the
dissertation work entitled “Pharmaceutico - Analytical study of Amruthikarana w.s.r
to Tamra Bhasma” in the department of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering,
National Institute of Technology Surathkal. She has analyzed Tamra Bhasma
samples on the following aspects.
1. X-ray Diffraction (X-RD)

2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
The Analytical work is satisfactory completed.

Kamath

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“PHARMACEUTICO – ANALYTICAL STUDY OF

AMRUTHIKARANA W. S. R. TO TAMRA BHASMA”

Dr ARCHANA KAMATH, B.A.M.S

Dissertation submitted to the

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Under The Guidance of

Dr P. SEKHAR REDDY; M.D (Ayu); M.B.A (HM); P.G.D.C.A

Dr P. RENJAL UPADHYAYA Dr SUJATHA. K

DEPARTMENT OF POST GRADUATE STUDIES IN RASASHASTRA

At this amenity of successful integration of my work, I first & foremost bow

9 I extend my gratefulness to Dr Sudheendra V. Honwad, Lecturer, Dept. of

9 I thank all my Departmental colleagues, Dr Sushant Sud, Dr Ashwini A, Dr N.

Dr. Archana Kamath

Drug like Tamra Bhasma is a versatile Rasaushada, an ingredient for various

Key Words: - Tamra; Shodhana; Marana; Amrutikarana; Physico – Chemical

SECTION TOPICS PAGE NO.

2. Aims & Objectives Of The Study 3

5. Discussion 102 – 123

6. Conclusion 124 – 125

7. Summary 126 – 127

8. Bibliography 128 - 146

Sl. Table Contents Page. No.

18. Showing the changes in media in Samanya Shodhana 59

"Science" is a branch of knowledge that has purpose to "describe, explain,

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Aim - Preparation of Tamra Bhasma followed by Amrithikarana four different

Previous work done –

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Pre - Vedic Period

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Tamra is well known to Indian since time immemorial. From the

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Kautilya Artha Shastra (3rd cent. B.C.) 6

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Table No. 1 - Showing Different references of Tamra in Charaka Samhita8

Sl. No Contexts in Charaka Samhita Reference

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Susrutha classified Tamra with other metals in Sutrasthana. Description of

Table No. 2 - Showing Different references of Tamra in Sushruta Samhita9

Sl. No Contexts in Sushruta Samhita Reference

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Table No. 3 – Showing Different references of Tamra in Astanga Hrudaya10

Sl. No Contexts in Astanga Hrudaya Reference

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Table No. 4 – Showing Different references of Tamra in various Rasa Granthas

Rasa Ratnakara (7th – 8th A.D.) - Rasa Khanda 8th Chapter

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Mineral sources and Animal sources -

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Table No. 7 – Showing the Synonyms of Tamra according to different authors.

Sl. No Name R. A. R. R. R.J A.P Ra Ra Dh. K. S.

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

“Pharmaceutico – Analytical Study Of Amruthikarana W.S.R. To Tamra Bhasma”

Tamra Bheda and Lakshana -

Nepala Tamra50,51,52 - It is considered as Uttama and Shresta. It has the following

Grahya Tamra Lakshana57,58,59 –

Agrahya Tamra Lakshana61,62,63,64 – The Agrahya Lakshanas as per various Rasa

Quantity of Tamra taken for Shodhana and Marana 65-