Project Report

on Fibre Optic Communication: Working &

Application
(Training Period – 03 June 2019 to 15 July 2019)

Submitted by -
Kanika Choudhary
Electronics& Communication
Dept. of ECE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is always a pleasure to remind the fine people in the industrial sector

and engineering program for their sincere guidance I received to
uphold my practical as well as theoretical skills in engineering.

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or

indirectly contributed in the development of this work and inspired my
thinking, behaviour and acts during the training.

Firstly, I would like to thank Mr. Doman Yadav, Senior GM (Telecom) for
providing me an opportunity to undergo training at Power Grid
Corporation of India Ltd.

I am thankful to Mrs. Shikha Gupta who provided her valuable

suggestions and precious time in accomplishing my industrial report.

I also extend my sincere appreciation to all those working in the

company who took out their valuable time for the rightful guidance and
technical knowledge about working of optic fibres and its operation.

Lastly, I would like to thank my parents for their moral support and
colleagues with whom I shared my day-to-day experience and received
lot of suggestions that improved my quality of work.
 INDEX
1. Power Grid
2. Powertel
3. Optical fibre Communication
4. OPGW
5. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
6. Synchronous Digital Heirarchy
7. NMS
8. MPLS
9. Projects Undertaken
 POWER GRID COORPRATION OF INDIA LIMITED(PGCIL):
 A “Navaratna” Central Public Sector Enterprise.
 Central Transmission Utility (CTU) of India
 India’s largest Electric Power Transmission Utility
 Listed Company since 2007
 Consistently rated “Excellent” under Memorandum of Understanding
with Ministry of Power since 1993-94
 Credit Rating
o International : at par with Sovereign rating i.e. ‘BBB-’ (Outlook :

Stable) by Fitch and S&P.

Transmission Consultancy Telecom

 53,635 ckm  Transmission  Owns and
Transmission Lines related consultancy operates ≍
 243 Sub-Stations to more than 150 60,946 km of
 >99 % System domestic clients Telecom
Availability  Global footprints Network
 368,512 MVA in 20 countries  Points of
Transformation catering more than Presence in
Capacity 25 clients. 688 locations
 Intra City
network in
105 cities
across India
 Backbone
 Telecom
Network
Availability >
99.5%

Central Transmission Utility

 Undertakes transmission of electricity
through Inter-State Transmission
System (ISTS)
 Discharges all functions of planning co-
ordination relating to ISTS with all
concerned authorities
 Ensures development of an efficient,
co-ordinated and economical system of
inter-state transmission lines for
smooth flow of electricity from
generating stations to the load centers
 Provides non-discriminatory open
access to its transmission system for
use by and licensee or generating
company.

Listed Company Diversification

 55.37% holding by Government of
India and balance 44.63% by public.
 Dividend paying since 1993
 In-house expertise in
transmission sector
consultancy (Both Domestic
and International)
 Telecommunications business
using existing Transmission
Assets
 Investment in Energy Efficiency
National Transmission Dominance
 Operates ≍ 90% of Inter-State / Inter-
Regional networks
 NTAMC, Manesar / RTAMC carrying
out management of company's
operating assets through State of Art
Technology

VISION
World Class, Integrated, Global Transmission Company With Dominant Leadership
in Emerging Power Markets Ensuring Reliability, Safety and Economy.
MISSION
We will become a Global Transmission Company with Dominant Leadership in
Emerging Power Markets with World Class Capabilities by:

 World Class: Setting superior standards in capital project management and

operations for the industry and ourselves
 Global: Leveraging capabilities to consistently generate maximum value for
all stakeholders in India and in emerging and growing economies.
 Inspiring, nurturing and empowering the next generation of professionals.
 Achieving continuous improvements through innovation and state of the art
technology.
 Committing to highest standards in health, safety, security and environment
OBJECTIVES
The Corporation has set following objectives in line with its mission and its status as
Central Transmission Utility to:

 Undertake transmission of electric power through Inter-State Transmission

System.
  Discharge all functions of planning and coordination relating to Inter-State
Transmission System with-
o State Transmission Utilities
o Central Government
o State Government
o Generating Companies
o Regional Power Committees
o Authority
o Licensees
o Any other person notified by the Central Government in this behalf.

 To ensure development of an efficient, coordinated and economical system of

inter-state transmission lines for smooth flow of electricity from generating
stations to the load centres.
 Efficient Operation and Maintenance of Transmission Systems.
 Restoring power in quickest possible time in the event of any natural
disasters like super-cyclone, flood etc. through deployment of Emergency
Restoration Systems.
 Provide consultancy services at national and international levels in
transmission sector based on the in-house expertise developed by the
organization.
 Participate in long distance Trunk Telecommunication business ventures.
 Ensure principles of Reliability, Security and Economy matched with the
rising / desirable expectation of a cleaner, safer, healthier Environment of
people, both affected and benefited by its activities.
Evolution of National Grid
 Grid management on regional basis started in sixties.
 Initially, State grids were inter-connected to form regional grid and India was
demarcated into 5 regions namely Northern, Eastern, Western, North Eastern
and Southern region.
 In October 1991 North Eastern and Eastern grids were connected.
 In March 2003 WR and ER-NER were interconnected .
 August 2006 North and East grids were interconnected thereby 4 regional
grids Northern, Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids are synchronously
connected forming central grid operating at one frequency.
 On 31st December 2013, Southern Region was connected to Central Grid in
Synchronous mode with the commissioning of 765kV Raichur-Solapur
Transmission line thereby achieving 'ONE NATION'-'ONE GRID'-'ONE
FREQUENCY'.
POWERTEL
POWERGRID with its brand name ‘POWERTEL’ in Telecom business is the only utility in the
Country having overhead optic fibre network using Optical Ground Wire on power transmission
lines.

POWERGRID has an all India Broad Band Telecom Network of 41,988 Kms.

POWERGRID entry into telecom business:

Infrastructure provider ---------------> National Long Distance Operator (NLDO)

Why Telecom:
 Opportunity available to POWERGRID to explore telecom market through the
convergence of power sector with telecom sector by making available low cost and
high quality telecom infrastructure on its existing and planned transmission
infrastructure
 Explored telecom market liberalization and utilize the spare capacity of optical
fibres available to POWERGIRD
 It is an optimization of returns on assets and value creation through new initiative
 Telecom business
o has supplemented POWERGRID’s efforts in development of its information
technology for core transmission business
o Enabled POWERGRID to create additional economic value by stimulating the
development of Indian Telecom Sector especially in the difficult terrain of
North East Region and Jammu & Kashmir
POWERGRID has leveraged its presence in transmission:
 Electricity network topology formed the Optic fibre backbone network
o Power transmission lines, crisscrossing the entire length and breadth of the
country connecting the major metropolitan cities/towns, provide an
excellent infrastructure for stringing optical fibre cable which can be used to
set up a high grade long distance telecommunication network of high
capacity
Venture into Telecom business:
 POWERGRID has been entrusted with the responsibility of implementation of
System Coordination and Control (SC&C) projects in various regions for better
overall coordination and effective management of interconnected grid networks.
 For real time monitoring, better management of grid through state of the art
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) & Energy Management System
(EMS) technologies, require dedicated wideband communication networks.

Technology deployed:
 Underground optic fibre has been provided to create PoP where s/s or overhead
line is not available
  OPGW – Optical Fibre Ground Wire over high voltage Transmission line
 MPLS – Multi Protocol Label Switching
OPTICAL FIBRE COMMUNICATION:

Fibre optical communication enables telecommunication networks to provide

high bandwidth high speed data connections across countries. It is a synergy that
brings out the best of power transmission and telecommunication.
Fibre optic communication has revolutionised the telecommunication industry. It
has also made its presence widely felt within the data networking community as
well. Using fibre optic cable, optical communication has enabled
telecommunications links to be made over much greater distances and with much
lower levels of los in the transmission medium.
Physical Advantages –
 With the increase in bandwidth, the size of fibre only marginally increases as
compared to copper wires.
 OF weigh less as compared to copper wires.
 No spark hazards, as they are di-electric.
 They are more corrosive resistant as compared to copper wires.

Functional Advantages –
 Transmission bandwidth is higher in OFs.
 Power loss is minimal, which is a very important factor is long distance
communications.
 OF is more secure.
 OF is immune to electromagnetic interference.
 OF is not affected by electrical noise.
 Optical fibres

An optical fibre is a thin, transparent fibre usually made up of silica

glass or plastic for transmitting light. The main purpose of a fibre optic
cable is to protect the fibre core inside the cable that carries light
signal.

Core – It is made of silica glass and is the central part of the fibre optic
cable that carries the light signal. They are hair-thin like structure and
 diameter of the fibre is typically 8µm for single mode fibre and
50µm/62.5µm for multi-mode fibre.

Cladding – The cladding is also made up of glass and is the layer that
surrounds the fibre core. Together they form a single solid fibre of glass
that is used for the light transmission.

Buffer/Cable Jacket – The last is cable jacket which comprises of

different materials.
Need for fibre optic communication & technology –
 The principle driver for the photonic industry is growing demand
for faster, more efficient communication. World internet traffic is
tripling each year
 Fibre optic technologies enable the provision of extremely high
bandwidth to meet this growing demand.

Single Mode Optical Fibre Multi-Mode Optical Fibre

DWSM – Dual Window Single Mode Step Index

DSSM – Dispersion Shifted Single Mode Graded Index

NZDS – Non zero Dispersion Shifted

 Fibre Optic Cable Technology

 Fibre optic cable technology consists of optical fibres at its core.

They have a required number of fibre (6, 12, 24, 48, 96, etc.)

 Overhead fibre optic cables – They are designed for overhead

applications. The optical cables are suitably attached with the
overhead structures such as transmission towers or poles at
appropriate height with suitable fixtures. Benefits are as follows –
o Faster rollout & installation, especially in difficult terrain.
o No clearance required from any other Govt. authorities.
 o Rodent menace & vandalism proof as the cables are
installed on top of transmission lines.
o Optimal utilization of national resources by sharing of
infrastructure for various applications.
o No digging of roads and no disruption of traffic.
o Safeguard of FO cables when road is dug by other utilities
for their applications.

 Underground fibre optic cables – Underground FO cables are

designed to be buried under the ground at suitable depths. There
are two types of underground FO cables:
o Unarmoured – They are always laid inside HPDE (mainly
using blowing technique) because of less mechanical
strength.
o Armoured – These are buried and laid directly in the ground
or laid inside HDPE duct.
 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

It is a fibre optic transmission that employs light wavelengths to

transmit data parallel bit-by-bit or serial by character. Data traffic
overtakes voice traffic and at the same time users also increases.

DWDM – Typically, a DWDM supports 8 or more wavelengths. It is

designed for long haul networks.
DWDM combines multiple optical signals so that they can be amplified
as a group and transported over a single fibre to increase capacity.
Each signal can be at a different rate and in a different format.
Optical amplifiers operate in a specific band of the frequency spectrum
and are optimized for operation with existing fibre.
 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) and synchronous optical network

refer to a group of fibre optic transmission rates that can transport
digital signals with different capacities. SDH has provided transmission
networks with a vendor – independent and sophisticated signal
structure. This has resulted in new network applications; the
deployment of new equipment in new network topologies, and
management by operations systems of much greater power than
previously seen in transmission networks. Features –
 Synchronous
 Fully standardized
 With high bandwidth
 For synchronous and asynchronous signals
 For future broadcast signals and new services
 With standardized network management capabilities
 With traffic protection
 With a flexible multiplexing structure
STM Frame Structure -
 Network Management System (NMS)

Data Centre at Maharani Bagh Substation

Centre has a rack mounted equipment with power equipment room.

The allotment of different slots and different ports for transmission and
reception was taught. Heavy air-conditioning is provided to withstand
the heat which is dissipated by the machines. The DC operation is at -
28V. The system has two supplies so that in case of a power failure of
one system, the other starts to function. There are 2 MCBs, 4 columns
with multiple slots which are interconnected with proper labels for
easier identification.
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS)

 It is a routing technique used in telecommunications networks

that direct data from one node to the next node based on short
path labels rather than long network addresses (e.g. – Ipv4
addresses).
 The labels identify virtual links between distant nodes rather than
endpoints.
 ‘Multi’ in the name itself, signifies that it can support a range of
access technologies, thus ensuring full compatibilities between
users using any kind of technology at their end, e.g. – ATM, Frame
Relay, DSL, etc.
 MPLS operates at a layer generally considered between OSI layer
2 (data link layer) and OSI layer 3 (network layer); thus often
called the Layer 2.5 protocol.
 MPLS works by prefixing packets with an MPLS header, containing
one or more labels.
 Ingress router – The router which first prefixes the MPLS header
to a data packet.
 Egress router – The last router in a label-switched path, which
pops the label from the packet.
 Router in between, need to only swap labels.
 Most label-switched paths are unidirectional.
PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN
NOFN – National Optical Fibre Network

 Government of India Project to connect approx. 2,50,000 Gram

Panchayats (GPs) in the country to form a seamless optical fibre
network, utilizing the existing optical fibre network of BSNL,
POWERGRID and RAILTEL.

 NOFN will be executed by “Bharat Broadband Network Limited

(BBNL)”

 POWERGRID has successfully completed the Implementation of

the Pilot Project in Parawada Block in Visakhapatnam District (AP),
utilizing existing fibres of BSNL & POWERGRID and laying
incremental fibre wherever required. The Pilot project was
completed by 15th Oct 2012.

 POWERGRID has received an allotment letter from BBNL, for

development & maintenance of NOFN network in four States viz.
Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand & Orissa covering
about 35,791 GPs on deposit work basis. The work is to be carried
out in about 89 districts covering 1769 blocks across these four
states. The approx. budgetary cost for the same is `2434 Crore.

 There is a requirement of 2 km incremental fibre for every Gram

Panchayat (GP).

 Star shared topology is used to connect every block to GP.

 A single block is connected to multiple GPs through fibres.
NKN – National Knowledge Network:

 POWERGRID has successfully completed the prestigious NKN

(National Knowledge Network) project devised by Govt. of India.

 It connects all knowledge centres across the Country such as

Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institute of Sciences
(IISCs) etc., on a high-speed connectivity Company has signed an
agreement with Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) to improve
the telecommunication connectivity with the North-Eastern States
including Sikkim.

 It envisages the provisioning of bandwidth on optical fibre media

laid over existing high-tension electric transmission network.

 After completion of the proposed connectivity, the reliability of

the telecom services improves substantially in North-Eastern
region including Sikkim.