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Ijftr 43 (3) 285-294 PDF
Ijftr 43 (3) 285-294 PDF
The objective of this work is to evaluate the influences of electroneutral quaternization and sulfosuccination
(electroneutral QS) on the adhesion of starch to viscose fibres and sizing properties of starch to viscose yarns at low
temperature in order to study if the derivatization can improve the serviceability of starch applied for sizing viscose yarns at
low temperature. The quaternized and sulfosuccinylated starch (QSS) with electroneutrality has been synthesized in aqueous
dispersion by a quaternization of hydrolyzed cornstarch (HS) with N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium
chloride and a further sulfosuccination is done for introducing a fixed mole ratio of 3-(trimethylammonium chloride)-2-
hydroxypropyl (TACHP) substituents to sulfosuccinate (SS) substituents onto starch chains. It is found that electroneutral
QS is available to ameliorate the adhesion at different temperatures. The amelioration in the adhesion depends on the level
of the modification. In addition, the modification improves the mechanical properties of the sized viscose yarns,
and decreases hairiness of sized yarns, even if the temperature of the electroneutral QSS paste is lowered to 60 °C.
Electroneutral QSS with a degree of substitution of 0.0438 is expected to show a potential application in sizing viscose
yarns at 60 °C.
Keywords: Cornstarch, Electroneutral quaternization and sulfosuccination, Sizing properties, Viscose yarns
for every kind of sizing agents10. The adhesion is able 2 Materials and Methods
to promote the strength of the yarns by gluing the 2.1 Materials
fibres in warp yarns together11. It is also capable of Native cornstarch with an apparent viscosity of 53
decreasing yarn hairiness through adhering to the mPa·s was purchased from Yixing Starch Factory
hairs onto the yarn body10. As a result, the (Jiangsu Province, China). The starch was refined to
characteristic is closely correlated with the quality of remove the protein components21, and then hydrolyzed3
sized warps12, 13, and determines the size pick-up that with HCl to decrease its excessive viscosity before
a warp yarn must be sized11. Therefore, the adhesion performing derivatization of the starch.
has been widely studied in recent years14, 15. In The cationic etherifying agent N-(3-chloro-
addition, it is well important to emphasize that 2-hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride
cellulosic fibres such as viscose fibres have negative [CHPTAC, an active principle of 50 % (w/w)] was an
charges in water16, 17. Accordingly, positively charged industrial product and obtained from Yinhu Chemical
substituents derivatized onto the backbones of starch Co. Ltd. (Zhejiang, China). Maleic anhydride and
can improve the adhesion via generating electrostatic sodium bisulfite were supplied by Sinopharm Chemical
attraction with cellulosic fibres at starch adhesive Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All other
layer-fibre interfaces18. Nevertheless, positively chemicals, obtained from Sinopharm Chemical
charged substituents disfavor the desizability of starch Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China), were of analytical
owing to the attraction19. It is undoubted that the grade and used as received without further purification.
introduction of negatively charged substituents onto Pure viscose roving (590 tex linear density and 52
the starch chains will show adverse effect on the twist factor) used as substrate for adhesion measurement
adhesion due to the electrostatic repulsion between was offered by Tianyi Textile Co. Ltd. (Jiangsu,
negatively charged substituents and cellulosic China). The average length and fineness of viscose
fibres. Our previous work20 has demonstrated that fibres in the roving were 38 mm and 1.33 dtex
amphoteric modification with electroneutrality respectively. Pure viscose yarns (ring-spun, 14.8 tex)
performed via introduction of positively charged used in sizing measurement were obtained from
3-(trimethylammonium chloride)-2-hydroxypropyl Chunjiang Textile Group Co. Ltd. (Zhejiang, China).
(TACHP) substituents and negatively charged
2.2 Modification of Starch
sulfosuccinate (SS) ones onto the starch chains
Hydrolyzed starch (HS) was exposed to
simultaneously not only has strong adhesion to
quaternization and sulfosuccination for synthesizing
viscose fibres, but also has good desizability. The
electroneutral QSS. The sulfosuccination includes
TACHP and SS substituents have large volume, and
maleation and sulfonation. Therefore, electroneutral
hence it is imagined that the steric hindrance of the
QSS was prepared via quaternization of HS with
two substituents introduced may interfere with
CHPTAC, then maleation with maleic anhydride, and
the association of amyloses and diminish the
further sulfonation with sodium bisulfite.
retrogradation or gelling tendency of cold starch
paste. Accordingly, electroneutral quaternization and Starch quaternization was carried out in aqueous
sulfosuccination (electroneutral QS) of starch may be suspension by reacting granular HS with cationic
expected to improve the adhesion of starch paste to etherifying agent (CHPTAC) for introducing TACHP
viscose fibres at low temperature. Currently, little has groups. The 40 % (w/w) aqueous suspension (324 g
been known about the impact of electroneutral QS on dried HS suspended in 486 mL distilled water
the adhesion of starch to fibres at low temperature. containing 32g anhydrous sodium sulfate) was
Also, to the best of our knowledge there are no studies transferred into a three-neck round flask equipped
available on the effect of electroneutral QS of starch with a mechanical stirrer. Then, the suspension was
on the properties of low-temperature sizing of viscose adjusted at pH 10-11 using 3 % (w/w) NaOH solution
yarns. Therefore, the objectives of this research are to and heated up to 40 °C. Thereafter, mixture solution
reveal if electroneutral QS is able to improve the (containing equal mole of CHPTAC and NaOH) was
adhesion and enhance the serviceability of starch sizes dropped into the suspension through the dropping
used in low-temperature sizing of viscose wraps via funnel. Ten minutes later, calcium oxide aqueous
eliminating the shortcomings of native cornstarch solution (0.067 g/mL) was added. The cationic
such as the gelling tendency of the starch paste at low etherifying reaction was subsequently conducted at
temperature, etc. above temperature under mechanical stirring for 8 h.
WEI LI et al.: ELECTRONEUTRAL QUATERNIZATION & SULFOSUCCINATION OF CORNSTARCH 287
roving, carefully wound onto a stainless steel frame, tensile strength and the loss in the extension
was impregnated with the pastes for 5 min. The frame respectively were calculated using the following
was hung for drying the sized roving in air. After equations:
having been kept at 65 % RH and 20 °C for 24 h, the
tensile strength of dry sized roving was determined on N - N0
Increase in tensile strength 100% … (9)
an HD026NS Electronic Strength Tester (Nantong N0
Hongda Experimental Instrument Co. Ltd., Jiangsu, E - E0
Loss in extension 100% … (10)
China) with an initial chuck-distance of 100 mm and a E
drawing speed of 50 mm/min. For every sample, the
result reported was the average of 20 individual tests. where N & N0 are the mean tensile strengths of the
sized and unsized (raw) viscose yarns respectively;
2.6 Light Transmittance of Starch Paste
and E & E0, the mean extensions of the raw yarns and
Light transmittance of starch paste was measured
using an UV9600 spectrophotometer (Ruili Analytical sized ones respectively.
Instrument Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) against distilled A LFY-109B Computer Yarn Abrasion Tester
water blank according to the method of Craig25 at (Textile Science Research Institute, Shandong, China)
640 nm (ref. 26). was used to measure the abrasion resistance of sized
yarns at above condition with a preliminary weight of
2.7 Moisture Adsorption of Starch Film 5 g per end of the yarns. The data reported were the
Moisture adsorption (%) of the film was average abrasion cycles to break the yarns for 20
determined by measuring weight loss of starch film successful specimens.
upon drying to constant weight in an oven at 105 °C Hairs existed on warp surfaces were investigated
according to the literature27. Moisture adsorption was by measuring the percentage of hairs bonded onto the
determined in duplicate and calculated using the body of yarns, i.e. decrease in hairiness (%). Hairiness
following equation: was measured using an YG173 Hairiness Tester
M 0 M1 (Changling Textile Electromechanical Factory,
Moisture adsorption 100% … (8) Shanxi, China) at a moving speed of 10 m/min. The
M1
tester counts the number of hairs that are longer than
3 mm in each 5 m section, and records 10 times for
where M0 and M1 are the wet and dry weights of the
each sample. Decrease in hairiness was calculated as
film pieces respectively. shown below:
2.8 Sizing Procedure S1 - S 0
To estimate the serviceability of electroneutral QSS Decrease in hairiness 100% … (11)
S1
in sizing viscose yarns at low temperature, a GA392
Miniature Sizing Machine (Tongyuan Textile where S1 & S0 are the mean values of hairiness on raw
Machinery Co. Ltd., Jiangyin, China) was employed
and sized viscose yarns for measuring 10 times
to size viscose yarns at a speed of 20 m/min. The
respectively.
yarns were impregnated with the paste at 95° ± 2 °C
In order to observe the amount of hairs on yarn
for performing high-temperature sizing or at 60° ± 2 °C
surfaces, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
for low-temperature sizing. Subsequently, the sized
imaging was conducted on the raw and sized yarn
yarns were wound onto a small bobbin.
surfaces using FEI Quanta-200 Scanning Electron
2.9 Measurement on Sizing Properties Microscopy (FEI Company, Holland) operated at
Size pick-up of the sized viscose yarns was 5 kV. Prior to observation, the yarn surfaces were
determined according to the literature28. Tensile coated with a thin gold layer.
strength and extension-at-break of the sized yarns
were determined on a HD021E+ Tensile Tester 3 Results and Discussion
(Nantong Hongda Instrument Co. Ltd., Jiangsu, 3.1 Electroneutral QSS Analysis
China) at 65 % RH and 20 °C with a drawing speed of In this investigation, cornstarch was cationically
500 mm/min, test length of 500 mm and an initial and anionically modified simultaneously in aqueous
tension of 7.3 N. For each sample, the increase in suspension as depicted in Fig. 1. Figure 1(a) corresponds
WEI LI et al.: ELECTRONEUTRAL QUATERNIZATION & SULFOSUCCINATION OF CORNSTARCH 289
tendency is mainly due to the steric hindrance of the together. Generally, the better the adhesion, the
two substituents introduced. The hindrance is able to stronger is the strength of sized yarns. Previous
disturb hydrogen bond association among starch experimental result of adhesion measurement
hydroxyls, reduces the amount of hydrogen bonds indicates that the adhesion of electroneutral QSS to
among starch chains, and interfere with regular viscose fibres at 95-60 °C is greater than that of HS at
arrangement of starch amyloses, thereby diminishing 95 °C. Accordingly, electroneutral QSS is superior to
the retrogradation of starch paste and alleviating its HS in increasing yarn strength.
gelling tendency. A reduced gelling tendency favors When electroneutral QSS is used, the TACHP and
to raise liquidity of starch paste, thus improving the SS substituents introduced can disturb starch
wetting and spreading of the paste at fibre surfaces. arrangement due to their steric hindrance. In addition,
Consequently, electroneutral QS is capable of the hydrophilic substituents are capable of absorbing
improving the adhesion of starch to viscose fibres at water. The steric hindrance and the water absorbed
low temperature. lower the brittleness of starch adhesive layers, which
3.3 Sizing Properties of Electroneutral QSS to Viscose Yarns
is rather important to relax the stresses developed at
Based on the previous data, electroneutral QSS the interfaces between the layers and the fibres in the
with a DS value of 0.0433 has lower paste yarns as well as within the layers. For this reason, the
retrogradation, and strong adhesion to viscose fibres loss in the elongation of viscose yarns sized with
at 60 °C. Additionally, the increase in DS value is electroneutral QSS is smaller than that sized with HS.
further limited owing to lower reaction efficiency of The steric effect and absorbed water provide the
electroneutral QS, which can also raise the cost of toughening effect for starch adhesive films formed at
synthesis. Therefore, the electroneutral QSS prepared yarn surfaces and enhance their flexibility, thereby
with the DS value of 0.0438 is applied for sizing decreasing the internal stresses. Moreover, the
viscose yarns at 93 °C and 60 °C to investigate its modification reduces gelling tendency of the starch
serviceability in sizing the yarns at low temperature. paste, which results in the decreased defects of the
Table 2 presents a comparison of electroneutral films on surface of yarns. The films with lower
QSS with HS on tensile properties and abrasion stresses and fewer defects can better protect the yarns
resistance of sized viscose yarns. Compared to the from abrasion. In this case, abrasion resistance of the
yarns sized with HS at 93 °C, the increase in tensile viscose yarns sized with electroneutral QSS increases.
strengths and abrasion resistance of the yarns sized Furthermore, weaving efficiency is directly
with electroneutral QSS both at 93 °C and 60 °C are correlated with the hairiness on the surfaces of sized
greater, whereas the losses in elongations are lower. yarns, particularly for air-jet weaving machines. The
This observation reflects that the quality of viscose yarns with fewer hairs are preferred since they often
yarns sized with electroneutral QSS is superior to that have better weaving ability37. Accordingly, the
sized with HS. In addition, tensile strength, breaking influence of starch modification on hairiness of the
elongation, and abrasion resistance of the yarns sized yarns sized at low temperature should be investigated
with electroneutral QSS do not show much sensitivity in terms of decrease in hairiness (%), as also shown in
to paste temperature. This infers that the quality of the Table 2. As observed, the hairiness of the yarns sized
sized yarns does not remarkably depend on sizing with electroneutral QSS is lower than those sized with
temperature when electroneutral QSS is applied. HS. Surprisingly a decrease in paste temperature does
During warp sizing, the increase in the strength is not result in great increase in hairiness when
achieved due to the adhesion of a sizing agent to electroneutral QSS is applied. It is well known that
fibres in the yarns, i.e. by adhering to the fibres the hairiness of sized yarns depends on the adhesion.
Table 2 — Influence of electroneutral QS on mechanical propertiesa and hairinessb of sized viscose yarns
Starch samples Sizing temperature Size add-on Increase in tensile Loss in Abrasion resistance Decrease in hairiness
°C % strength, % elongation, % cycles %
HS 93 11.4 14.7 28.9 724 83.6
Electroneutral QSS 93 10.2 17.4 22.2 958 93.4
60 9.51 16.8 21.3 872 91.1
a
Tensile strength, breaking elongation and abrasion resistance of raw viscose yarns are 12.4 cN/tex, 11.4 % and 89 cycles respectively.
b
The Number of hairs with a length of ≥ 3 mm in per 5 m of the raw viscose yarns is 53.5.
WEI LI et al.: ELECTRONEUTRAL QUATERNIZATION & SULFOSUCCINATION OF CORNSTARCH 293
Fig. 6 — SEM images of raw viscose yarns (a), and sized viscose yarns: (b) sized at 93 °C with HS paste, (c) sized at 93 °C with
electroneutral QSS paste, and (d) sized at 60 °C with electroneutral QSS paste
The better the adhesion, the lower is the hairiness of The electroneutral QSS with a suitable DS value of
sized yarns. The data obtained above indicates that 0.0438 can be applied to improve the sizing properties
electroneutral QS is able to enhance the adhesion, at 93 °C, and the warps sized with electroneutral QSS
thereby reducing hairiness of the sized yarns at low exhibit the stronger tensile strength, greater extension,
temperature. Additionally, hairiness of the sized yarns higher abrasion resistance, and fewer hairs than those
can be observed by conducting scanning imaging on sized with HS. Furthermore, the warps sized with
the yarn samples. SEM images of the samples are electroneutral QSS at 60 °C still possess strong
presented in Fig. 6. It can be seen that there are a large tensile strength, great elongation, and high abrasion
number of hairs on the surface of raw viscose yarns, resistance. It displays potential application in low-
whereas a fewer hairs exist on the surface of sized temperature sizing of viscose warps at 60 °C.
yarns. This observation suggests that it can remarkably
reduce the hairiness by performing the sizing process to Acknowledgement
the raw viscose yarns. During warp sizing, the starch Authors acknowledge with thanks the financial
paste glues the hairs back onto the body of the yarns by support by the Scientific Research Fund of Talent
its own adhesion, producing an efficient effect of Introduction of Anhui Polytechnic University
covering hairiness. As a result, the hairiness is (No. 2016YQQ004), Natural Science Research
significantly reduced by sizing the viscose yarns. Project of Universities of Anhui (No. KJ2017A103),
Pre research project of National Science Foundation
4 Conclusion of China (No. 2018 yyzr08) and Science and
Electroneutral quaternization and sulfosuccination Technology Planning Project of Wuhu City (No.
is found to be an efficient method to improve the 2018pt04), China.
properties of corn starch for sizing viscose warp yarns
at low temperature. The modification increases References
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