Second Moplah Uprising (1921) – Malabar movements

Reasons:

1. Hindu Zamindars (Jemnis) exploiting Muslim Moplah/Mappila farmers in Malabar

(Kerala)
2. rumors that British military strength had declined post WW1.
3. Khilafat movement and general hatred towards British.

o Tipping point: Police raided a mosque to arrest a Khilafat leader Ali Musaliar.
o Farmers attacked police stations, public offices and houses, land records of
zamindars and moneylenders under the leadership of Kunhammed Haji.
o For months, British government lost control over Ernad and Walluvanad taluks for
several months.
o This movement was termed as Anti-British, Anti-Zamindars and, to some extent, as
anti-Hindu.
o Podanur Blackhole: British put 66 Moplah prisoners into a railway wagon and
completely shut it down. They all died of asphyxiation.
o Result: Hundreds of Moplah lost lives- as a result they were completely demoralized
and didn’t join in any future freedom struggles or even communist movements post
independence.

Chattampi Swami: Sree Vidyadhiraja Parama Bhattaraka Chattampi Swamikal

popularly known as Chattampi Swamikal (1853–1924) was a Hindu sage and social
reformer who revolted against the existing social order prevailed in the community.
Swamikal as a social reformer could rouse the social consciousness of the Nairs and
which in turn made them to fight against the social evils such as untouchability, sub-
caste barriers and observance of irrational social practices. He worked in close co-
operation with Sri Narayana Guru in the common cause of Hindu social and religious
revival.
Latest Malayalam Literary Awards 2017 and Other Awards-Winners List
Current Affairs

List of Important Literature Prize winners from kerala

 Ezhuthachan Award 2017 - K Satchidanandan

 Ezhuthachan Award 2016 - C. Radhakrishnan

 Ezhuthachan Award 2015- Puthussery Ramachandran

 Vallathol Award 2017 -Prabha Varma

 Vallathol Award 2016 - Sreekumaran Thampi

 Vallathol Award 2015- Anand

 Vayalar Award 2017 - T D Ramakrishnan (Book-സുഗന്ധി എന്ന ആണ്ടാൾ

ദേവനായകി)

 Vayalar Award 2016 - U.K Kumaran (Novel- Thakshankunnu Swaroopam)

 Vayalar Award 2015 - Subhash Chandran (Book- Manushyanu Oru Aamukham)

 Mathrubhumi Literary Award 2017- MK Sanu

 Mathrubhumi Literary Award 2016 - C. Radhakrishnan

 Mathrubhumi Literary Award 2015 - T Padmanabhan

 Muttathu Varkey Award 2017 - T.V Chandran

 Muttathu Varkey Award 2016 - K G George

 Malayattoor Award 2016 - TD Ramakrishnan (Sugandhi Enna Andal Devanayaki)

 Malayattoor Award 2015 - V. Madhusoodanan Nair(Achchan Piranna Veedu)

 Asan Poetry Prize 2016 -Ezhachery Ramachandran

 Asan Poetry Prize 2015 - Chemmanam Chacko

 O. V. Vijayan Literary Award 2016 -Chandramathi

 O. V. Vijayan Literary Award 2015 -Mrs Ushakumari

 O. V. Vijayan Literary Award 2014 - B. Rajeevan

 Ulloor Award 2016 - Ragunathan Kulathur

 Ulloor Award 2015 - Attur Ravi Varma

  Padmaprabha Literary Award 2017 - Prabha Varma

 Padmaprabha Literary Award 2016 - V. Madhusoodanan Nair

 Odakkuzhal Award 2016 - M. A Rahman (Oro Jeevanum vilappetathanu)

 Odakkuzhal Award 2015- S Joseph (Book- Chandranodoppam)

 Thakazhi Literature prize 2016 - C. Radhakrishnan

 2016 P Kesavadev Literary Award - GN Panickar

Other Awards

 2016 Nishagandi Puraskaram - Bharati Shivaji

 Harivarasanam Award 2017 - Gangai Amaran

 Sree Chitra Thirunal National Award-2016 - Dr M S Valiathan

 Swaralaya Global Legendary Award - Ghulam Ali

 Guru Gopinath Natya Puraskaram 2015 - Nelliyod Vasudevan Namboodiri

 2016 Prem Nazir Award - Manju Warrier

 J C Daniel Award 2016 (47th) - Adoor Gopalakrishnan

 Chembai Music Award 2016 - P. Dhanya

Costing and Estimation:

preliminary or approximate construction cost estimatio

Methods of preparation of preliminary or approximate construction cost estimation for studies of

various aspects of work of project and its administrative approval is discussed. This estimate can decide,
in case of commercial projects, whether the net income earned justifies the amount invested or not

The approximate estimate is prepared from the practical knowledge and cost of similar works. The
estimate is accompanied by a report duly explaining necessity and utility of the project and with a site or
layout plan. A percentage 5 to 10% is allowed for contingencies.

APPROXIMATE CONSTRUCTION COST ESTIMATION

Methods of Approximate Construction Cost Estimation Preparation

The following are the methods used for preparation of approximate construction cost estimates:

 Plinth area method

 Cubical contents method
 Unit base method

a) Plinth area method:

The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth area rate. The area is
obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of building)

In fixing the plinth area rate, careful observation and necessary enquiries are made in respect of quality
and quantity aspect of materials and labour, type of foundation, height of building, roof, wood work,
fixtures, number of storeys etc.

As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas include while calculating the plinth area of building:

Types of Estimates:

Area of walls at floor level.

Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0 sqm, lifts, air-conditioning ducts etc.,

Area of barsati at terrace level: Barsati means any covered space open on one side, constructed on one
side, constructed on terraced roof which is used as shelter during rainy season.

Porches of non-cantilever type.

Areas which are not to include

Area of lofts.
Unenclosed balconies.

Architectural bands, cornices etc.,

Domes, towers projecting above terrace level.

Box louvers and vertical sun breakers.

b) Cubical Contents Method:

This method is generally used for multi-storeyed buildings. It is more accurate that the other two
methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method.

The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (Volume of buildings)
multiplied by Local Cubic Rate. The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height.

The length and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth offset. The cost of string
course, cornice, corbelling etc., is neglected.

The cost of building = volume of buildings x rate/ unit volume.

c) Unit Base Method:

According to this method the cost of structure is determined by multiplying the total number of units
with unit rate of each item. In case schools and colleges, the unit considered to be as ‘one student’ and
in case of hospital, the unit is ‘one bed’.

The unit rate is calculated by dividing the actual expenditure incurred or cost of similar building in the
nearby locality by the number of units.

Methods of Detailed Construction Estimation Preparation

i) Details of measurements and calculation of quantities:
The complete work is divided into various items of work such as earthwork
concreting, brickwork, reinforced concrete, plastering etc. The details of
measurements are taken from drawings and entered in respective columns
of prescribed proforma.

The quantities are calculated by multiplying the values that are in numbers
column to Depth column as shown below:
 Details of measurements form

ii) Abstract of Estimated Cost:

The cost of each item of work is worked out from the quantities that already
computed in the detailed measurement form at workable rate. But the total
cost is worked out in the prescribed form is known as abstract of estimated
form. 4%of estimated Cost is allowed for Petty Supervision, contingencies
and unforeseen items.

Abstract of Estimate Form

The detailed estimate should be accompanied with:

1. Report
2. Specification
3. Drawings (plans, elevation, sections)
4. Design charts and calculations
5. Standard schedule of rates.

Factors to be considered while Preparing Detailed Estimate:

i) Quantity and transportation of materials: For bigger project, the
requirement of materials is more. Such bulk volume of materials will be
purchased and transported definitely at cheaper rate.

ii) Location of site: The site of work is selected, such that it should reduce
damage or in transit during loading, unloading, stocking of materials.

iii) Local labour charges: The skill, suitability and wages of local labores are
considered while preparing the detailed estimate.

Data for detailed estimate:

The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called as
Data. In preparation of Data, the rates of materials and labour are obtained
from current standard scheduled of rates and while the quantities of
materials and labour required for one unit of item are taken from Standard
Data Book (S.D.B).

Fixing of Rate per Unit of an Item:

The rate per unit of an item includes the following:

1) Quantity of materials & cost: The requirement of materials is taken

strictly in accordance with standard data book (S.D.B). The cost of these
includes first cost, freight, insurance and transportation charges.

ii) Cost of labour: The exact number of labourers required for unit of work
and the multiplied by the wages/ day to get of labour for unit item work.
 iii) Cost of equipment (T&P): Some works need special type of equipment,
tools and plant. In such case, an amount of 1 to 2% of estimated cost is
provided.

iv) Overhead charges: To meet expenses of office rent, depreciation of

equipment salaries of staff postage, lighting an amount of 4% of estimate
cost is allocated.

The building cost estimates can be classified in many ways. The three major
and significant ways in which the building cost estimates can be classified
are:

1. Based on the Degree of Project Definition

2. Based on the end usage of the Estimate
3. Based on the Estimate generating the methodology

The initial classification of building estimates based on the degree of project

definition is completely based on the percentage of completion of the
architectural and the engineering drawings. This estimate will provide the
estimator the correct and the available input information.
The second classification of the building cost estimates are based on the end
use of the estimate, which is conducted based on the availability of the data
progress. This covers the conceptual estimates for the feasibility of the
investment.
The classification provides the funding authorization, the budget, the detail
estimates by the contractor for the lump sum bidding.

The third classification of building estimates based on the estimate generating

methodology involves the process that are carried out to determine and
forecast the building costs that are stochastic and deterministic.

Stochastic and Deterministic Approach in Building Cost

Estimates
The stochastic approach, the base followed for the cost estimation is the
quantity of work units installed. This is measured in square meters of tiles,
the number of windows and the type of windows, etc.

This base for the cost estimation is either meter square of the constructed
building or based on the number of units like the number of cars in the
parking lot or the number of students in the high school or the number of
beds in a hospital.

The stochastic approach makes use of many variables which are considered
as parameters for the cost estimation as given by the experienced
estimators. These variables in most of the cases will not be well defined.

When deterministic approach is carried out on a project that is well defined

in nature. Here the estimators consider two variables. One of them is
the quantity of a specific work category and the second variable is the estimated
unit price to complete one unit of work.
The unit price is considered as a variable function that will be dependent on
the location, the time and the experience of the contractor as well as his
management skills.

Expected Accuracy Range in Building Cost Estimates

The expected accuracy is defined as an indication of the degree or the extent
to which the final or the true cost of the building varies from the initially
prepared estimation.

When dealing with various types of building estimates, the owner or the
contractor must relate the work to the “expected accuracy range”. This
accuracy is expressed either positively or negatively with an estimated
future cost.

The table-1 shows the various expected accuracy for different cost
estimates.
 Table.1: Classification of Building Cost Estimates with Respective Expected Accuracy
Range (%)

It is observed that the total project cost is higher when compared to the
engineering and the project cost. This is because the project cost also
includes the cost that are used for the acquisition of the land, to study the
environment, the cost of financing and the market study.

To control the cost, the scope and the schedule of the project is to focus on
control of the design process. This is one of the critical element that must be
taken control off to reduce the project cost.

Any sort of failure in the control and the management of the design process
results in the delays and the increased construction cost of the project.

The design phase requires the submittals of the design review and the status
drawings. These are issued at required intervals. The project beginning must
have a clear idea on how many project submittals are essential and must be
prepared.
 This must be clearly planned by the manager. These frequencies are mainly
at the 30, 60…. The frequency of the design review will change with the
complexity of the project.

Design Review, Design Cycle and Cost Estimates

It is considered that the best time for review of the design of the project is
at 30 or 40% phase of the design cycle. This level has many critical
decisions that must be considered and decided. This includes the major
equipment type, the process, the building footprint and other related
documents.

The first engineering estimate has 30% of the design submittals that is
based on the drawings. This level helps the estimator to develop the work
quantities and the actual unit price.

The second engineering estimate have 60% of the submittals that will serve
the following:

1. Verification of the system proposed so that it meets the requirements of the

project
2. Comparing the proposed true budget with the more accurate finishes and
quality requirements.
3. Determining unresolved problems that have great influence on the final
project cost.
4. Review of the drawing and the specifications by the construction
professionals.

The complete set of bid documents conforms to 90% submittals. This is the
last review chance and the owner should analyze completely that all his
requirements are met and achieved.

Unit Cost Method of Estimation in Construction Projects

Unit cost method of estimation in construction projects starts with dividing a
project into various components or elements for the purpose of cost
 estimation. The cost of each of the project’s components or elements are
assessed and their cost estimation is calculated. Sum of costs of each
project elements gives the total construction cost of the project.

The unit cost method of estimation can be used for project design estimates
as well as for bid estimates.

Construction cost estimates are of three types mentioned below:

1. Preliminary Cost Estimates

2. Detailed Cost Estimates

3. Engineer’s Cost Estimates

During the preliminery cost estimate, as cost details of every minute elements
are not of much importance, the project is divided into major components
and cost estimate of these major units are calcualted based on the past
project experiences. The cost of euipments if any is also included. For
example, estimating the cost of entire floor based on its area.
During detailed Cost estimates, the project is divided into components of various
major systams and cost of each components is estimated to calculate project
cost. For example, cost of installation of any equipment, cost of beams,
columns or walls etc.
During Engineer’s cost estimates, each of the components of the major systems
of the project is divided into various components that contributes to the cost
of the major systems.
For example, for cost estimation of an RCC column, the components are
concrete, which is also divided into cement, sand and aggregates,
reinforcement steel, formworks etc. The unit cost of each of these materials
are considered by calculating the cost of an RCC column.
 For bid estimates, the unit cost method of estimation can also be used even
though the contractor divides the project into different levels in a hierarchy
as follows:

1. Subcontractor Quotations: The general contractor of the construction project may get
quotations for various items from the subcontractors. The rates prescribed by the
subcontractors for various items of the projects can be used for the total
construction cost etimate for the project. However, the reliability of accuracy of the
cost depends on the method of cost estimates selected by the subcontractor.
2. Quantity Takeoffs: The division of a construction project into various items of
quantities that are measured from the engineer’s plan will result in a procedure
similar to that adopted for a detailed estimate or an engineer’s estimate by the
design professional. The levels of detail may vary according to the desire of the
general contractor and the availability of cost data.
3. Construction Procedures: If the construction procedure of a proposed project is used as
the basis of a cost estimate, the project may be decomposed into items such as
labor, material and equipment needed to perform various tasks in the projects.
Formula for Unit Cost Method
Suppose that a construction project is divided into “n” elements for cost
estimation. Let “Qi” be the quantity of the ith element and ui be the
corresponding unit cost. Then, the total cost of the project is given by:
where n is the number of units. The unit cost of element ui is estimated
based on the method of construction, technology used, type of materials
used etc.
Factored Unit Cost Estimate Formula
Sometimes during the cost estimate, there can be some of the minute
components which may not have been considered or there can be some
variations w.r.t time. In such cases, the cost of units are factored as an
allowance for variations or the elements not considered in the estimates.
The formula for factored unit cost estimation is as follows:

where Ci is the purchase cost of a major component i and fi be a factor

accounting for the cost variation of the item, n is the number of components
included in the construction project.

Formula Based on Labor, Material and Equipment

Suppose that a construction project is decomposed into n tasks. Let Qi be
the quantity of work for task i, Mi be the unit material cost of task i, Ei be
the unit equipment rate for task i, Li be the units of labor required per unit
of Qi, and Wi be the wage rate associated with Li. In this case, the total cost
y is:

Note that WiLi yields the labor cost per unit of Qi, or the labor unit cost of
task i. Consequently, the units for all terms in Equation above are
consistent.