Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Plumbing Systems
Lecture Notes
By Dr. Ali Hammoud
B.A.U-2005
1
1 2
2
1 3
OBJECTIVES
3
DRAINAGE AND SEWERAGE1 SYSTEM 4
4
Table of Contents part 1
Symbol & legend
• Design of Risers
Description of Architecture
drawings of the project
• Daily W. Requirement
• Load Values W.F.U.
Cold water distribution system • Pipe sizing
“Calculation”
Calculation” • Types of pumps
5
Symbols & legends
SS SOIL STACK
WS WASTE STACK
VS VENT STACK
V VENT
SV STACK VENT
RW RAIN WATER
CW COLD WATER
SW SOFT COLD WATER
PW POTABLE WATER
HW DOMESTIC HOT WATER
HWR DOMESTIC HOT WATER RETURN
TS TANK SUPPLY
WTR WATER
DR DRAINAGE
A COMPRESSED AIR
V VACUUM
1 6
FOS FUEL OIL SUPPLY
6
CI CAST IRON PIPE
B BIDET
LAV LAVATORY
S SINK
SH SHOWER
KS KITCHEN SINK
BT BATHTUB
DF DRINKING FOUNTAIN
HB HOSE BIB
FT FLASH TANK
FV FLASH VALVE 1 7
7
CO CLEANOUT
CO CLEANOUT
CCO CEILING CLEANOUT
CCO CEILING CLEANOUT
FCO FLOOR CLEANOUT
FCO FLOOR CLEANOUT
J.B JUNCTION BOX
J.B JUNCTION BOX
RVC ROOF VENT CAP
RVC ROOF VENT CAP
MH MANHOLE
MH MANHOLE
FHC FIRE HOSE CABINET
FHC FIRE HOSE CABINET
WS WATER SOFTNER
WS WATER SOFTNER
WH WATER HEATER
WH WATER HEATER
8
1 9
9
PLUMBING FIXTURES
1 10
10
Project description
The project consist of two blocks A and Band a common Ground floor
floor & 0ne Basement
Block A consist of 18 floors and block B consist of 17 floors..
is about 700 m2.
The design drawing of the two blocks are identical. Flat area is
Each flat consist of one master bedroom, three bedrooms, one living
living room, one dining room,
one kitchen , maid room and six bathrooms.
Floor to floor height is 3m
Water supply from city main is irregular and we have to rely on two well pumps for water
domestic use which have a capacity of 5m3/hr each. However drinking water is supplied
from city main water supply. The city water pressure is insufficient.
insufficient.
(a) Work out daily water requirement, underground and overhead tank capacity
(b) Assuming indirect water supply system .Calculate the size of the
the the main riser pipe
from the underground reservoir up to overhead tank and the pump duty.
(c) Assuming two downfeed risers from the overhead tank for each flat
flat as indicated in the
typical floor drawing. .Calculate the pipe diameters and branch
branch lines for these risers.
(d) Design the cold and hot water distribution system inside the flat.
(e) size the pressure vessel of the top floors and the corresponding
corresponding pump duty.
1 11
11
Block A 18 floors
Block B 17 floors
12
Heater 1
Heater 2
Riser 1
B6
B1
B2 B4
Riser 2 B5
B3
13
Cars
1 Ground floor 14
14
Water
storage tanks
1 Basement floor 15
15
HOW TO READ AND DRAW THE
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
INSIDE THE FLAT .
1 16
16
Example of some pipe
accessories needed for water
distribution system
1 17
17
EXAMPLE OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM INSIDE
BATHROOM – GALV. STEEL PIPES
1 18
18
1 19
19
DETAIL OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM INSIDE
BATHROOM – P.P.R PIPES
1 20
20
DETAIL OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM INSIDE
BATHROOM – PEX OR PEX –AL-PEX PIPES
1 21
21
Solution of a ,b & c
1 22
22
Madam Cury project – water distribution system
for typical floor E.W.
Solution of (d) Two Electrical water Heater
heaters & two water risers 1
Electrical
W.
Heater 2
1 23
23
Madam Cury project – water distribution system
for typical floor Another version
Solution of (d) with single large
Single Water
heater+ boiler
1 24
24
1 25
Up to now !!
Before starting the calculation of the
plumbing project . Student should be able
to read and understand all the
Architecture drawings of the project
entitled “ Madam Curry “.
25
1 26
Chap.2
26
Calculation Of
W.D. Systems
Design Of W.D.
Systems
Load Values
Pressure requirement
Pipe sizing
Pump selection
1© Max Zornada (2002) 27
Slide 27
27
Water Distribution Systems Up to 10 floors Bldg
Indirect
Direct
1 28
28
Distribution Systems
Buildings above 20 floors
Pressure vessel
Pressure Reducer Break- pressure ( Branch water supply ) Direct supply ( Booster )
Break -Pressure reservoires
or frequency inverter
Indirect Direct
1 29
29
1 30
Muli-pipes system
Underground Tank
30
1 31
Irrigation
31
1 32
32
1 33
Storage of water
33
1 34
34
1 35
Roof Tanks
Roof tanks should be elevated enough above roof level
to have enough pressure for the upper apartment ,
otherwise booster pump is needed.
1-Concrete tanks.
2-Galvanized tanks.
3- PPr tanks.
tanks
35
1 36
36
1 37
Ref [4]
37
1 38
38
Riser diagram 1 39
39
Riser diagram of the
1
present project40
40
Chap. 3 1 41
Design recommendations
&
Calculations
41
1 42
Fixture-Unit Computations
42
1 43
43
Drainage Fixture Units 1 44
44
1 45
45
1 46
Table W-
W-1 Ref [2]
Type of Establishment Gallons
(per day per person)
Residences 35-
35-50
46
1 47
Daily Water Requirement for Storage
( Based on the number of occupants)
47
1 48
calculated based on
N.B. Potable ( drinking+ cooking) water tank capacity is calculated
10-
10-12 L / person / day
48
1 49
49
Hose reel installation should be designed
1 so that no part of the floor
50
is more than 6 m from the nozzle when the hose is fully extended.
The water supply must be able to provide a discharge of not less than
33 gpm through the nozzle and also designed to allow not less than
three hose reels to be used simultaneously at the total flow of 100
gpm for one hour duration.
The minimum required water pressure at the nozzle is 2 bar where the
maximum allowable pressure is 6.9 bar. Adequate system pressures is
about 4.5 bars .Booster pump is used for top roof flats.
The rubber hose reel length is 32 m & could be 1” or ¾” diameter
(British standard), or 1.1/2”(US standard), and the jet should have
a horizontal distance of 8 m and a height of about 5 m.
50
1 51
51
1 52
Siamese connection
52
1 53
53
1 54
Pipe sizing
54
1 55
55
Table W-2 1 56
Ref [2]
56
SIMULTANEOUS
1 DEMAND 57
Probability of Use:
57
1 58
58
Ref [2] For the 1 59
whole bldg.
59
Table W-3 Ref [2] 1
Fixture Units equivalent to water flow in gpm 60
60
1 61
61
1 62
If two risers pipe are used to supply water for the whole
building The probable flow rate is determined as
follows:
Assuming 24 floors each floor has 4 identical apartments
As calculated before the probable water demand for each
apartment is 26 F.U’S , therefore 24 x 26 x 4 = 2496
F.U’S let say 2500 FU’s.
Inter Graph-1 with a value of 2500 FU and read the
corresponding probable water demand for whole building
which is ≅ 3000 gpm . Since we have four risers the
total gpm is divided by 4 , that will be 750 gpm.
Each riser will be sized based on this value i.e. 750 gpm.
62
1 63
Sizing a Water supply system
The most important design objective in sizing the water supply system is
the satisfactory supply of potable water to all fixtures, at all times, and a
proper pressure and flow rate for normal fixture operation. This may be
achieved only if adequate sizing of pipes are provided.
The sizes established must be large enough to prevent occurrence of
negative pressure in any part of the system during periods of peak demand
in order to avoid the hazard of water supply , contamination due to back
flow and back flow and back siphonage from potential sources of pollution.
Main objectives in designing a water supply system are:
a) To achieve economical size of piping and eliminate over design.
b) To avoid corrosion-erosion effects and potential pipe failure or leakage
conditions owing to corrosive characteristic of the water.
c) To eliminate water hammering damage and objectionable whistling noise
effects in piping due to excess design velocities of flow .
63
1 64
Pipe sizing
64
1 65
65
1 66
66
SIMPLIFIED STEP BY STEP PROCEDURE
1 FOR SIZING PIPING (67Based
on Velocity limitation) Ref [2]
67
1 68
3-Mark on the schematic elevation for each section of the complete
system, the hot- and cold water loads conveyed thereby in terms of water
supply fixture units in accordance with table (wsfu –gpm).
4-mark on the schematic elevation adjacent to all fixture unit notations,
the demand in gallons/min or liter/sec, corresponding to the various
fixture unit loads in accordance with table (wsfu-gpm).
5-Mark on the schematic elevation for appropriate sections of the system,
the demand in gallons /min or liter/sec for outlets at which demand is
deemed continuous, such as outlets for watering gardens irrigating lawn
,air-conditioning apparatus refrigeration machines, and other using
continuously water. Add the continuous demand to the demand for
intermittently used fixtures and show the total demand at those sections
where both types of demand occur
6-size all individual fixture supply pipes to water outlets in accordance with
the minimum sizes permitted by regulations. Minimum supply pipe size is
given in table (1).
7-Size all parts of the water supply system in accordance with velocity
limitation recognized as good engineering practice, with velocity limitation
for proper basis of design, 2.4 m /sec for all piping, except 1.2 m /sec for
branches to quick closing valves .
68
1 69
69
How to use the pipe flow-chart
1 70
70
1 71
Size of Principal Branches and Risers
71
1 72
72
1 73
D6 ? D1 ?
1.25 "
Hot water 4 Pressure relief valve Inlet water flow ?
D2 ?
D5 ?
H.W.
73
Equal friction loss
1
74
Open system
74
1 75
3/4 of the total fixture units are used for cold water
H.W.
75
Minimum size of fixture
1
supply pipe 76
The diameters of fixture supply pipes should not be less than
sizes in table below . The fixture supply pipe should terminate
not more than 30 inch (0.762 m), from the point of connection
to the fixture.
Fixture Minimum size of pipe
Bathtub "½
Drinking fountain "8/3
Dishwashing machine "½
Lavatory "8/3
single head-Shower "½
flushing rim-Shower "¾
flush tank-Urinal "½
in flush valve1-Urinal "¾
flush valve-Water closet "1
flush tank-Water closet "½
76
1 77
Ref [2]
77
1 78
A rule of thumb is that not more than two fixture should be served by a single ½” branch
78
1 79
Pressure Requirements
79
1 80
N.P.Code USA
Ref [8]
80
1 81
The available pressure at the inlet of the flat, has to overcome the pressure loss
due to pipe friction and fittings of the longest branch and have a surplus pressure
to operates the most critical fixture ( for example Dish washer or shower).
81
Example of high riser 1 82
Building
24
floors
Ref [4]
82
The hydrostatic pressure available
1 at each shut-off valve.
83
83
BLOCK-B
UPPERDOMESTICWATERTANK
2 *10000 litres ( P.ETANKS)
R1
ELECTRICFLOATVALVE
R2
1 BLOCKB
R3
ELECTRICFLOATVALVE
R4
BLOCK-B
UPPERDOMESTICWATERTANK
2 * 10000 litres( P.ETANKS)
84
3" 3"
21/2" FROMD.W.P-B
4" F.F.P
4"F.F.P
UPPERROOF
4" C.W.P 4" C.W.P
3" C.W.P
3"C.W.P
ROOF
3" C.W.P 3"C.W.P
1 1/4"C.W.P 1"C.W.P 4" C.W.P 1" C.W.P 1 1/4" C.W.P
F.F.P
F.F.P
24TH. FLOOR
Riser diagram
3"C.W.P 3" C.W.P 3" C.W.P 3"C.W.P
23RD. FLOOR
3"C.W.P
1" C.W.P
3" C.W.P
1" C.W.P
3" C.W.P
1" C.W.P
22ND. FLOOR
21ST. FLOOR
20TH. FLOOR
19TH. FLOOR
18TH. FLOOR
17TH. FLOOR
16TH. FLOOR
15TH. FLOOR
13TH. FLOOR
12TH. FLOOR
10TH. FLOOR
7TH. FLOOR
6TH. FLOOR
5TH. FLOOR
4TH. FLOOR
3RD. FLOOR
2ND. FLOOR
1ST. FLOOR
1"
3/4" C.W.P
3/4" C.W.P
2 1/2" DOMESTICWATERPUMPINGLINE
1" G.S.P 1" GENERALSERVICEPIPE
GRD. FLOOR
1 1/4" WELLWATERPIPE
F.H.C
POTABLEWATERINCOMINGPIPE D.W.P.L
Ref [4]
84
1 85
UPPERDOMESTICWATERTANK
FLOATVALVE 3*10000litres ( P.ETANKS)
19TH. FLOOR
FLOATVALVE
16TH. FLOOR
15TH. FLOOR
85
R1
ELECTRICFLOATVALVE
R2 1 R3
ELECTRICFLOATVALVE
R4 86
BLOCK-B
UPPERDOMESTICWATERTANK
BLOCKB BLOCK-B
UPPERDOMESTIC WATERTANK
2*7500litres ( P.ETANKS) 2* 7500 litres ( P.E TANKS)
2" FROMD.W.P-B
3" 3" 4" F.F.P
MECH.ROOM1
UPPERROOF
BOOSTERUNIT(TYPR1 - R4) 4" C.W.P 4" C.W.P
PUMPS- 9m3/HR@15mHEAD 3" C.W.P
ONE STANDBYWITHPRESSURETANK200L 3" C.W.P
ROOF
Riser diagram
ONESTANDBYWITHPRESSURETANK200L
(Break pressure tanks II) 11/4" C.W.P 1 1/4" C.W.P 11/4" C.W.P 1 1/4" C.W.P
2"
2" C.W.P 2" C.W.P 2" C.W.P 2" C.W.P
22ND. FLOOR
21ST. FLOOR
20TH. FLOOR
UPPERDOMESTICWATERTANK
11/4" C.W.P 4 *10000 litres (P.ETANKS)
1 1/4" C.W.P
16TH. FLOOR
15TH. FLOOR
13TH. FLOOR
GLOBEVALVE( TYP. )
12TH. FLOOR
GLOBEVALVE( TYP. )
GLOBE VALVE ( TYP. ) MECH.ROOM3 11TH. FLOOR
Delay -Float Valve
3"
3" 3"
10TH. FLOOR
9TH. FLOOR
8TH. FLOOR
7TH. FLOOR
6TH. FLOOR
5TH. FLOOR
4TH. FLOOR
3RD. FLOOR
2ND. FLOOR
1ST. FLOOR
2 1/2" DOMESTICWATERPUMPINGLINE
2" C.W.P
11/2" C.W.P 11/2" GENERALSERVICEPIPE
3" DOMESTICWATERPUMPINGSTATIOND.W.P-B
BLOCK-BLOWER DOMESTICWATERTANK 3"
20m3/HR@95mEACH
DP-pump
Ref [4]
86
1 87
87
1 88
PRV
88
1 89
89
1 90
90
1 91
91
Now
1
!! 92
92
Design of pumping supply system to a building
93
The following procedure is used when
estimating the pipe size and pumps duty (
based on equal friction loss rate )
94
Design of pumping supply system to a
building ( con’t)
1 95
95
Design of pumping supply system to a
building ( con’t)
6-Calculate :
hL = h1 × L eff .
1 96
96
Design of pumping supply system to a
building ( con’t)
1 97
97
Safety Margin
For example :
Estimated Flow rate Q = 30 L/s & Head 25 m
The recommended flow & head will be :
Q= 30L/s +5% , & H =25m +10%
1 98
98
Design of pumping supply system to a
building ( con’t)
γ × hA × QV
Pump Power =
η
The motor power of the pump can be determined
by dividing water power by the overall pump
efficiency.
γ × hA × QV
Pump Motor Power =
η0
1 99
99
The most popular types of
centrifugal pump used for cold
water supply systems in buildings
are:
1 100
100
Vertical Multistage Pumps
1 101
101
Horizontal multistage pump
1 102
102
Vertical – Line shaft submerged-pumps
1 103
103
TURBINE, VERTICAL TYPE, MULTISTAGE,
DEEP WELL, SUBMERSIBLE
These pumps develop high head
by using a series of small
impellers rather than a large
single one. The characteristic
curves for such pumps depend
upon the number of stages or
impellers. Each impeller has the
same characteristic curve and
the final curve is obtained by
adding them up. The total head
at a given discharge is the sum
of individual heads (case of
series pumps). This kind of
pumps may deliver the liquid up
from 400 to 500 m depth.
These pumps are commonly used
in tube wells, deep open wells, 1 104
etc.
104
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
105
Booster pump
Packages
1 106
106
( Auto-pneumatic, pressurized
system )
Boosted water directly to each floor.
This method of providing high rise buildings with water supplies is more common, as it does not require electrical wiring
from ground/basement where the booster pump is situated to the high high level tank room where the float switches are located in
the storage tank and drinking water header.
There are a number of specialist pump manufacturers who offer waterwater pressurization plant similar to that shown in the
pressurization unit drawing.The cold water down service will require
require pressure reduction at intervals of five storeys to avoid
excessive pressures at the draw off points. The pressure vessel is sized to hold the calculated quantity of water, as
a rule of thumb the vessel capacity is about 15 minutes
minutes the actual discharge.
As water is drawn off through the high level fittings, the water
water level in the
vessel falls. At a predetermined low level a pressure switch activates
activates the booster pump.
The capacity of the pneumatic pressure tank :
net volume
Vmin =
Degree of admission
107
Booster pump, pressurized system
“balloon” type
1 108
108
Booster Pump, Pressurized System “Balloon” Type
Used for direct supply
system , e.g. Villa etc..
1 109
109
Example
1 110
Ref [4]
110
Sphere booster Units
111
Domino booster
1 112
Ref [7]
112
1 113
Estimated pump’s
discharge Gpm or m 3/h Estimated
D? Pump ‘s
Head m
Static (hs)
113
Review of the Performance
Characteristics curves of a
water centrifugal pump
•Q-H curve
•Efficiency curve
•Shaft power curve
•NPSH
Review
1 114
114
1- Head capacity curve
“end-of curve”
1 115
115
2- Efficiency curve
1 116
116
3- Power curve
The shaft power is determined in order to select a motor for the pump.
The shaft power can be determined directly from the manufacturer’
manufacturer’s
catalogue plot or calculated from the following formula :
shaft Power =γ × H × Q η
From the equation, it is clear that the main
parameter affecting the shaft power is the
discharge and not the head.
head. This is becau
of the increase in the discharge for the same
pipe diameter leading to additional losses
which need more power to drive the pump.
pump.
1 117
117
4- NPSH required curve
The Net Positive Suction Head Required is the minimum energy
required at the suction flange for the pump to operate satisfactorily
away from cavitation problem .
1 118
118
How to draw the pipe system
resistance curves?
1 119
119
1 120
120
1 121
121
“Operating point or duty point “
A centrifugal pump operating in a given system will deliver a flow rate
corresponding to the intersection of its head-capacity curve with the pipe
system curve. The intersection point is called “ Duty point or operating point”
1 122
122
Pump selection limitations
15 L/s
17 L/s
13 L/s
1 123
123
“Pump selection “
1 124
124
The best efficiency point (
B.E.P.) is the point
of highest efficiency of the pump
curve , which is the
design operating point.
The pump is selected to operate
near or at the B.E.P.
B.E.P. However ,
the pump ends up operating over
wide range of its curve, that is
due to the pipe system curve
changes ( case of valve maneuver
or branches pipes using
motorized valve, static head
deviation etc..
1 125
125
Pump’s power
Mono-block
1 126
126
The hydraulic power or water power is given by:
water power = F ×V = P × A ×V = γ × QV × hm
water power
S.P =
ηP
Water power
Input power=
×Transmissi
Pumpefficiency ×Motorefficiency
on efficiency
Pump efficiency & motor power is selected from the manufacturer catalogues.
catalogues.
For Example ; The Transmition efficiency is taken as follows:
1- Case of shaft coupling = 1 ,
2- Case of flat belt Transmition = 0.9 to 0.93
3- Case of V-
V-belt Transmition = 0.93-
0.93- 0.95.
0.95.
1 127
127
Motor Power selection
There is no simple rule of thumb in motor selection.. Each
manufacturer suggest a safety margent for their motor
selection.
Example: KSB pump catalogue presents the follows
estimation values :
• Example:
•UP to 7.5 kW add 20%
• From 7.5 - 40 kW add approximately 15%
•From 40 kW and above add approximately
10%.
1 128
128
Pump’s power
Manufacturer
Required
Pump’s power
Pump’s Shaft End curve
power
Constant speed
Monoblock- Pump
1 129
129
Class exercise
Select the size of the pump from the coverage chart shown in
the accompanied figure , assuming that , the estimated head
and discharge are h= 30 m & Q= 30 m3 /h respectively.
Solution:
Enter the chart at Q= 30 m3 /h and move vertically up to the
line of intersection with
h= 30 m. The selection charts give the following pump
selections for the present data:
CN 40-160 or CN40-200 at n =2900 rpm. The CN40-160 is
selected for the reason of economy.
After this preliminary selection, you will be able to analyze the
performance characteristic curve CN40-160
CN: Standard motor
40 mm delivery output
160 mm impeller diameter
1 130
130
m3/hr
1 131
131
Class exercise
A centrifugal pump is used to supply water to the overhead tank
located at the top of a 10- floor building . The capacity of the
overhead tank is 30 m3.
132
Class exercise
A centrifugal pump is used to supply water to a
10- floor building, which consists of 35 flats.
Each flat is occupied by 6 persons.
1-Work out the daily water requirement, the
underground and overhead tank capacity.
Assuming that, each person requires 35 gal of
water / per day.
2- Estimate the pumping rate of the pump.
The pumping of water is controlled automatically
using automatic water level switches.
1 133
133
Variable Speed Pumps
Driven by Frequency
Converters .
Direct supply system . Used
In Hotels , villas , Hospital
etc..
1 134
134
Speed
reduction
Pump’s
Shaft
power
1 135
135
Summary
z Using constant speed centrifugal pump
,it is not possible to get a const flow rate
under variable pressure condition.
(@BEP)
z Using constant speed centrifugal pump
,it is not possible to get a const
pressure under variable flow. (@BEP)
Variable speed pump accompanied with
frequency inverter (VFD) can do So!
1 136
136
VFD-pump can maintaining a constant
pressure at variable flow
It can generate a constant pressure at variable flow
1 137
137
Compensation for system losses (according system
curve)
H
Using a differential
pressure transmitter, the
pump is balancing the
friction losses of system
curve.
1 138
138
Maintaining a constant flow rate
H
It can guarantee a
constant flow at Ref [7]
variable head
1 139
139
What happens to Flow, Head and Power with
Speed?
Q ~ RPM
H ~ RPM2
SP ~ RPM3
1 140
140
1 141
141
Affinity laws (For the same pump)
1 142
142
Affinity laws
143
Class Exercise
A pump delivers 2000 L /min. of water
against a head of 20m at a efficiency of 70
% and running at shaft rotational speed of
3000 rpm. Estimate the new pump
characteristics if the rotational speed of
the shaft is changed to 4000 rpm. Assume
the pump efficiency is constant .
1 144
144
Summary of Exercise :
1 145
145
Consider a 15-floor building with four flats ( three bedroom) each floor. Each flat
having one drinking water point. Minimum mains water pressure is 2 bar ( gauge) and
floor heights are 3 m. Calculate 1) Cold water storage tank capacity 2) booster pump
head & flow 3) Select a pump from Lawora catalogue ( using 4psi/100 ft) . Assuming
5 standard elbow , 2 gate valves , one check valve ( swing type) . Other losses are
neglected. Pipe material is galvanized steel.
Home work
Assume that,
the Pumping
time is 4 hours
Assume missing
data if any.
1 146
146
A 30-storey office block having a central toilet accommodation . Each floor
occupied by 100 person . Floor to floor height is 3 m. Select a pump for this
configuration using the velocity limitation method. Assuming 5 standard elbow
, 2 gate valves , one check valve ( swing type) . Other losses are neglected.
Assume that,
Home work the Pumping
time is 3 hours
Assume missing
data if any.
1 147
147
Next lecture
1 148
148