Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Categories of Power:
• Practical
Physical actions, violence, skill, money,
goods or services
• Knowledge/ideas
Using knowledge to influence others
• Position
Power gained from position in a
hierarchy
• Personal
Personality, nurturing or caring 3
What type of power is this?
Norman Fairclough
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All conversations are potentially
“Unequal Encounters”
6
Power is being exerted …
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Status Markers
that Determine Power
• Agenda-setting and topic
management
• Turn-taking, holding and seizing
the floor
• Forms of address
• Phatic tokens
• Utterance types and language
• Directives
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Agenda-setting and
Topic Management
• Who sets the agenda for what gets
talked about? Who leads the talk?
• Who chooses or changes the topic?
• Is this agenda allowed to be
ambushed or side-tracked?
• How are side discussions managed?
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Turn-taking, holding
and seizing the floor
• Who holds the power in terms of
turn-taking?
• How are turns taken?
• How are interruptions dealt with?
• What happens if the turn-taking
“rules” are transgressed?
• Who talks the most?
• Who interrupts or backs down?
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Audience Address
•I
suggests intimacy,
straightforwardness or openness
• You
suggests familiarity & friendship
• We
Inclusive
• suggesting membership of a group with
the speaker
Exclusive
• separates the speaker’s group from the
audience
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Forms of address
• What terms are used when directly
speaking to another person in the
conversation?
• What does this tell you about the
power relationships?
• Who uses first names, titles or
honorifics?
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Phatic Talk (small talk)
Core Talk Phatic Talk
• Relates to • Not relevant
intended to core
purpose of the purpose of the
conversation conversation
• Focused
• Atopical
• Context- discussion
bound
• Important for
• On-task
affective
• High
(social)
information
content content
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Opening Conversations
with Phatic Talk
• we don’t just go straight into a topic
• start with a bit of friendly, sociable
stuff just to get warmed up
• begin with some social chat to break
the ice
the weather
the journey to arrive
unnecessary expressions of gratitude
enquiries about health
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Closing Conversations
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Phatic Talk & Power
• More powerful speakers tend to intiate
and restrict phatic talk
(as well as define what are acceptable
subjects for conversation)
• How might phatic talk makes it easier
for a less powerful participant to soften
a potential challenge by a more
powerful participant in a conversation?
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