POWER SERIES

ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

MATH 133

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

  It is an infinite series of the form

∞ 𝑛 1 2 𝑛
 𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥−𝑐 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑐 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐
POWER
SERIES  𝑎𝑛 - coefficient of the nth term
 c - is a constant represents the center of the series

 Useful in the analysis of infinitely differentiable functions

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  TAYLOR’S SERIES

∞ 𝑛 1 2 𝑛
 𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥−𝑐 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑐 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐

POWER
 MACLAURIN’S SERIES
SERIES
∞ 𝑛 1 2 3 𝑛
 𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎3 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  THEOREM I:
 Suppose that f(x) has a power series expansion at 𝑥 = 𝑎 with radius
of convergence 𝑅 > 0, then the series expansion of f(x) takes the
form
 Taylor Series
POWER 
𝑛 𝑓′′ (𝑐)
∞ 𝑓 (𝑐) 𝑛 ′ 1 2
SERIES f x = 𝑛<0 𝑛! 𝑥−𝑐 =𝑓 𝑎 +𝑓 𝑐 𝑥−𝑐 + 𝑥−𝑐 +⋯
2!

 Maclaurin Series
𝑛 𝑓′′ (0)
∞ 𝑓 (0) 𝑛 ′ 1 2
f x = 𝑛<0 𝑛! 𝑥 =𝑓 0 +𝑓 0 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
2!

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Example 1:
 Compute the Maclaurin series of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = cos⁡(𝑥)
 𝑓 𝑥 = cos⁡(𝑥) 𝑓 0 = cos 0 = 1
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −sin⁡(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (0) = − sin 0 = 0
 𝑓′′ 𝑥 = −cos⁡(𝑥) 𝑓′′ 0 = − cos 0 = −1
POWER  𝑓′′′ 𝑥 = sin⁡(𝑥) 𝑓 ′′′ (0) = sin 0 = 0
 𝑓 𝑖𝑣 𝑥 = cos⁡(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑖𝑣 0 = cos 0 = 1
SERIES  The pattern is periodic
 𝑓 2𝑛 𝑥 = −1 𝑛 cos 𝑥 = 𝑓 2𝑛 0 = −1 𝑛
 𝑓 (2𝑛:1) 𝑥 = −1 𝑛 s 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑓 (2𝑛:1) 0 = 0
 Therefore:
∞ ;1 𝑛 2𝑛
 cos 𝑥 = 𝑛<0 (2𝑛)! 𝑥

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Example 2:
 Compute the Maclaurin series of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = sin⁡(𝑥)
 𝑓 𝑥 = sin⁡(𝑥) 𝑓 0 = sin 0 = 0
 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡(𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (0) = cos 0 = 1
 𝑓′′ 𝑥 = −sin⁡(𝑥) 𝑓′′ 0 = − sin 0 = 0
POWER  𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡(𝑥) 𝑓 ′′′ 0 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 = −1
 𝑓 𝑖𝑣 𝑥 = sin⁡(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑖𝑣 0 = s 𝑖𝑛 0 = 0
SERIES  The pattern is periodic
 𝑓 2𝑛 𝑥 = −1 𝑛 sin 𝑥 = 𝑓 2𝑛 0 = 0
 𝑓 (2𝑛:1) 𝑥 = −1 𝑛 cos⁡(𝑥) = 𝑓 (2𝑛:1) 0 = −1 𝑛
 Therefore:
∞ ;1 𝑛 (2𝑛:1)
 sin 𝑥 = 𝑛<0 (2𝑛:1)! 𝑥

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Exercises:
 Compute the Taylor or Maclaurin series of the function
sin⁡(𝑥)
 A) 𝑥
at 𝑐 = 0

sin⁡(𝑥 2 )
 B) at 𝑐 = 0
POWER 𝑥2

SERIES 𝑥 sin⁡(𝑠 2 )
 C) 0 𝑠2
𝑑𝑠 at 𝑐 = 0

 D) 𝑒 5𝑥 at 𝑐 = 0

 E) ln⁡(𝑥) at 𝑐 = 2

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  TAYLOR AND MACLAURIN POLYNOMIALS:

 The partial sums of the Taylor (Maclaurin) series are called Taylor
POWER (Maclaurin) polynomial

SERIES 𝑘 𝑓𝑛 (𝑐) 𝑛
 𝑝𝑘 𝑥 = 𝑛<0 𝑛! 𝑥−𝑐 - Taylor Polynomial

𝑘 𝑓𝑛 (0) 𝑛
 𝑝𝑘 𝑥 = 𝑛<0 𝑛! 𝑥 - Maclaurin Polynomial

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  THEOREM 2:

 Consider the interval (𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) with 𝑥0 < 𝑐 < 𝑥1 and suppose that f(x)
POWER is differentiable to any order on (𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) and continuous on [𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ].
Fix 𝑘 ≥ 1 and let M > 0 be a constant such that
SERIES 𝑚𝑎𝑥[𝑥0,𝑥1 ] 𝑓 𝑘:1 (𝑥) ≤ 𝑀. Then for any x in (𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) we have

𝑀 𝑥;𝑐 𝑘+1
 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑝𝑘 (𝑥) ≤ 𝑘:1 !

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Example 1:
 Compute the Maclaurin polynomial of degree 4 for the function 𝑓 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 ln⁡(1 − 𝑥) for −1 < 𝑥 < 1.
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 1 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 𝑎3 𝑥 3 + 𝑎4 𝑥 4 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛
1 2 3 4
 𝑝4 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑎4 𝑥
POWER  For −1 < 𝑥 < 1
SERIES 
1
1;𝑥
= 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + ⋯
𝑥 𝑑𝑠 ∞ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
 ln 1 − 𝑥 = − 0 1;𝑠 = − 𝑛<0 0 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = −𝑥 − 2 − 3 − 4 − ⋯
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥4
 cos 𝑥 = 1 − 2 + 4! − ⋯ let z = 1 − 2 + 4! − ⋯
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
 cos 𝑥 ln 1 − 𝑥 = 1 − 2 + 4! − ⋯ −𝑥 − 2 − 3 − 4 − ⋯

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Example 1:
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
 = −𝑥 𝑧 − 2 (𝑧) − 3 (𝑧) − 4 (𝑧) − ⋯

𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
POWER  = −𝑥 + 2 − 4! + ⋯ + −2 + 4
− 2∗4!4
+⋯ + −3 + 2∗3
− 3∗4!
+⋯ +
𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8
SERIES − 4 + 2∗4 − 4∗4! + ⋯

𝑥2 𝑥3
 𝑝4 (𝑥) = −𝑥 − + +⋯
2 6

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Example 2:
1
 Find the third degree Taylor Polynomial for the function 𝑓 𝑥 = at
2:𝑥
c=1
𝑘 𝑓𝑛 (𝑐) 𝑛
 𝑛<0 𝑛! 𝑥−𝑐
𝑥;1 2 𝑥;1 3
 𝑝𝑘 𝑥 = 𝑓 1 + 𝑓′ 1 𝑥−1 + 𝑓 ′′ 1 + 𝑓 ′′′ 1
2! 3!
POWER  𝑓 𝑥 = 2:𝑥
1
𝑓 1 = 2:1 = 3
1 1

SERIES  𝑓′ 𝑥 = (2:𝑥)2
;1
𝑓 ′ (1) =
;1
2:1 2
= −
1
9
2 2 2
 𝑓′′ 𝑥 = (2:𝑥)3 𝑓 ′′ (1) = 2:1 3 = 27
;6 ;6 ;6 2
 𝑓′′′ 𝑥 = (2:𝑥)4 𝑓 ′′′ 1 = 2:1 4 = 81 = − 27
1 1 2 𝑥;1 2 2 𝑥;1 3
 𝑝𝑘 𝑥 = 3 − 9 𝑥 − 1 + 27 2!
− 27 3!
1 1 1 1
 𝑝𝑘 𝑥 = 3 − 9 𝑥 − 1 + 27 𝑥 − 1 2 − 81 𝑥 − 1 3

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Exercises:
 Find the third degree Taylor or Maclaurin Polynomial for the function
POWER  A) 𝑓 𝑥 = cot⁡(𝑥) at c =
𝜋
4
SERIES  B) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 4𝑥 at c = 0
1
 C) 𝑓 𝑥 = at c = 0
5𝑥:1

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  CONVERGENCE:
 A power series ∞
𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑛
converges at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 if
 lim 𝑁 𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑛
𝑁→∞
 exists. Otherwise the power series diverges at 𝑥 = 𝑥0
POWER
SERIES  ABSOLUTE CONVERGENCE
 A power series ∞
𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑛 converges absolutely at 𝑥 = 𝑥0 if
 lim 𝑁 𝑎
𝑛<0 𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐 𝑛
𝑁→∞
 exists.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  RATIO TEST
 Suppose 𝑎𝑛 ≠ 0 for all n, then the following test tells about the
convergence of the series:

𝑎𝑛+1 𝑥0 ;𝑐 𝑛+1 𝑎𝑛+1

POWER  lim 𝑎 𝑥 ;𝑐 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 0
= 𝑥0 − 𝑐 lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑎𝑛
SERIES
 < 1⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒⁡𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
 > 1⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
 = 1⁡⁡⁡𝑛𝑜𝑡⁡𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Example 1:
 Check whether the following converge or diverge
2
∞ 𝑛
 𝑛<1 2𝑛
(𝑛+1)2
2𝑛+1
 = lim (𝑛)2
POWER 𝑛→∞
2𝑛
𝑛2 :2𝑛:1
SERIES  = lim
𝑛→∞ 2∗𝑛2
1 𝑛2 :2𝑛:1
= lim
2 𝑛→∞ 𝑛2
1
= ∗1
2
1
= 2
<1 therefore it converges

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Example 2:
 Check whether the following converge or diverge
𝑛
∞ 𝑛(;3)
 𝑛<1 4 𝑛−1
(𝑛+1)(−3)𝑛+1
4𝑛
 = lim 𝑛(−3)𝑛
POWER 𝑛→∞
4𝑛−1

SERIES = lim
𝑛→∞
(𝑛:1)(;3)
4𝑛
3 𝑛:1
 = 4 lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
3
= ∗1
4
3
= <1 therefore it converges
4

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Example 3:
 Check whether the following converge or diverge
2 𝑛
∞ (𝑛:1) 𝑛 (2)
 𝑛<1(−1) 𝑛!
(𝑛+1)2 (2)𝑛+1
(𝑛+1)!
POWER  = lim 𝑛2 (2)𝑛
𝑛→∞
𝑛!
SERIES  = lim
(𝑛:1)2 2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2 ∗(𝑛:1)
𝑛:1
 = 2 lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛2
=2∗0
=0<1 therefore it converges

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Example 4:
 Check whether the following converge or diverge
𝑛 𝑛
∞
 𝑛<1 31+3𝑛
(𝑛+1)(𝑛+1)
31+3(𝑛+1)
 = lim 𝑛𝑛
𝑛→∞
31+3𝑛
POWER (𝑛:1)(𝑛+1)
 = lim
SERIES 𝑛→∞
1
33 ∗𝑛𝑛
𝑛:1 𝑛 (𝑛:1)
= lim
27 𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛
1 𝑛:1 𝑛
= ∗ lim ∗ lim 𝑛 + 1
27 𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 𝑛→∞
1
= 27
∗𝑒∗∞
 = ∞ > 1⁡ therefore it diverges

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Exercises:
 Check whether the following converge or diverge
∞ 2𝑛
 A) 𝑛<1 𝑛!

POWER  B) ∞ 7𝑛
𝑛<1 𝑒 𝑛
SERIES
∞ 4𝑛 (𝑛!)2
 C) 𝑛<1 𝑛:2 !

∞ (𝑛:1) 4𝑛 ln⁡(𝑛)
 D) 𝑛<1(−1) 3𝑛 ln⁡(𝑛:1)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  INTERVAL OF CONVERGENCE
 The power series has an interval of convergence
 𝐼 = (𝑎 − 𝑅, 𝑎 + 𝑅) in which⁡ ∞𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎
𝑛
converges absolutely

 𝑅 > 0 is called the RADIUS OF CONVERGENCE

POWER
SERIES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  INTERVAL OF
CONVERGENCE

POWER
SERIES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  INTERVAL OF CONVERGENCE
 What is the interval of convergence for:
2𝑛
𝑥 2 ∞ 𝑥
 𝑒 = 𝑛<0 𝑛!
𝑥2(𝑛+1)
(𝑛+1)!
 = lim 𝑥2𝑛
𝑛→∞
POWER 𝑛!
𝑥2
SERIES = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛:1
1
= 𝑥 2 lim 𝑛:1
𝑛→∞
= 𝑥2 ∗ 0
 𝑥2 ∗ 0 < 1
 𝑥 = −∞ , 𝑥 = +∞ therefore interval of convergence −∞, +∞

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  INTERVAL OF CONVERGENCE
 What is the interval of convergence for:
𝑛
∞ 𝑥
 𝑛<1 𝑛
𝑥𝑛+1
𝑛+1
 = lim 𝑥𝑛
𝑛→∞
𝑛
POWER 𝑛
 = lim 𝑥
SERIES 𝑛→∞ 𝑛:1

𝑛
 = 𝑥 lim 𝑛:1
𝑛→∞
= 𝑥 ∗1
 𝑥 <1
 −1 < x < 1

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  INTERVAL OF CONVERGENCE
 Checking the interval:
𝑛
∞ 𝑥
 𝑛<1 𝑛
𝑛
∞ (;1)
= 𝑛<1 𝑛
- this is an alternating series
1
= lim 𝑛 = 0⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝑖𝑡⁡𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠⁡𝑎𝑠⁡𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙⁡
POWER 𝑛→∞

SERIES ∞ (1)
𝑛
= 𝑛<1 𝑛
1
= lim 𝑛 - this is a P series
𝑛→∞

 the exponent of “n” must be greater than 1 for a P series to converge

 the interval of converges [−1, 1)

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  INTERVAL OF CONVERGENCE
 Exercises: Find the radius and interval of convergence of the following
series
𝑛 𝑛
∞ 3 ∞ (;1) (𝑥:1)
 A) 𝑛<0 𝑛 (𝑥 − 5)𝑛 F) 𝑛<1 5𝑛 𝑛

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
∞ 𝑥 2 ∞ (;1) (𝑥:2)
 B) G)
POWER 𝑛<1 𝑛! 𝑛<1 𝑛:1 ln⁡(𝑛:1)

SERIES 3
∞ 𝑛 (𝑥:5)
𝑛
∞ (𝑥:2)
𝑛
 C) 𝑛<1 H) 𝑛<1 𝑛:3
6𝑛

𝑛 𝑛
∞ (𝑥;2) ∞ (𝑥:3)
 D) 𝑛<1 ln⁡(𝑛:4) I) 𝑛<1 𝑛2 :2𝑛

𝑛 𝑛
∞ 𝑥 5
 E) 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑛

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  RADIUS OF CONVERGENCE
 Exercises: Find the radius of convergence of the following series

POWER
SERIES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  RADIUS OF CONVERGENCE
 Exercises: Find the radius of convergence of the following series

POWER
SERIES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  ORDINARY AND SINGULAR POINTS:
 From a standard form of a homogeneous second order differential
equation
 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 ′ + 𝑄 𝑥 𝑦 = 0,
 𝑥 = 𝑥0 is an ordinary point if 𝑃 𝑥 and 𝑄 𝑥 are analytic at 𝑥0
POWER
 Otherwise, 𝑥 = 𝑥0 is a singular point
SERIES
 Analytic of a Point:
 A function⁡𝑓 𝑥 is analytic at a point if and only if 𝑓 𝑥 can be
represented as a power series ∞ 𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐
𝑛 with a positive radius
of convergence

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  ORDINARY AND SINGULAR POINTS:
 Example: Determine a series solution for the following differential equation
about 𝑥0 = 0
 𝑦" + 𝑦 = 0
 𝑃 𝑥 = 1 so we can have a solution in the form 𝑦 𝑥 = ∞ 𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ⁡
𝑛

 Finding its derivatives:

 𝑦′ 𝑥 = ∞ 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑛;1
⁡ 𝑦" 𝑥 = ∞ 𝑛<2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑛;2
⁡
POWER
SERIES  Substitute in the equation 𝑦" + 𝑦 = 0
 ∞𝑛<2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑛;2
⁡+ ∞ 𝑛
𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ⁡ = 0

 Shifting the power series so that the starting point for both terms will be the
same
 ∞ 𝑛 ∞
𝑛<0(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛:2 𝑥 ⁡ + 𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ⁡ = 0
𝑛

 ∞ 𝑛<0 (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛:2 +𝑎𝑛 𝑥 ⁡ = 0

𝑛

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  ORDINARY AND SINGULAR POINTS:
 Example: Determine a series solution for the following differential equation about
𝑥0 = 0
 𝑦" + 𝑦 = 0
 (𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛:2 +𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, … - this is the recurrence relation
;𝑎𝑛
 𝑎𝑛:2 =
(𝑛:2)(𝑛:1)
 for 𝑛 = 0 for 𝑛 = 1
POWER  𝑎2 = 0
;𝑎
2
𝑎3 = 1
;𝑎
2∗3
SERIES  for 𝑛 = 2
;𝑎 𝑎0
for 𝑛 = 3
;𝑎 𝑎1
 𝑎4 = 2 = 𝑎5 = 3 =
4∗3 4∗3∗2∗1 5∗4 2∗3∗4∗5
 for 𝑛 = 4 for 𝑛 = 5
;𝑎 ;𝑎0 ;𝑎 ;𝑎1
 𝑎6 = 4 = 𝑎7 = 5 =
6∗5 6∗5∗4∗3∗2∗1 7∗6 2∗3∗4∗5∗6∗7
(;1)𝑘 𝑎0 (;1)𝑘 𝑎1
 𝑎2𝑘 = 𝑎2𝑘:1 = 𝑘 = 1, 2, 3, …
(2𝑘)! (2𝑘:1)!
𝑘 2𝑘 𝑘 2𝑘+1
∞ (;1) 𝑥 ∞ (;1) 𝑥
 𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑎0 𝑘<1 + 𝑎1 𝑘<1
(2𝑘)! (2𝑘:1)!

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Exercises: Determine a series solution for the following differential equation
A) 𝑦" − 𝑥𝑦 = 0 about 𝑥0 = 0

 B) 𝑦" − 𝑥𝑦 = 0 about 𝑥0 = −2
POWER
SERIES  C) 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑦" − 4𝑥𝑦′ + 6𝑦 = 0 about 𝑥0 = 0

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Exercises: Determine a series solution for the following differential equation

POWER
SERIES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Exercises: Determine a series solution for the following differential equation

POWER
SERIES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Exercises: Determine a series solution for the following differential equation

POWER
SERIES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Exercises: Determine a series solution for the following differential equation

POWER
SERIES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

  Exercises: Determine a series solution for the following differential equation

POWER
SERIES

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT