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∞ 𝑛 1 2 𝑛
𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥−𝑐 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑐 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐
POWER
SERIES 𝑎𝑛 - coefficient of the nth term
c - is a constant represents the center of the series
∞ 𝑛 1 2 𝑛
𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥−𝑐 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 − 𝑐 + 𝑎2 𝑥 − 𝑐 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑐
POWER
MACLAURIN’S SERIES
SERIES
∞ 𝑛 1 2 3 𝑛
𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑎3 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥
Maclaurin Series
𝑛 𝑓′′ (0)
∞ 𝑓 (0) 𝑛 ′ 1 2
f x = 𝑛<0 𝑛! 𝑥 =𝑓 0 +𝑓 0 𝑥 + 𝑥 +⋯
2!
sin(𝑥 2 )
B) at 𝑐 = 0
POWER 𝑥2
SERIES 𝑥 sin(𝑠 2 )
C) 0 𝑠2
𝑑𝑠 at 𝑐 = 0
D) 𝑒 5𝑥 at 𝑐 = 0
E) ln(𝑥) at 𝑐 = 2
The partial sums of the Taylor (Maclaurin) series are called Taylor
POWER (Maclaurin) polynomial
SERIES 𝑘 𝑓𝑛 (𝑐) 𝑛
𝑝𝑘 𝑥 = 𝑛<0 𝑛! 𝑥−𝑐 - Taylor Polynomial
𝑘 𝑓𝑛 (0) 𝑛
𝑝𝑘 𝑥 = 𝑛<0 𝑛! 𝑥 - Maclaurin Polynomial
Consider the interval (𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) with 𝑥0 < 𝑐 < 𝑥1 and suppose that f(x)
POWER is differentiable to any order on (𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) and continuous on [𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ].
Fix 𝑘 ≥ 1 and let M > 0 be a constant such that
SERIES 𝑚𝑎𝑥[𝑥0,𝑥1 ] 𝑓 𝑘:1 (𝑥) ≤ 𝑀. Then for any x in (𝑥0 , 𝑥1 ) we have
𝑀 𝑥;𝑐 𝑘+1
𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑝𝑘 (𝑥) ≤ 𝑘:1 !
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
POWER = −𝑥 + 2 − 4! + ⋯ + −2 + 4
− 2∗4!4
+⋯ + −3 + 2∗3
− 3∗4!
+⋯ +
𝑥4 𝑥6 𝑥8
SERIES − 4 + 2∗4 − 4∗4! + ⋯
𝑥2 𝑥3
𝑝4 (𝑥) = −𝑥 − + +⋯
2 6
SERIES 𝑓′ 𝑥 = (2:𝑥)2
;1
𝑓 ′ (1) =
;1
2:1 2
= −
1
9
2 2 2
𝑓′′ 𝑥 = (2:𝑥)3 𝑓 ′′ (1) = 2:1 3 = 27
;6 ;6 ;6 2
𝑓′′′ 𝑥 = (2:𝑥)4 𝑓 ′′′ 1 = 2:1 4 = 81 = − 27
1 1 2 𝑥;1 2 2 𝑥;1 3
𝑝𝑘 𝑥 = 3 − 9 𝑥 − 1 + 27 2!
− 27 3!
1 1 1 1
𝑝𝑘 𝑥 = 3 − 9 𝑥 − 1 + 27 𝑥 − 1 2 − 81 𝑥 − 1 3
SERIES = lim
𝑛→∞
(𝑛:1)(;3)
4𝑛
3 𝑛:1
= 4 lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛
3
= ∗1
4
3
= <1 therefore it converges
4
POWER B) ∞ 7𝑛
𝑛<1 𝑒 𝑛
SERIES
∞ 4𝑛 (𝑛!)2
C) 𝑛<1 𝑛:2 !
∞ (𝑛:1) 4𝑛 ln(𝑛)
D) 𝑛<1(−1) 3𝑛 ln(𝑛:1)
POWER
SERIES
𝑛
= 𝑥 lim 𝑛:1
𝑛→∞
= 𝑥 ∗1
𝑥 <1
−1 < x < 1
SERIES ∞ (1)
𝑛
= 𝑛<1 𝑛
1
= lim 𝑛 - this is a P series
𝑛→∞
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
∞ 𝑥 2 ∞ (;1) (𝑥:2)
B) G)
POWER 𝑛<1 𝑛! 𝑛<1 𝑛:1 ln(𝑛:1)
SERIES 3
∞ 𝑛 (𝑥:5)
𝑛
∞ (𝑥:2)
𝑛
C) 𝑛<1 H) 𝑛<1 𝑛:3
6𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
∞ (𝑥;2) ∞ (𝑥:3)
D) 𝑛<1 ln(𝑛:4) I) 𝑛<1 𝑛2 :2𝑛
𝑛 𝑛
∞ 𝑥 5
E) 𝑛<1 𝑛𝑛
POWER
SERIES
POWER
SERIES
Shifting the power series so that the starting point for both terms will be the
same
∞ 𝑛 ∞
𝑛<0(𝑛 + 2)(𝑛 + 1)𝑎𝑛:2 𝑥 + 𝑛<0 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = 0
𝑛
B) 𝑦" − 𝑥𝑦 = 0 about 𝑥0 = −2
POWER
SERIES C) 𝑥 2 + 1 𝑦" − 4𝑥𝑦′ + 6𝑦 = 0 about 𝑥0 = 0
POWER
SERIES
POWER
SERIES
POWER
SERIES
POWER
SERIES
POWER
SERIES