FOURIER

SERIES
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ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS

MATH 133

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

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FOURIER SERIES

 INNER PRODUCT AND ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS

 The inner product of two functions 𝑓 𝑥 and 𝑔(𝑥) on the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is a
𝑏
number (𝑓, 𝑔) given by 𝑓, 𝑔 = 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 If the inner product is zero, then f and g are orthogonal

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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FOURIER SERIES

 ORTHOGONALITY OF SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS

𝐶 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑘𝜋𝑥
 −𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 =0
𝑐 𝑐

𝐶 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑘𝜋𝑥 𝑐 𝜋
 −𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 =0= sin 𝑛𝛽 sin 𝑘𝛽 𝑑𝛽 = 0
𝑐 𝑐 𝜋 −𝜋

𝐶 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑘𝜋𝑥 𝑐 sin⁡(𝑛−𝑘)𝛽 sin⁡(𝑛+𝑘)𝛽 𝜋

 −𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 =0= + =0
𝑐 𝑐 2𝜋 𝑛−𝑘 𝑛+𝑘 −𝜋

𝐶 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐
 −𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 =𝑐
𝑐 2𝑛𝜋 𝑐 0

𝐶 2 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐 2𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑐 𝑐⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, …

 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 =
−𝐶 𝑐 2𝑛𝜋 𝑐 0 2𝑐⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓𝑜𝑟⁡𝑛 = 0

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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 FOURIER SERIES: AN EXPANSION THEOREM

1 ∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 valid in the
2 𝑐 𝑐
interval −𝑐 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐
 where:
1 𝐶
 𝑎0 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 −𝐶
1 𝐶 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
𝑐 −𝐶 𝑐
1 𝐶 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐 −𝐶
𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, …
𝑐

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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 FOURIER SERIES: AN EXPANSION THEOREM

 Example: Construct the Fourier Series over the interval
 −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2
 for the function defined by
 𝑓 𝑥 =2 −2 < 𝑥 ≤ 0
 𝑓 𝑥 =𝑥 0<𝑥<2
 and sketch the graph of the function to which the series converges

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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FOURIER SERIES

 FOURIER SERIES: AN EXPANSION THEOREM

 Example: Construct the Fourier Series over the interval

 −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋
 for the function

 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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FOURIER SERIES

 FOURIER SINE SERIES

∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 𝑓 𝑥 ~ 𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑐 valid in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑐

 where:
2 𝐶 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑐 0
𝑓(𝑥) sin 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, …
𝑐

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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FOURIER SERIES

 FOURIER SINE SERIES

 Example 1: Expand 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 in a Fourier Sine Series over the interval
 0<𝑥<1


ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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FOURIER SERIES

 FOURIER COSINE SERIES

1 ∞ 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 𝑓 𝑥 ~ 𝑎0 + 𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 valid in the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 𝑐
2 𝑐
 where:
2 𝐶
 𝑎0 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 0

2 𝐶 𝑛𝜋𝑥
 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
𝑐 0 𝑐

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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FOURIER SERIES

 FOURIER COSINE SERIES

 Example 1: Find the Fourier Cosine Series of the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 over the
interval
 0<𝑥<1

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

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FOURIER SERIES

 Exercises: Find the Fourier – Legendre Series of the given

function. Show the details of your calculation.

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT