DESIGN OF

RECTANGULAR
BEAMS
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
CE 512

ENGR. CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO

 DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAMS
• STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS
• LOAD FACTORS
• LOAD COMBINATIONS
• DESIGN LIMITS
• Proportioning
• Deflections
• Concrete Weight
• Selection of Bars
• Spacing of Bars
• Concrete Cover
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS, Ø

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS, Ø

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

LOAD FACTORS AND LOAD COMBINATION

are used to increase the estimated loads applied to structures to account
for the uncertainties involved in their magnitudes

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• BEAM PROPORTION:
the ratio of d to b is in the range of 1 ½ to 2 (for 20 – 25’ length of
beam), and d equals 3 – 4 times the width for long span
• MINIMUM BEAM DEPTH

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• DEFLECTIONS:

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• CONCRETE WEIGHT:
𝐾𝑁
Use 23.5 𝑚3
as unit weight of concrete

• SELECTION OF BARS
• Non prestressed bars and wires shall be deformed, except plain
bars or wires are permitted for use in spirals

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• SELECTION OF BARS
• Deformed Bars shall conform to:
• carbon steel – ASTM A615M
• low alloy steel – ASTM A706M
• axle steel and rail steel (Type R) – ASTM A996M
• stainless steel – ASTM A955M
• low carbon chromium steel – ASTM A1035M
• Plain Bars for Spiral Reinforcement shall conform to:
• ASTM A615M
• ASTM A706M
• ASTM A955M
• ASTM A1035M
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• SELECTION OF BARS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• SELECTION OF BARS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• SELECTION OF BARS

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• CONCRETE COVER

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• CONCRETE COVER

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• CONCRETE COVER

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT
• For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear
spacing shall be at:
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 50 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑𝑏
4
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔
3
• For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more
layers, reinforcement in the upper layer shall be placed directly
above reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear spacing
between layer of at least 25 mm

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN LIMITS
• SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT
• For longitudinal reinforcement in columns, pedestal, struts and
boundary elements in walls, clear spacing between bars shall be:
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 40 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.5𝑑𝑏
4
𝑆𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔
3

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF BEAM (METHOD 1)

1. Determine the values of loads, DL, LL, and other loads
2. Approximate the weight of beam ( DL )
3. Compute the factored load on different load combination
4. Compute the factored moment to be carried by the beam, 𝑀𝑢
5. Try a value of steel ratio ρ
𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑏 𝑡𝑜 0.6𝜌𝑏 ≥ 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛
where:
0.85𝑓′𝑐 β1 600
𝜌𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75𝜌𝑏
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

6. Compute the value of ω,
ρ𝑓𝑦
ω=
𝑓′𝑐
7. Solve for 𝑏𝑑 2 :
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑓𝑐′ω𝑏𝑑 2 1 − 0.59ω
2
𝑀𝑢
𝑏𝑑 =
1 − 0.59ω ∅𝑓𝑐′ω

8. Try a ratio of d to b
𝑑 = 1.5𝑏
𝑑 = 2.0𝑏
round-up this value to reasonable dimension

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

9. Substitute “d” in step 7 and solve for “b”
10. Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the
assumption made in step 2.
11. Solve for required steel area and number of bars.
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
4𝐴𝑠
𝑛𝑏 =
𝜋𝑑𝑏 2
where: 𝑑𝑏 - diameter of bar

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

STEPS IN FINDING REQUIRED AREA OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT
(METHOD 2)
1. Solve for ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥
ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.75ρ𝑏
0.85𝑓′𝑐 β1 ( 600)
ρ𝑏 =
𝑓𝑦 (600 + 𝑓𝑦 )
2. Solve for ∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝑓′𝑐 𝜔𝑏𝑑 2 1 − 0.59𝜔
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓𝑐′
If 𝑀𝑢 ≤ 𝜙 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 design as Singly Reinforced Beam (Step 3)
If 𝑀𝑢 > 𝜙 𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 design as Doubly Reinforced Beam

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

3. Solve for ρ
0.85𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
𝜌= 1− 1−
𝑓𝑦 0.85𝑓𝑐′
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

EXAMPLE 1:
Find the concrete cross section and steel area required for a simply
supported rectangular beam with a span of 15 ft that is to carry a
computed dead load of 1.27 kips/ft anda service live load of 2.15 kips/ft
Material strength are 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

EXAMPLE 2:
Using the concrete dimensions computed in example no 1 and the
same material strengths, find the steel are required to resist a moment
𝑀𝑢 = 1,300 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑘𝑖𝑝.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

DESIGN OF SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

EXAMPLE 3:
Architectural considerations limit the height of a 20 ft long simple
span beam to 16” and the width to 12”. The following loads and material
𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
properties are given: 𝑤𝑑 = 0.79 𝑓𝑡 , 𝑤𝑙 = 1.65 𝑓𝑡 , 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 5,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖, and
𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖. Determine the reinforcement for the beam.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

INVESTIGATING SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

STEPS IN DETERMINING THE CAPACITY OF A SINGLY REINFORCED
BEAM
1. Solve for ρ
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
2. Check if steel yields
0.85𝑓′ 𝑐 β1 (600)
ρ𝑏 = 𝑓𝑦 (600+𝑓𝑦 )
If ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 > 𝜌 the area of steel is not adequate for the beam section
If ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 steel yields, proceed to step 3.
If ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 < 𝜌 steel does not yields, proceed to step 4.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

INVESTIGATING SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

3. Solve for ∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥
∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝑓′𝑐 𝜔𝑏𝑑 2 1 − 0.59𝜔
𝑓𝑦
𝜔=𝜌
𝑓𝑐′
4. Solve for fs from strain diagram
∈𝑢 = 0.003
𝐸𝑠 = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓𝑠
𝐸𝑠 = 𝜖𝑢
𝑑−𝑐 𝑐
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = 600
𝑐

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

INVESTIGATING SINGLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

5. Solve for ∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 −
2
or
𝑎
∅𝑀𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∅ 0.85 fc ′ ab 𝑑−
2

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM

• Inclusion of compression steel reduces the long term deflection of

members.
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
CASE 1: TENSION AND COMPRESSION STEEL AT YIELD STRESS
𝑀𝑛1 = 𝐴′ 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑′
′
𝑎
𝑀𝑛2 = 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑛1 + 𝑀𝑛2
′ ′
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 − 𝑑′ + 𝐴𝑠 − 𝐴 𝑠 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 −
2
if ∈𝑡 ≥ 0.005
∅ = 0.90
if 0.004 ≤∈𝑡 < 0.005
∅ 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑
(refer to Table 421.2.2)
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
CASE 2: TENSION YIELD, COMPRESSION STEEL BELOW YIELD STRESS
∈′ 𝑠 =∈𝑦
𝑐 ∈𝑢
=
𝑑′ ∈𝑢 −∈𝑦
∈𝑢
𝑐= 𝑑′
∈𝑢 −∈𝑦
′
𝑐 − 𝑑′
𝑓𝑠 =∈𝑢 𝐸𝑠
𝑐
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏 𝑑 − + 𝐴′𝑠 𝑓𝑠′ 𝑑 − 𝑑′
𝑀𝑢 = ∅𝑀𝑛
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
DOUBLY REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM
CASE 3: TENSION DOES NOT YIELD, COMPRESSION STEEL YIELD STRESS
CASE 4: ALL STEEL DOES NOT YIELD STRESS
Both cases unusual.
Both tension and compression steel stress are expressed in terms
of the unknown neutral axis depth “c”.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
EXAMPLE 1:
What is the design
moment capacity of a
rectangular beam shown.
Using 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and
𝑓𝑐 ′ = 5,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
EXAMPLE 2:
A rectangular beam that must carry a service live load of 2.47 kips/ft
and a calculated e=dead oad of 1.05 kips/ft on an 18 ft simple span is
limited in cross section for architectural reaons to 10” width and 20” total
depth. If 𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 4,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 what steel area must be
provided.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
T – BEAMS
The resulting beam cross section from a slab (upper part of the beam)
which resist longitudinal compression and the beam (lower part of the
beam).
The slab forms the beam flange, while the part of the beam
projecting below the slab forms the web or stem.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
T – BEAMS
EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
T – BEAMS
EFFECTIVE FLANGE WIDTH, 𝑏𝑓
includes the beam web width, 𝑏𝑤 plus an effective overhanging
flange width

Interior beam: end beam:

least of
a) 8h a) 6h
𝑠𝑤 𝑠𝑤
b) 2 b) 2
𝑙 𝑙𝑛
c) 𝑛 c)
8 12
For isolated T-beam,
0.5𝑏𝑤 ≤ ℎ𝑓 ≤ 4.0𝑏𝑤
CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT
DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
T – BEAMS
EFFECTIVE CROSS SECTION

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
T – BEAMS
STRAIN AND EQUIVALENT STRESS DISTRIBUTION

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
T – BEAMS
STRAIN AND EQUIVALENT STRESS DISTRIBUTION

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF T – BEAM
1. Establish flange thickness, ℎ𝑓 , based on flexural requirements of the
slab
2. Determine the effective flange width according to ACI limits.
3. Choose web dimensions and effective depth baed on the
following:
a) Negative bending requirements at the support, if a
continuous T – beam.
b) Shear requirements, setting a reasonable upper limit on the
nominal unit shear stress in the beam web
4. Calculate a trial value of 𝐴𝑠 assuming 𝑎 does not exceed ℎ𝑓 , with
beam width equal to flange width.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
STEPS IN THE DESIGN OF T – BEAM
5. Check the depth of stress block to confirm that it does not exceed
ℎ𝑓 . If it exceed, revise 𝐴𝑠 , using the T – beam equations.
𝑐
6. Check to ensure that ∈𝑡 ≥ 0.005 or 𝑑 ≤ 0.375 to ensure that ∅ = 0.90.
7. Check to ensure that 𝜌𝑤 ≥ 𝜌𝑤 𝑚𝑖𝑛 .

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
EXAMPLE 1:
The isolated T-beam shown
is cast monolithically. The
concrete has a strength of 3,000
psi and the yield strength of the
steel is 60,000 psi. What is the
design moment capacity of the
beam.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT

DESIGN OF
RECTANGULAR BEAMS

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF DOUBLY REINFORCED BEAM AND T-

BEAM
EXAMPLE 2:
A floor system shown consist of a 3” concrete slab supported by
continuous T-beam with a 24 ft span, 47” on centers. What tensile steel area
is required at midspan to resist a factored moment of 6,400 in-kips if
𝑓𝑦 = 60,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 3,000 𝑝𝑠𝑖.

CHRISTOPHER S. PALADIO ASCOT