Ultimate Stress Design

Where:
1. CHECK IF SRB OR DRB Ash = 0.25 π (ds)2 N
NSCP 2001 hx – max horizontal spacing of crosstie legs
cb : fy = [600(d-c)] / cb N – no of parallel legs to parallel force
ab : ab = β1 c b hc – dimension perpendicular to seismic force;
Asb : C=T – Measure C2C of confining hoop reinforcement
Asmax : Asmax = 0.75Asb Ach – core area
NSCP 2010
cmax : 800 = [600(d- cmax)] / cmax NOTE:
amax : amax = β1cmax  Lateral  design for shear
Asmax : C=T  Confining Hoop  design for seismic
COMPARE  Transverse  design for shear& seismic
A. Singly Reinforced Beam
As < Asmax  Any Geometry Centroid
ρ < ρmax  Rectangular only
B. Doubly Reinforced Beam X – Numbering
Caltech: MOMENT OF INERTIA Y – individual
As > Asmax  Any
MODE 3 - 2 centroid to
ρ > ρmax  Rectangular only
ρ = As / bd x y freq reference distance
ρb = 0.85 f’c Freq – area
ρmax = 0.75 ρb β1 [600/(600+fy)] ȳ nσy2
2. ANALYSIS
A. Singly Reinforced Beam Plastic Centroid
1. Assume Yield, fs=fy A. Locate individual centroid from reference
c : 0.85 f’c (β1 c)b = As fy
a : a = β1 c
2. Check
fs = [600(d-c)] / c
3. Compare
a. fs>fy ∴ YIELD, OK !
ρ<ρb B. Strengths
b. fs<fy ∴ does not YIELD 1. Conrete Strength , Cc
ρ>ρb Cc = 0.85 f’c Ac
new
c : C = T & fy=fs=[600(d-c)] / c 2. Steel Strength , Cs
∴0.85 f’c (β1 c)b = As {[600(d-c)] / c} Cs = As [fy – 0.85f’c]
new
a : a = β1 c
4. Moment Capacity NOTE: concrete displaced by steel is neglected
Mu = Φ [C or T](d-a/2) Cs = Asfy
B. Doubly Reinforced Beam
1. Assume Yield, fs=fy C. Resultant and Location
c : C c + C s’ = T R = ∑Cc + ∑Cs
0.85 f’c (β1 c)b + As’fs = As fy
a : a = β1 c Where:
2. Check R – Column strength
a. Tension Bars x̄,  ȳ - varignon’s
fs = [600(d-c)] / c
b. Compression Bars
 BENDING MOMENT
f’s = [600(c-d’)] / c
Mu = Pu (e)
3. Compare
c. fs>fy ∴ YIELD, OK ! Purlins
f’s>fy
d. fs<fy ∴ does not YIELD
f’s<fy
new
c : C c + C s’ = T 1. LOADINGS
1. For fs does not yield WDL = DL(S) + Wpurlin
0.85 f’c (β1 c)b + As’fs = As [600(d-c)] / c WLL = LL (S)
2. For f’s does not yield WWW = WWfactor (WL)(S)
0.85 f’c (β1 c)b + As’[600(c-d’)] / c = Asfy WLW = LWfactor (WL)(S)
new
a : a = β1 c 2. NORMAL AND TANGENTIAL
4. Moment Capacity
Mu = Φ Cc(d-a/2)+ Φ Cs’ (d-d’)

a. Normal, Wy
T-Beams
WDL cos θ
1. ASSUME YIELD WLL cos θ
Ac: 0.85 f’c Ac = Asfy WWW
Af: Af = bf tf WLW
NSCP b. Tangential, Wx
1. bf = bw + 16tf WDL sin θ
2. bf = Span/4 WLL sin θ
3. bf = (S1 + S2)/2 WWW
∴ choose SMALLEST bf WLW
2. COMPARE 3. BENDING STRESS
Ac < Af ∴ Ac is with in Af ∴ Rectangular beam a. Without Sagrod
Ac > Af ∴ T-beam Mx = Wx L 2 / 8 fbx = My / Sx
3. ANALYSIS My = Wy L 2 / 8 fby = Mx / Sy
a. Rectangular beam b. With Sagrod
b. T-beam 3. Midspan
Mx = Wx L 2 / 8 fbx = My / Sx
Seismic Design My= Wy L2 / 32 fby = Mx / Sy
4. Thirdpoints
A. Lateral Reinforcements Mx = Wx L 2 / 8 fbx = My / Sx
Vu = Φ (Vc + Vs) My= Wy L2 / 90 fby = Mx / Sy
4. INTERACTION FORMULA
B. Confining Hoop Reinforcements fbx/Fbx + fby/Fby = 1
Ash = 0.3 S hc (f’c/fyh) [(Ag/Ach) – 1]
Ash = 0.09 S hc (f’c/fyh)
∴ choose SMALLEST Ash Shear Strength
Vu = Φ (Vc + Vs)
C. Transverse Reinforcements Vn = Vc + Vs
S = min.Dimension / 4 Vu – factored shear force
S = 6db(mainbar) Vn – nominal shear force
S = 100 + (350-hx)/3 = Sx Vc – shear force provided by concrete
∴ choose SMALLEST S Vs – shear force provided by shear reinforcements
100mm < Sx < 150mm Av = Astrirrups (N)
N – no of legs parallel to shear
Vs = Avfynd/S
Min. Av = bw S / 3fy
A. Shear force provided by concrete, Vc
1. Simplified Calculation
 Shear and flexure only
Vc = (1/6) √f’c bw d 2001
Vc = 0.17 √f’c bw d 2010
 Axial compression, Nu
Vc = (1/6) √f’c bw d [1 + (Nu/Ag)]
Nu/Ag  in MPa
 Axial tension
Vc = (1/6) √f’c bw d [1 + (0.3Nu/Ag)]
Nu  negative for tension
2. Detailed Calculation
 Shear and flexure only
Vc = (1/7) bw d [f’c + 120 ρw (Vud/Mu)] 2001
Vc = 0.3 √f’c bw d
∴ choose SMALLEST Vc
Vud/Mu < 1
ρw = As/bd
Vc = bw d [0.17 λ √f’c +17ρw (Vud/Mu)] 2010
 Axial compression
Vc = (1/7) bw d [f’c + 120 ρw (Vud/Mm)]
Vc = 0.3 √f’c bw d [√1 + (0.3Nu/Ag)]
∴ choose SMALLEST Vc
NOTE: If [Mm = Mu – Nu(4h-d)/8] < 0
∴ Vc = invalid! Don’t use
Ag – total area
B. Reduction factor
Φ = 0.9  moment
Φ = 0.85  torsion and shear 2001
Φ = 0.75  torsion and shear 2010

BASIC FORMULAS
1. Average shearing stress (max web shear stress)
fv = v/tw
2. Maximum shear stress (max horizontal stress)
fv = VQ/Ib
3. Shear flow
q = VQ/I
4. Spacing bolt
S = RI/VQ R = Asfy Q = Aȳ
5. Flexural/Bending stress
fb = MC/I = M/S S = I/C
6. Shearing resistance
R = Fvbolts [Area] [#of bolts]

BOLTED CONNECTIONS
1.Based on shear capacity of bolts
σ = P / AN
A – area of bolts
N – all bolts
2.Based on bearing capacity of bolts
σ = P / AN
A – projected area of bolts
N – all bolts
3.Based on gross area
P = Ag (0.6 fy)
Ag – (gross width)*(thickness)
4.Based on net area
P = Ae (0.5 fu)
Ae = UAnc – effective net area
Anc = Smallest An – critical net area
An1 = 0.85Ag – use only for short members
(splice, gusset etc.)
An2 = Ag - ∑(Ahole)(t)
An3 = Ag - ∑(Ahole)(t) + ∑(s2/4g)(t)
5.Based on block shear
P = 0.3FuAv + 0.5FuAt
Av – shear/area parallel to force
At – shear/area perpendicular to force
 For different ruptures
P ∴ smallest
 Fv = 0.3Fu
Ft = 0.5Fu