Location of centroid= ý=

∑ y i A i , y should be measured from the top

∑ Ai
b h3 2
Moment of inertia= I x = +A d
12
Eoriginal E steel
Transform sections: n= , generally n= , multiply width of original by n,Econcrete=33w c 1.5 √ f 'c
Ereplace Econcrete
Mc
calculating internal stresses=f=
I
b h3 h 2
I
not yet cracked: use transform sections to get tr=
[ ] 2
+( − ý) bh + [ 0+(d − ý) ( n−1 ) A s ]
12 2
b=concrete width, h=concrete height, d=distance to rebar, A s=area per rebar*number of rebar
cracking: happens when fbottom>fr=tension strength=7.5 f 'c √
b 2
solve c +n A s c−n A s d=0 for c, c=location of centroid, all concrete above centriod is
2
b c3 c 2
I= [ 12 2 ]
+( −c) bc + [ 0+(d−c)2 ( n−1 ) A s ]

Stress at failure=Mn=Asfs(d-a/2)
at failure fs=fy which is generally 60,000 psi
As f s
a¿
.85 ( f 'c ) b
Check to see if under reinforced, can us ρ or c/d
As
ρ= , this is reinforcing ratio of the member
bd
f 'c .003
ρbalanced =.85 β 1 , use ∈ y =.002 for this check, 004 is minimum for beams though
f y .003+∈ y
f 'c '
.85≥ β1 =1.05−.05 ≥.65 , f c must be in psi
1000
when ρ> ρ balanced then over reinforced bad, if reversed under reinforced good
a c
c= , when ≤ .6 under reinforced, ≤.4286 meets ACI min for under reinforced, ≤.375 φ=.9
β1 d
Beam Design
no dimensions given: set goal ρ usually using ∈s=.006 , get Mmax if not given, use .25k/ft, assume φ=.9
.59 ρ f y
2
solve ϕρb d f y ≥ 1−
( '
fc )
for bd2, then get b and d by assuming or .5d=b
 3 √ f 'c bd 200 bd
solve for As≥ ρ bd, pick reinforcement, check Asmin=
[ fy
∨
fy ]
max
;

1 5
get new a, check over/under, if c/d ratio is not met ϕ=.65+.25 [ −
c /d 3 ]
get h=d+cover+stir up diameter+.5(tension steel diameter); for one row only,
beam cover=1.5 inside,2 outside, 3 on earth
find new max moment using dimensions and 150lb/ft 3 of reinforced concrete
compare ϕ Mn to Mu, Mn=Asfs(d-a/2)
Mu
When dimensions given: get d, assume an a=.2d, Solve for A srequried= a
.9 f y (d − )
2
As f s
calculate new a= , recalculate As, recalculate a …till As match
.85 ( f 'c ) b
pick reinforcement, check Asmin, get new a, check over/ under
compare ϕ Mn to Mu, Mn=Asfs(d-a/2)