Regression Model To Determine Manpower Needs
Construction of ShopHouses
1
Paikun, 2Andini Awalia, 3Ade Selpi, 4Sri Rahayu
Nusa Putra University, Sukabumi – Indonesia
paikun@nusaputra.ac.id; andiniawalia1@gmail.com; adenyaselpi@gmail.com; srahayu060497@gmail.com
Abstract - Every construction of a shophouse always
involves resources, including human resources, and human
resources, including construction workers, and workshops for
shop house construction, namely, foreman, chief artisan,
carpenter, mason, blacksmith, handyman electricity and
workers. Lack of labor can cause project delays, and too much
labor, can reduce worker productivity and all of these can cause
losses in the implementation of construction projects. To avoid
loss due to the improper determination of human resources, the
need for construction project labor, it is necessary to know the
standard number of workers based on the size and the specified
target time. So what should be the right number of workers, for
the construction of shophouses with predetermined building
area, so that labor productivity remains maximum, and how to
calculate labor requirements when data information is only
known for building area plans. The solution to this problem is a
special model for calculating labor requirements in shophouse
construction projects. This research has produced a model, and
this model is the result of a modified merger between the
conventional methods of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI),
and the Burgeslijke Openbare Werken (BOW) method, as well as
the regression analysis method. The model produced in this study
is specifically to calculate the needs of the workforce foreman,
chief artisan, carpenter, mason, blacksmith, electrician, and
worker, in the construction of shophouses with a building area of
72 m2 to 460 m2, with the number of second floors and three
levels. Determining the amount of labor requirements in the
construction of shophouses using this model, just enter the
building area variable. This model is easy and practical, can be
used by all people in Indonesia.
Keywords: labor; shophouse construction; regression analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
The use of roadside land in Indonesia is much used by
the construction of shophouses because the building is multi-
functional. The fact is that there are many shops in Indonesia,
besides for living and trading, it is also widely used as an
office, workshop and workshop, therefore the construction of
shophouses in Indonesia is carried out continuously.
It is known that in every construction project, especially
shop house construction, always requires resources including
human resources, money, material, machinery, and methods.
Human resources, namely labor is the most important
resource, and the allocation of costs for labor reaches 30-50%
of the total construction costs [14]. The success of
construction projects depends on resource management [11],
[7], and resource fluctuations are expensive [13]. In order for
the construction project to be in accordance with the quality
target, time and cost determined, then at the planning stage, it
is necessary to determine the standard of resource
requirements and quantity of resources.
Lack of labor can cause project delays, and too much
labor, can reduce worker productivity and all of these can
cause losses in the implementation of construction projects
[2]. To avoid loss due to the improper determination of human
resources, the need for construction project labor, it is
necessary to know the standard number of labor based on the
size and the specified target time.
This study intends to find out the number of special
resource requirements of the shophouse construction project
workers. The workforce in question is the foreman, chief
artisan, carpenter, mason, blacksmith, electrician, and worker.
How do you find out how much the labor needs are intended
for a shophouse construction project, and how much
workforce should be prepared if there is already information
on the size of the building that will be built.
Methods that can be used to identify labor requirements,
including the conventional method of the Indonesian National
Standard (SNI) which is a renewal of the Burgeslijke
Openbare Werken (BOW) method [1]. Modified models
between the NSGA-II and MOPSO methods [4], [12].
Building Information Modeling (BIM) [5], [6]. These methods
have been carried out by previous researchers with a
concentration on specific construction projects. Modified
models of the NSGA-II and MOPSO methods are used for
railroad construction projects, while the BIM method, BOW
method and SNI method can be applied to housing projects,
but these methods can be used if there is information
supporting data, because these methods can be used after there
is a project's Bill of Quantity (BOQ), while BOQ can be
known from the results of the work drawings and calculate
each quantity of work items.
The question is, what if there is no information on the
data needed, whether the labor needs and others can be
known? Carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, electricians, and
workers?
The characteristics of a shophouse construction project
are different from other construction projects, and based on
the problems that have been submitted, the author intends to
create a model, by combining Openbare Werken (BOW)
methods and regression analysis methods, so that it can be
used as a formula to calculate the specific labor requirements
for the project shophouse construction. The model that will be
produced is then evaluated on the implementation of the
shophouse construction project, and compared between the
factual model.
 II. RELATED WORK
David Putra Emanuel Sembiring (2017), in his journal
entitled "Designing Application for Calculation of Cost
Budget Plan (RAB) for Building Houses with
Burgerlijkeopenbare Werken (BOW) Method", in general the
application of the budget plan that has been made can
calculate activities in building the desired house by the user
and displaying the details of the price of the need to build a
house, the application for calculating the cost of building a
house that has been made can determine the total cost of
development, can calculate the needs in house construction
activities, provide results of detailed costs of each activity,
help estimate calculations as a reference before building
houses, as well as the process of making reports can facilitate
users in doing their work, especially in terms of data collection
so as to make the work process more effective and efficient
[1].
Farnad Nasirzadeh and Pouya Nojedehi, (2012) in
implementing construction projects labor productivity play a
very important role in supporting the successful
implementation of the project itself. This study presents a
system dynamics-based approach (System Dynamic) to model
labor productivity. The qualitative model of labor productivity
is built to control the problems and results that are caused.
Then, the relationship between various factors is determined
by the quantitative model of work productivity that is built. By
using the proposed system dynamics model, labor productivity
is simulated with the results of all the factors that influence it.
The influence of labor productivity on the performance of
different projects is also assessed concerning time and cost.
Using the proposed model, the project manager can find the
root cause of the decline in productivity. Therefore, labor
productivity can be improved by applying the right solution
[2].
Gustavo Lannelongue et al. (2016) in his research
explained that labor productivity is a measure of performance
of labor, and we argue that the impact of environmental
performance greater than productivity will be moderated by
work intensity. Using calculations based on multiple
regression models reveals that environmental management has
a positive impact on labor productivity with low work
intensity, even though the impact is negative in the case of
high work intensity [3].
Habibi et al. (2019) conducted a study of the scheduling
and ordering of materials on the railroad project. The two
methods used and produced by NSGA-II outperformed the
MOPSO in most evaluation metrics [5].
Sameer Kumar et al. (2015) argues in his research that
building renovations after a disaster is very important. But in
this hall, a skilled workforce must also be prepared in carrying
out the renovation project. With the System Dynamics (SD)
model that they propose can replicate and explore labor
problems, namely the management of construction workers.
This model illustrates work behavior in housing restoration.
This provides insight into the interactions between labor and
labor supply [10].
Xiaodong Li et al. (2016) conducted a study aimed at
giving industry practitioners a better understanding of the
effects of high-temperature conditions on the productivity of
construction workers. Such information can help form plans to
prevent injury due to heat stress and help improve the safety
and comfort of the work environment of construction workers.
WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) data in the workplace
and labor productivity data related to direct working time,
indirect work time and ideal time were measured for two
construction projects involving 16 rebar workers in summer
2014 in Beijing, China. The results show that high-
temperature environments impose heat stress on the human
body and reduce labor productivity in the construction
industry [15].
Paikun et al. (2017) conducted a study on a simple house
construction project to find out the model for estimating the
cost of simple home construction. Using a combination of
BOW methods and regression analysis, to produce a model as
a formula for calculating the cost of home construction, when
the data information is very limited, it is only known
information on the data plan for the area of house building [8].
Paikun et al. (2018) in his paper reveals the problem of
knowing the material requirements of a simple home
construction project. Completion uses a regression analysis
method, and the solution proposed, that to find out the
material requirements for home construction can be completed
using the program. In the program, he proposed to use the
model as a formula, and by entering information on building
area data, automatically all material requirements for simple
house construction were recorded [9].
The results of the study of previous studies state that
labor productivity has an important role in the success of
construction projects, and the results of studies of previous
studies have provided new knowledge from the results of his
research. Regression analysis methods are still widely used to
solve problems in the world of construction, but the results
suggested from previous studies, no one has conducted
research to obtain a model as a formula for calculating labor
requirements in a home store construction project, and there is
no fast and practical method to calculate labor requirements,
when data information is very limited, even information on
building area data is only known.
Therefore this research is very important, to get a model
as a formula for calculating labor requirements in a shophouse
construction project when data information is still very
limited, even the building area plan is only known.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Methodology
This study uses descriptive quantitative methods and is
supported by project document data. Random sampling data in
this study, as many as 21 data consisted of construction work
drawing data, bill of quantity data and data plan a budget for
shop houses that had been completed. Working drawings are
reviewed to identify the building area, building components
and type of work, as well as the volume of building
components or bill of quantity of building components. Then
the data is processed using the Burgeslijke Openbare Werken
(BOW) method, to find out the number of workers according
to the building area, based on the volume of each job. After
recording the number of workers, then analyzed the regression
to get the model. Briefly, the flow of this research is illustrated
in Figure 1.

FIGURE 2. SHOP DRAWING SHOPHOUSES CONTRUCTION

From the analysis of an image like Figure 2, it can be
seen the bill of quantity shop construction project as shown in
Table 1.
TABLE 1. DATA PROCESS RESULTS FROM IDENTIFICATION OF
THE BUILDING COMPONENTS BASED ON THE BOOK BUILDING

FIGURE 1. RESEARCH FLOW

B. Process Data

It is explained first that the 21 data in this study are 2-

story and 3-level shop construction project documents and the
data are detailed construction drawing documents, bill of
quantity documents and budget plans. Then the data is
processed in the following stages:
The first process examines detailed construction design
drawings, to find out the building area, building components, The second process after knowing the components of the
type of work and volume of work using conventional building, the type of work, and the volume of each job, then
empirical methods — examples of detailed construction processes the data to calculate the amount of labor needed for
design image data as shown in Figure 2. each job, using the Burgeslijke Openbare Werken (BOW)
method, by multiplying the work volume with the coefficient
specified by BOW. Example of the process, it is known that in
a shop building covering an area of 464 m2, there is a volume
of building components with a volume of 80 m3, based on the Based on the objective function and obstacle functions
BOW method it can be calculated that to work the concrete that have been stated as variables, then a linear regression
structure can be calculated: worker = 4.85 x 80, carpenter = analysis is performed and produces a model as summarized in
0.35 x 80, Mason = 1.56 x 80, blacksmith = 1.4 x 80, and Table 3.
foreman = 0.17 x 80. All types of building components work,
calculated using the same method as for concrete structural TABLE 3. MODEL FOR CALCULATING LABOR NEEDS IN THE
components. The complete process of data at this stage is BOOK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
presented in Table 2.
N Model Multiple R Independent
TABLE 2. DATA PROCESS RESULTS FROM IDENTIFICATION OF (Y) variable (X)
LABOR NEEDS BASED ON BUILDING 1 Y1 = 111.13 + 3.81X 0.981 Building area
Building 2 Y2 = -22.09 + 0.748X 0.901 Building area
N The worker Carpenter Bricklayer Blacksmith Painter Electrician Foreman
Area 3 Y3 = 17.517 + 1.555X 0.997 Building area
1 464 1,837 393 755 112 224 98 167
2 300 1,300 149 558 82 281 16 95
4 Y4 = 2.197 + 0.248X 0.994 Building area
3 273 1,088 144 422 72 219 56 97 5 Y5 = 23.531 + 0.707X 0.994 Building area
4 260 1,096 206 416 68 209 65 102
6 Y6 = 3.552 + 0.016X 0.967 Building area
5 255 1,079 205 408 67 205 65 100
6 250 1,019 139 401 65 201 56 93 7 Y7 = 9.704 + 0.330X 0.981 Building area
7 240 1,050 112 424 88 196 43 89
8 212 1,000 82 410 88 173 34 80
9 177 977 88 377 123 131 34 72
The model in Table 4 is the result of linear regression
10 144 686 62 279 56 128 24 56 analysis, and this model can be used to calculate the labor
11 128 551 49 234 37 91 24 48 requirements in the construction of the shophouse as a whole
12 130 657 75 269 44 138 23 54 in units of days/people, and the effective working time per day
13 120 473 99 195 29 58 25 43 is 6 hours. So that if the construction period of the shop has
14 120 868 77 323 104 113 48 73
15 115 458 98 188 28 56 25 42
been determined, the calculation results using the model are
16 115 831 75 310 100 99 48 71 divided by the number of days determined. Examples of
17 110 441 97 180 27 53 25 41 known shophouses will be built with a building area of 300 m2
18 110 766 73 285 91 99 44 65 and must be completed within 150 days. Then this case can be
19 106 489 40 204 28 100 22 44 solved using the following model:
20 100 763 70 284 91 99 44 65
 The number of workers needs = (111.13 + 3.81X) / 150
21 72 614 48 273 41 78 17 49
or = (111.13 + 3.81 * 300) / 150 or = 8,361, so this case
requires 6 workers.
The data in Table 2 shows the number of workers that
 The number of carpenters needs = (-22.09 + 0.748X) /
vary depending on the area of the building, and the building
150 or = (-22.09 + 0.748 * 300) / 150 or = 1,349, so in
area depends on the quantity of building components or what
this case 1 carpenter is needed.
is commonly called the Bill of Quantity. The data in table 2 is
then the regression analysis to produce the model.  The number of masons needs = (17,517 + 1,555X) / 150
or = (17,517 + 1,555X * 300) / 150 or = 3,227, so this
C. Analysis of data case requires masons = 3 people.
In this study regression analysis methods were used to  The number of blacksmiths needs = (2,197 + 0.248X) /
produce models. Before the regression analysis, the objective 150 or = (2,197 + 0.248 * 300) / 150 or = 0.511, so that 1
function and constraint function are determined in advance. ironworker is needed half the time.
The objective function and expressed as the dependent  The number of painters needs = (23,531 + 0.707X) /
variable while the constraint function is expressed as the 150 or = (23,531 + 0.707 * 300) / 150 or = 1,571, so
independent variable, and the dependent variable is declared Y 2 painters are needed.
while the independent variable is declared X.  The number of electrician needs = (3.552 + 0.016X) /
Furthermore, it is known that in this study consisted of 7 150 or = (3,552 + 0.016 * 300) / 150 or = 0.056, it
objective functions and stated as follows: requires an electrician 1 person, with only part of the
Y1 = the amount of workers needs time.
Y2 = the amount of carpenters needs  The amount of need for foreman = (9.704 + 0.330X) /
Y3 = the amount of mason needs 150 or = (9.704 + 0.330 * 300) / 150 or = 0.725, then the
Y4 = the amount of ironworker's needs need for foremen on the problem exemplified here is 1
Y5 = the amount of painters needs person.
Y6 = the amount of electrician needs, and So that the model can be used to find out the number of
Y7 = the amount of foremen needs. labor requirements in the construction of a shophouse, it is
The constraint function as an independent variable that necessary to know the information on building area data, and
can affect the dependent variable Y is expressed as X = the period specified to complete the construction of a
building area. shophouse.
 IV. CONCLUSION
D. Test for validity
This research has produced a model as a formula for
The resulting model is then tested to determine its calculating labor requirements in a shophouse construction
project. This model can be used if it is known information on
accuracy. The way to test it is by comparing calculating labor
building area data and the total plan for the execution time of
requirements using a factual model. The results of validation the specified shop house construction. This model has been
tests on construction projects with a building area of 300 m2 tested for validity, and the result is that the number of factual
are shown in Table 4. workers is greater than calculated using the model, with the
difference between - 0.04 to - 0.19, while calculating the need
TABLE 4. COMPARING THE NUMBER OF WORKERS CALCULATED for electricians has a difference - 0.89. This model is
USING A MODEL WITH FACTUAL specifically used to determine the number of workers in a
minimalist type shophouse construction project with a
N Model Factual Difference building area between 72 m2 to 464 m2 and has a floor level
(Y) (Y’) (Y-Y’)/Y between 2 levels and 3 levels. Now determining the labor
1 1,254.13 1,300.34 - 0.04 requirements for the construction of shophouses is easier by
2 202.31 148.53 0.27 producing a model in this study.
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