Section 13.

4
C13S04.001: If f (x, y) = x4 − x3 y + x2 y 2 − xy 3 + y 4 , then

∂f
= 4x3 − 3x2 y + 2xy 2 − y 3 and
∂x
∂f
= −x3 + 2x2 y − 3xy 2 + 4y 3 .
∂y

C13S04.002: If f (x, y) = x sin y, then

∂f ∂f
= sin y and = x cos y.
∂x ∂y

C13S04.003: If f (x, y) = ex (cos y − sin y), then

∂f ∂f
= ex (cos y − sin y) and = −ex (cos y + sin y).
∂x ∂y

C13S04.004: If f (x, y) = x2 exy , then

∂f
= 2xexy + x2 yexy = xexy (xy + 2) and
∂x
∂f
= x3 exy .
∂y

x+y
C13S04.005: If f (x, y) = , then
x−y

∂f 2y ∂f 2x
=− and = .
∂x (x − y)2 ∂y (x − y)2

xy
C13S04.006: If f (x, y) = , then
x2 + y2

∂f y(y 2 − x2 ) ∂f x(x2 − y 2 )
= 2 and = 2 .
∂x (x + y 2 )2 ∂y (x + y 2 )2

C13S04.007: If f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 ), then

∂f 2x ∂f 2y
= 2 and = 2 .
∂x x + y2 ∂y x + y2

C13S04.008: If f (x, y) = (x − y)14 , then

∂f ∂f
= 14(x − y)13 and = −14(x − y)13 .
∂x ∂y

C13S04.009: If f (x, y) = xy , then

1
 ∂f ∂f
= yxy−1 and = xy ln x.
∂x ∂y

C13S04.010: If f (x, y) = arctan xy, then

∂f y ∂f x
= and = .
∂x 1 + x2 y 2 ∂y 1 + x2 y 2

C13S04.011: If f (x, y, z) = x2 y 3 z 4 , then

∂f ∂f ∂f
= 2xy 3 z 4 , = 3x2 y 2 z 4 , and = 4x2 y 3 z 3 .
∂x ∂y ∂z

C13S04.012: If f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 3 + z 4 , then

∂f ∂f ∂f
= 2x, = 3y 2 , and = 4z 3 .
∂x ∂y ∂z

C13S04.013: If f (x, y, z) = exyz , then

∂f ∂f ∂f
= yzexyz , = xzexyz , and = xyexyz .
∂x ∂y ∂z

C13S04.014: If f (x, y, z) = x4 − 16yz, then

∂f ∂f ∂f
= 4x3 , = −16z, and = −16y.
∂x ∂y ∂z

C13S04.015: If f (x, y, z) = x2 ey ln z, then

∂f ∂f ∂f x2 ey
= 2xey ln z, = x2 ey ln z, and = .
∂x ∂y ∂z z

C13S04.016: If f (u, v) = (2u2 + 3v 2 ) exp(−u2 − v 2 ), then

∂f
= 4u exp(−u2 − v 2 ) − 2u(2u2 + 3v 2 ) exp(−u2 − v 2 ) = −2u(2u2 + 3v 2 − 2) exp(−u2 − v 2 ) and
∂u
∂f
= 6v exp(−u2 − v 2 ) − 2v(2u2 + 3v 2 ) exp(−u2 − v 2 ) = −2v(2u2 + 3v 2 − 3) exp(−u2 − v 2 ).
∂v

r2 − s2
C13S04.017: If f (r, s) = . then
r2 + s2

∂f 4rs2 ∂f 4r2 s
= 2 and =− 2 .
∂r (r + s2 )2 ∂s (r + s2 )2

C13S04.018: If f (u, v) = euv (cos uv + sin uv), then

2
 ∂f
= veuv (cos uv + sin uv) + veuv (cos uv − sin uv) = 2veuv cos uv and
∂u
∂f
= ueuv (cos uv + sin uv) + ueuv (cos uv − sin uv) = 2ueuv cos uv.
∂v

C13S04.019: If f (u, v, w) = uev + vew + weu , then

∂f ∂f ∂f
= weu + ev , = uev + ew , and = eu + vew .
∂u ∂v ∂w

C13S04.020: If f (r, s, t) = (1 − r2 − s2 − t2 ) exp(−rst), then

∂f
= −2re−rst − st(1 − r2 − s2 − t2 )e−rst = e−rst (r2 st + s3 t + st3 − 2r − st),
∂r
∂f
= −2se−rst − rt(1 − r2 − s2 − t2 )e−rst = e−rst (rs2 t + r3 t + rt3 − 2s − rt), and
∂s
∂f
= −2te−rst − rs(1 − r2 − s2 − t2 )e−rst = e−rst (rst2 + r3 s + rs3 − 2t − rs).
∂t

C13S04.021: If z(x, y) = x2 − 4xy + 3y 2 , then

zx (x, y) = 2x − 4y, zy (x, y) = −4x + 6y,

zxy (x, y) = −4, zyx (x, y) = −4.

C13S04.022: If z(x, y) = 2x3 + 5x2 y − 6y 2 + xy 4 , then

zx (x, y) = 6x2 + 10xy + y 4 , zy (x, y) = 5x2 − 12y + 4xy 3 ,

zxy (x, y) = 10x + 4y 3 , zyx (x, y) = 10x + 4y 3 .

C13S04.023: If z(x, y) = x2 exp(−y 2 ), then

zx (x, y) = 2x exp(−y 2 ), zy (x, y) = −2x2 y exp(−y 2 ),

zxy (x, y) = −4xy exp(−y 2 ), zyx (x, y) = −4xy exp(−y 2 ).

C13S04.024: If z(x, y) = xy exp(−xy), then

zx (x, y) = y exp(−xy) − xy 2 exp(−xy), zy (x, y) = x exp(−xy) − x2 y exp(−xy),

zxy (x, y) = −xy exp(−xy) − (xy − 1) exp(−xy) + xy(xy − 1) exp(−xy)

= (x2 y 2 − 3xy + 1) exp(−xy) = zyx (x, y).

C13S04.025: If z(x, y) = ln(x + y), then

3
 1 1
zx (x, y) = = zy (x, y) and zxy (x, y) = − = zyx (x, y).
x+y (x + y)2

C13S04.026: If z(x, y) = (x3 + y 3 )10 , then

zx (x, y) = 30x2 (x3 + y 3 )9 , zy (x, y) = 30y 2 (x3 + y 3 )9 ,

zxy (x, y) = 810x2 y 2 (x3 + y 3 )8 , zyx (x, y) = 810x2 y 2 (x3 + y 3 )8 ,

C13S04.027: If z(x, y) = e−3x cos y, then

zx (x, y) = −3e−3x cos y, zy (x, y) = −e−3x sin y,

zxy (x, y) = 3e−3x sin y, zyx (x, y) = 3e−3x sin y.

C13S04.028: If z(x, y) = (x + y) sec xy, then

zx (x, y) = sec xy + y(x + y) sec xy tan xy = (1 + xy tan xy + y 2 tan xy) sec xy,

zy (x, y) = sec xy + x(x + y) sec xy tan xy = (1 + xy tan xy + x2 tan xy) sec xy,

zxy (x, y) = (x2 y sec2 xy + xy 2 sec2 xy + x tan xy + 2y tan xy) sec xy

+ (1 + xy tan xy + y 2 tan xy)x sec xy tan xy

= (xy sec2 xy + xy tan2 xy + 2 tan xy)(x + y) sec xy,

zyx (x, y) = (x2 y sec2 xy + xy 2 sec2 xy + 2x tan xy + y tan xy) sec xy

+ (1 + xy tan xy + x2 tan xy)y sec xy tan xy

= (xy sec2 xy + xy tan2 xy + 2 tan xy)(x + y) sec xy.

 
1
C13S04.029: If z(x, y) = x2 cosh , then
y2
   
1 2x2 1
zx (x, y) = 2x cosh , zy (x, y) = − sinh ,
y2 y3 y2
   
4x 1 4x 1
zxy (x, y) = − sinh , zyx (x, y) = − sinh .
y3 y2 y3 y2

C13S04.030: If z(x, y) = sin xy + arctan xy, then

y x
zx (x, y) = + y cos xy, zy (x, y) = + x cos xy,
1 + x2 y 2 1 + x2 y 2

1 − x2 y 2
zxy (x, y) = + cos xy − xy sin xy = zyx (x, y).
(1 + x2 y 2 )2

4
C13S04.031: Given: f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 and the point P (3, 4, 25) on its graph. Then

fx (x, y) = 2x; fx (3, 4) = 6;

fy (x, y) = 2y; fy (3, 4) = 8.

Hence by Eq. (11) of Section 13.4, an equation of the plane tangent to the graph of z = f (x, y) at the point
P is

z − 25 = 6(x − 3) + 8(y − 4); that is, 6x + 8y − z = 25.


C13S04.032: Given: f (x, y) = 50 − x2 − y 2 and the point P (4, −3, 5) on its graph. Then

x y
fx (x, y) = −  ; fy (x, y) = −  ;
50 − x2 − y 2 50 − x2 − y 2
4 3
fx (4, −3) = − ; fy (4, −3) = .
5 5
Hence by Eq. (11) of Section 13.4, an equation of the plane tangent to the graph of z = f (x, y) at the point
P is

4 3
z − 5 = − (x − 4) + (y + 3); that is, 4x − 3y + 5z = 50.
5 5

πxy
C13S04.033: Given: f (x, y) = sin and the point P (3, 5, −1) on its graph. Then
2
πy πxy πx πxy
fx (x, y) = cos ; fy (x, y) = cos ;
2 2 2 2
fx (3, 5) = 0; fy (3, 5) = 0.

The plane tangent to the graph of z = f (x, y) at the point P is horizontal, so its has equation z = −1.

4
C13S04.034: Given: f (x, y) = arctan xy and the point P (1, 1, 1) on its graph. Then
π

4y 4x
fx (x, y) = ; fy (x, y) = ;
π(1 + x2 y 2 ) π(1 + x2 y 2 )
2 2
fx (1, 1) = ; fy (1, 1) = .
π π
Then by Eq. (11), an equation of the plane tangent to the graph of z = f (x, y) at the point P is

2 2
z−1= (x − 1) + (y − 1); that is, 2x + 2y − πz = 4 − π.
π π

C13S04.035: Given: f (x, y) = x3 − y 3 and the point P (3, 2, 19) on its graph. Then fx (x, y) = 3x2 and
fy (x y) = −3y 2 , so fx (3, 2) = 27 and fy (3, 2) = −12. So by Eq. (11) an equation of the plane tangent to
the graph of z = f (x, y) at the point P is

z − 19 = 27(x − 3) − 12(y − 2); that is, 27x − 12y − z = 38.

5
C13S04.036: The graph of the given equation z = 3x + 4y is a plane, so it is its own tangent plane and the
coordinates of the point of tangency don’t matter. Answer: An equation of the plane tangent to the graph
of z = 3x + 4y at the point P is z = 3x + 4y.

C13S04.037: Given: f (x, y) = xy and the point P (1, −1, −1) on its graph. Then fx (x, y) = y and
fy (x, y) = x, so fx (1, −1) = −1 and fy (1, −1) = 1. By Eq. (11) an equation of the plane tangent to the
graph of z = f (x, y) at the point P is z + 1 = −(x − 1) + (y − 1); that is, x − y + z = 1.

C13S04.038: Given: f (x, y) = exp(−x2 − y 2 ) and the point P (0, 0, 1) on its graph. Then

fx (x, y) = −2x exp(−x2 − y 2 ); fy (x, y) = −2y exp(−x2 − y 2 );

fx (0, 0) = 0; fy (0, 0) = 0.

This plane is horizontal. Therefore its equation is z = 1.

C13S04.039: Given: f (x, y) = x2 − 4y 2 and the point P (5, 2, 9) on its graph. Then fx (x, y) = 2x and
fy (x, y) = −8y, so fx (5, 2) = 10 and fy (5, 2) = −16. By Eq. (11) an equation of the plane tangent to the
graph of z = f (x, y) at the point P is

z − 9 = 10(x − 5) − 16(y − 2); that is, 10x − 16y − z = 9.

C13S04.040: Given: f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 )1/2 and the point P (3, −4, 5) on its graph. Then

x y
fx (x, y) = ; fy (x, y) = ;
(x2 + y 2 )1/2 (x2 + y 2 )1/2
3 4
fx (3, −4) = ; fy (3, −4) = − .
5 5
By Eq. (11) an equation of the plane tangent to the graph of z = f (x, y) at the point P is

3 4
z−5= (x − 3) − (y + 4); that is, 3x − 4y − 5z = 0.
5 5

C13S04.041: If fx (x, y) = 2xy 3 and fy (x, y) = 3x2 y 2 , then

fxy (x, y) = 6xy 2 = fyx (x, y).

In Section 15.3 we will find that there must exist a function f having the given partial derivatives. Here we
can find one by inspection; it is f (x, y) = x2 y 3 .

C13S04.042: If fx (x, y) = 5xy + y 2 and fy (x, y) = 3x2 + 2xy, then

fxy (x, y) = 5x + 2y = 6x + 2y = fyx (x, y).

Hence by the Note preceding and following Eq. (14), there can be no function f (x, y) having the given
first-order partial derivatives.

C13S04.043: If fx (x, y) = cos2 xy and fy (x, y) = sin2 xy, then

fxy (x, y) = −2x sin xy cos xy = −2y sin xy cos xy = fyx (x, y).

6
By the Note preceding and following Eq. (14), there can be no function f (x, y) having the given first-order
partial derivatives.

C13S04.044: Given fx (x, y) = cos x sin y and fy (x, y) = sin x cos y, we find that

fxy (x, y) = cos x cos y = fyx (x, y).

So it’s not impossible that there exists a function f (x, y) having the given first-order partial derivatives.
Indeed, by inspection, one such function is f (x, y) = sin x sin y.

C13S04.045: The graph of z = f (x, y) is shown in Fig. 13.4.14. The key to solving this group of six
problems is first to locate f . Do this by sketching cross sections of each graph parallel to the xz- and
yz-planes. This will make it easy to eliminate all but one candidate for the graph of f . Then the same
sketches—the ones you created for the graph that turned out to be the graph of f —will quickly identify the
other five graphs.

C13S04.046: The graph of z = fx (x, y) is shown in Fig. 13.4.17.

C13S04.047: The graph of z = fy (x, y) is shown in Fig. 13.4.13.

C13S04.048: The graph of z = fxx (x, y) is shown in Fig. 13.4.12.

C13S04.049: The graph of z = fxy (x, y) is shown in Fig. 13.4.15.

C13S04.050: The graph of z = fyy (x, y) is shown in Fig. 13.4.16.

C13S04.051: If m and n are positive integers and f (x, y) = xm y n , then fx (x, y) = mxm−1 y n and
fy (x, y) = nxm y n−1 . Hence fxy (x, y) = mnxm−1 y n−1 = fyx (x, y).

C13S04.052: If f (x, y) = ex+y , then fx (x, y) = ex+y and fy (x, y) = ex+y . Therefore all higher-order
partial derivatives must also be equal to ex+y .

C13S04.053: If f (x, y, z) = exyz , then

fx (x, y, z) = yzexyz , fy (x, y, z) = xzexyz , and fz (x, y, z) = xyexyz .

Therefore

fxx (x, y, z) = y 2 z 2 exyz , fxy (x, y, z) = fyx (x, y, z) = (xyz 2 + z)exyz ,

fxz (x, y, z) = fzx (x, y, z) = (y + xy 2 z)exyz , fyz (x, y, z) = fzy (x, y, z) = (x + x2 yz)exyz ,

fyy (x, y, z) = x2 z 2 exyz , fzz (x, y, z) = x2 y 2 exyz , and

fxyz (x, y, z) = (1 + 3xyz + x2 y 2 z 2 )exyz .

C13S04.054: If g(x, y) = sin xy, then

gx (x, y) = y cos xy, gy (x, y) = x cos xy,

gxy (x, y) = cos xy − xy sin xy, gyx (x, y) = cos xy − xy sin xy,

7
 gxx (x, y) = −y 2 sin xy, gxxy (x, y) = −xy 2 cos xy − 2y sin xy,

gxyx (x, y) = −xy 2 cos xy − 2y sin xy, gyxx (x, y) = −xy 2 cos xy − 2y sin xy.

C13S04.055: If u(x, t) = exp(−n2 kt) sin nx where n and k are constants, then

ut (x, t) = −n2 k exp(−n2 kt) sin nx, ux (x, t) = n exp(−n2 kt) cos nx,

and uxx (x, t) = −n2 exp(−n2 kt) sin nx.

Therefore ut = k uxx for any choice of the constants k and n.

C13S04.056: If m and n are constants and

 
u(x, y, t) = exp − (m2 + n2 )kt sin mx cos ny,

then

 
ut (x, y, t) = −k(m2 + n2 ) exp − (m2 + n2 )kt sin mx cos ny,
 
ux (x, y, t) = m exp − (m2 + n2 )kt cos mx cos ny,
 
uy (x, y, t) = −n exp − (m2 + n2 )kt sin mx sin ny,
 
uxx (x, y, t) = −m2 exp − (m2 + n2 )kt sin mx cos ny, and
 
uyy (x, y, t) = −n2 exp − (m2 + n2 )kt sin mx cos ny.

Therefore ut = k(uxx + uyy ) for any choice of the constants m and n.

C13S04.057: Part (a): If y(x, t) = sin(x + at) (where a is a constant), then

yt (x, t) = a cos(x + at), yx (x, t) = cos(x + at),

ytt (x, t) = −a2 sin(x + at), yxx (x, t) = − sin(x + at).

Therefore ytt = a2 yxx .

 
Part (b): If y(x, t) = cosh 3(x − at) , then

   
yt (x, t) = −3a sinh 3(x − at) , yx (x, t) = 3 sinh 3(x − at) ,
   
ytt (x, t) = 9a2 cosh 3(x − at) , yxx (x, t) = 9 cosh 3(x − at) .

Therefore ytt = a2 yxx .

Part (c): If y(x, t) = sin kx cos kat (where k is a constant), then

yt (x, t) = −ka sin kx sin kat, yx (x, t) = k cos kx cos kat,

ytt (x, t) = −k 2 a2 sin kx cos kat, yxx (x, t) = −k 2 sin kx cos kat.

8
Therefore ytt = a2 yxx .
 
C13S04.058: Part (a): If u(x, y) = ln x2 + y 2 , then

x y 2 − x2
ux (x, y) = , uxx (x, y) = ,
x + y2
2 (x2 + y 2 )2

y x2 − y 2
uy (x, y) = , uyy (x, y) = .
x2 + y2 (x2 + y 2 )2

Therefore uxx + uyy = 0.


Part (b): If u(x, y) = x2 + y 2 , then

x y2
ux (x, y) =  , uxx (x, y) = ,
x2 + y 2 (x2 + y 2 )3/2

y x2
uy (x, y) =  , uyy (x, y) = .
x2 + y 2 (x2 + y 2 )3/2

Therefore uxx + uyy = 0, and thus u does not satisfy Laplace’s equation.

Part (c): If u(x, y) = arctan(y/x), then

y 2xy
ux (x, y) = − , uxx (x, y) = ,
x2 + y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2
x 2xy
uy (x, y) = , uyy (x, y) = − .
x2 + y 2 (x2 + y 2 )2

Therefore uxx + uyy = 0, and thus u satisfies Laplace’s equation.

Part (d): If u(x, y) = e−x sin y, then

ux (x, y) = −e−x sin y, uxx (x, y) = e−x sin y,

uy (x, y) = e−x cos y, uyy (x, y) = −e−x sin y.

Therefore uxx + uyy = 0, and thus u satisfies Laplace’s equation.

C13S04.059: Given: f and g are twice-differentiable functions of a single variable, a is a constant, and
y(x, t) = f (x + at) + g(x − at). Then

yt (x, t) = af  (x + at) − ag  (x − at), ytt (x, t) = a2 f  (x + at) + a2 g  (x − at),

yx (x, t) = f  (x + at) + g  (x − at), yxx (x, t) = f  (x + at) + g  (x − at).

It’s now clear that y(x, t) satisfies the wave equation ytt = a2 yxx .

C13S04.060: Given: The constant q and the function

9
 q
φ(x, y, z) =  .
x2 + y 2 + z 2

Then

qx
φx (x, y, z) = − and
(x2 + + z 2 )3/2
y2

q(2x2 − y 2 − z 2 )
φxx (x, y, z) = .
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2

By the symmetries in φ among x, y, and z, it follows that

q(2y 2 − x2 − z 2 ) q(2z 2 − x2 − y 2 )
φyy (x, y, z) = and φzz (x, y, z) = .
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )5/2

It is now clear that φ satisfies the three-dimensional Laplace equation φxx + φyy + φzz = 0.

C13S04.061: Given:
     
u(x, t) = T0 + a0 exp −x ω/2k cos ωt − x ω/2k

where T0 , a0 , ω, and k are constants. First note that

u(0, t) = T0 + a0 e0 cos(ωt − 0) = T0 + a0 cos ωt.

Next,
     
ut (x, t) = −a0 ω exp −x ω/2k sin ωt − x ω/2k ,
          

ux (x, t) = −a0 ω/2k exp −x ω/2k cos ωt − x ω/2k − sin ωt − x ω/2k , and

a0 ω      
uxx (x, t) = − exp −x ω/2k sin ωt − x ω/2k .
k
Therefore y(x, t) satisfies the one-dimensional heat equation ut = k uxx .

C13S04.062: For simplicity replace R with u, R1 with x, R2 with y, and R3 with z. Then

u = u(x, y, z) = (x−1 + y −1 + z −1 )−1 .

Therefore

∂u
= (−1)(x−1 + y −1 + z −1 )−2 (−1)x−2 = x−2 (x−1 + y −1 + z −1 )−2 .
∂x
Using the symmetry of the appearance of x, y, and z in the expression for u, we have

∂u
= y −2 (x−1 + y −1 + z −1 )−2 and
∂y
∂u
= z −2 (x−1 + y −1 + z −1 )−2 .
∂z
10
Thus

ux + uy + uz = (x−2 + y −2 + z −2 )(x−1 + y −1 + z −1 )−2 ,

and the solution is complete.

C13S04.063: Given pV = nRT where n and R are constants, solve for p, V , and T in turn; then compute

∂p nRT
=− 2 ,
∂V V
∂V nR
= , and
∂T p
∂T V
= .
∂p nR
Then

∂p ∂V ∂T nRT
· · =− = −1.
∂V ∂T ∂p pV


C13S04.064: Let f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 . Then

x a
fx (x, y) =  , fx (a, b) = √ and
x2 + y2 a2 + b2

y b
fy (x, y) =  , fy (a, b) = √ .
x2 + y2 a2 + b2

By Eq. (11), an equation of the plane tangent to the cone z = f (x, y) at the point (a, b) is

a(x − a) b(y − b)
z − f (a, b) = √ +√ ,
2
a +b 2 a2 + b2

which after simplifications becomes

ax + by
z=√ .
a2 + b2

Therefore this plane passes through the origin. Repeat the argument with g(x, y) = − x2 + y 2 for the
case of the lower nappe of the cone.

C13S04.065: If f (x, y) = x2 + 2xy + 2y 2 − 6x + 8y, then the equations

fx (x, y) = 0, fy (x, y) = 0

are

2x + 2y − 6 = 0, 2x + 4y = −8,

which have the unique solution x = 10, y = −7. So the surface that is the graph of z = f (x, y) contains
exactly one point at which the tangent plane is horizontal, and that point is (10, −7, −58).

11
C13S04.066: Let P (a, b, c) be a point on the paraboloid with equation z = x2 + y 2 . Note that c = a2 + b2 ,
zx (a, b) = 2a, and zy (a, b) = 2b. Thus the plane tangent to the paraboloid at P has equation

2a(x − a) + 2b(y − b) = z − c.
Substitution of a2 + b2 for c then yields the equation

2ax + 2by = z + a2 + b2 .
In the xy-plane we have z = 0, so the tangent plane meets the xy-plane in the line L with equation

2ax + 2by = a2 + b2 .
Now (x, y) = (a/2, b/2) satisfies this equation, so the point Q(a/2, b/2) is on L. The slope of L is −a/b,
so a normal to L has slope b/a. The √ segment OQ has this slope, so OQ is a perpendicular from the origin
1
O to this line. Its length is r = 2 a2 + b2 , so L is tangent to the circle with center O and radius r. The
equation of that circle is therefore x2 + y 2 = 14 (a2 + b2 ), and the solution is complete.

C13S04.067: Given: van der Waals’ equation

 a 
p + 2 (V − b) = (82.06)T
V
where p denotes pressure (in atm), V volume (in cm3 ), and T temperature (in K). For CO2 , the empirical
constants are a = 3.59 × 106 and b = 42.7. We are also given V = 25600 when p = 1 and T = 313. Part (a):
We differentiate with respect to p while holding T constant. We obtain
  
2a a 
1 − 3 Vp (V − b) + p + 2 · Vp = 0;
V V
2a 2ab a
V −b− Vp + 3 Vp + pVp + 2 Vp = 0;
V2 V V
 
a 2ab
− − p Vp = V − b;
V2 V3
aV − 2ab − pV 3
Vp = V − b;
V3
V 3 (V − b)
Vp = .
aV − 2ab − pV 3
If p is changed from 1 to 1.1, then the resulting change in V will be predicted by

1
∆V ≈ Vp ∆p = Vp ,
10
and substitution of the data V = 25600, p = 1 yields ∆V ≈ −2569.76 (cm3 ).
Part (b): We hold p constant and differentiate both sides of van der Waals’ equation with respect to T .
The result:
 a  2a
p+ VT − 3 (V − b)VT = 82.06;
V2 V
 3 
pV + aV VT − 2a(V − b)VT = (82.06)V 3 ;

(82.06)V 3
VT = .
pV − aV + 2ab
3

12
If T is changed from 313 to 314 while the pressure is maintained at the constant value p = 1, the resulting
change in V is predicted by

∆V ≈ VT ∆T = 1 · VT .

Substitution of the data V = 25600, p = 1, T = 313 yields ∆V ≈ 82.5105.

The exact values of the two answers are closer to −2347.60 and 69.9202. Part of the discrepancy is caused by
the fact that V = 25600 is itself only an approximation; the true value is closer to 25669.920232. Reworking
parts (a) and (b) with this value of V yields the different approximations −2557.17 and 82.5095.

C13S04.068: If z(x, y) = ln(cos x) − ln(cos y), then

zx (x, y) = − tan x, zy (x, y) = tan y,

zxx (x, y) = − sec2 x, zxy (x, y) ≡ 0, and

zyy (x, y) = sec2 y.

Therefore

(1 + zy2 )zxx − zzx zy zxy + (1 + zx2 )zyy = − sec2 x sec2 y − 0 + sec2 x sec2 y ≡ 0.

C13S04.069: Part (a): If f (x, y) = sin x sinh(π − y), then

fx (x, y) = cos x sinh(π − y), fxx (x, y) = − sin x sinh(π − y),

fy (x, y) = − sin x cosh(π − y), fyy (x, y) = sin x sinh(π − y).

Clearly f is harmonic.
Part (b): If f (x, y) = sinh 2x sin 2y, then

fx (x, y) = 2 cosh 2x sin 2y, fxx (x, y) = 4 sinh 2x sin 2y,

fy (x, y) = 2 sinh 2x cos 2y, fyy (x, y) = −4 sinh 2x sin 2y.

Clearly f is harmonic.
Part (c): If f (x, y) = sin 3x sinh 3y, then

fx (x, y) = 3 cos 3x sinh 3y, fxx (x, y) = −9 sin 3x sinh 3y,

fy (x, y) = 3 sin 3x cosh 3y, fyy (x, y) = 9 sin 3x sinh 3y.

Again it is clear that f is harmonic.

Part (d): If f (x, y) = sinh 4(π − x) sin 4y, then

fx (x, y) = −4 cosh 4(π − x) sin 4y, fxx (x, y) = 16 sinh 4(π − x) sin 4y,

fy (x, y) = 4 sinh 4(π − x) cos 4y, fyy (x, y) = −16 sinh 4(π − y) sin 4y.

13
Therefore f is harmonic.

C13S04.070: The sum of two harmonic functions is harmonic. Here is a proof for the case of functions of
two variables. Suppose that f and g are harmonic. Then

fxx + fyy = 0 and gxx + gyy = 0.

Let h(x, y) = f (x, y) + g(x, y). Then

hxx + hyy = fxx + gxx + fyy + gyy = fxx + fyy + gxx + gyy = 0 + 0 = 0.

Therefore f + g is harmonic. This concludes the proof. By induction, you may extend it to show that the
sum of any finite number of harmonic functions is harmonic. This answers the question in Problem 70.

1
C13S04.071: If f (x, y) = 100 + (x2 − 3xy + 2y 2 ), then
100

1 1
fx (x, y) = (2x − 3y), fy (x, y) = (4y − 3x),
100 100
100 100
fx (100, 100) = − = −1, fy (100, 100) = = 1.
100 100
Part (a): You will initially be descending at a 45◦ angle. Part (b): You will initially be ascending at a 45◦
angle.

1
C13S04.072: If f (x, y) = 1000 + (3x2 − 5xy + y 2 ), then
1000

1 1
fx (x, y) = (6x − 5y), fy (x, y) = (2y − 5x),
1000 1000
7 1
fx (150, 250) = − , fy (150, 250) = − .
20 4
7 ◦  
Part (a): You will initially be descending at an angle of − arctan
 1  20 radians, about −19 17 ◦24.166 . Part
(b): You will initially be descending at an angle of − arctan 4 radians, approximately −14 2 10.476 .


C13S04.073: Given:
 xy

 x2 + y 2 if (x, y) = (0, 0),
f (x, y) =


0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

Part (a): To find the first-order partial derivatives of f at a point other than (0, 0), we proceed normally:

y 3 − x2 y x3 − xy 2
fx (x, y) = and fy (x, y) = .
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

Clearly both are defined and continuous everywhere except possibly at the origin. Next,

f (0 + h, 0) − f (0, 0) 0
fx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0
h→0 h h→0 h

and

14
 f (0, 0 + k) − f (0, 0) 0
fy (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0.
k→0 k k→0 k
Therefore both fx and fy are defined everywhere.
Part (b): At points of the line y = mx other than (0, 0), we have

m3 − m
fx (x, y) = fx (x, mx) = ,
(m2 + 1)2 x
and hence (taking m = 0) we have fx (x, y) = fx (x, 0) ≡ 0, whereas (taking m = 2) we have

6
fx (x, y) = fx (x, 2x) = ,
25x
so that fx is not continuous at (0, 0). Similarly, at points of the line y = mx other than (0, 0), we have

(1 − m2 )
fy (x, y) = fy (x, mx) = ,
(1 + m2 )2 x
and hence (taking m = 1) we have fy (x, y) = fy (x, x) ≡ 0, whereas (taking m = 0) we have

1
fy (x, y) = fy (x, 0) = .
x
Hence fy is also not continuous at (0, 0).
Part (c): If (x, y) = (0, 0), then differentiation of fx with respect to x yields

2xy(x2 − 3y 2 )
fxx (x, y) = .
(x2 + y 2 )3
Similarly,

6x2 y 2 − x4 − y 4 2xy(y 2 − 3x2 )

fxy (x, y) = fyx (x, y) = and fyy (x, y) = .
(x2 + y 2 )3 (x2 + y 2 )3
Therefore the second-order partial derivatives of f are all defined and continuous except possibly at the
origin.
Part (d): Here we have

fx (0 + h, 0) − fx (0, 0) 0
fxx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0
h→0 h h→0 h

and, similarly, fyy (0, 0) = 0. Hence both second-order partial derivatives fxx and fyy exist at the origin
(but you can use polar coordinates to show that neither is continuous there). On the other hand,

fx (0, 0 + k) − fx (0, 0) 1
fxy (0, 0) = lim = lim 2 ,
k→0 k k→0 k

which does not exist; fyx (0, 0) also does not exist by a similar computation.

C13S04.074: Given:
 xy(x2 − y 2 )

 if (x, y) = (0, 0),
g(x, y) = x2 + y 2


0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

15
Part (a): At points (x, y) other than the origin, we have

x4 y + 4x2 y 3 − y 5 x5 − 4x3 y 2 − xy 4
gx (x, y) = and gy (x, y) = .
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

Therefore both first-order partial derivatives of g are defined and continuous except possibly at (0, 0). Also

g(0 + h, 0) − g(0, 0) 0
gx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0;
h→0 h h→0 h

gy (0, 0) = 0 by a similar computation. This establishes the result in Part (a).

Part (b): If (x, y) = (0, 0), then the substitutions x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ give us (with what we suppose
is a clear but unconventional use of the notation)

r5 cos4 θ sin θ + 4r5 cos2 θ sin3 θ − r5 sin5 θ r

gx (r, θ) = = (3 sin 3θ − sin 5θ)
r4 4
and

r5 cos5 θ − 4r5 cos3 θ sin2 θ − r5 sin4 θ cos θ r

gy (r, θ) = = (3 cos 3θ + cos 5θ)
r4 4
(simplifications by Mathematica 3.0). It is now clear that both gx (x, y) and gy (x, y) approach zero as
(x, y) → (0, 0), and therefore both gx and gy are continuous everywhere.
Part (c): If (x, y) is a point other than the origin, then

4xy 3 (3y 2 − x2 )
gxx (x, y) = ,
(x2 + y 2 )3

x6 + 9x4 y 2 − 9x2 y 4 − y 6
gxy (x, y) = = gyx (x, y), and
(x2 + y 2 )3

4x3 y(y 2 − 3x2 )

gyy (x, y) = .
(x2 + y 2 )3
Therefore all four second-order partial derivatives of g are defined and continuous except possibly at the
origin.
Part (d): Here we have

gx (0 + h, 0) − gx (0, 0) 0
gxx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0,
h→0 h h→0 h

gy (0, 0 + k) − gy (0, 0) 0
gyy (0, 0) = lim = lim = 0,
k→0 k k→0 k

gx (0, 0 + k) − gx (0, 0) −k
gxy (0, 0) = lim = lim = −1, and
k→0 k k→0 k

gy (0 + h, 0) − gy (0, 0) h
gyx (0, 0) = lim = lim = 1.
h→0 h h→0 h

Therefore all four second-order partial derivatives of g exist at (0, 0) but gxy (0, 0) = gyx (0, 0).
Part (e): Let m be a constant and suppose that (x, y) = (0, 0). Then

16
 4m3 (3m2 − 1)
gxx (x, y) = gxx (x, mx) = ,
(m2 + 1)3

and thus (take m = 1) gxx (x, x) ≡ 1. But (take m = 0) gxx (x, 0) ≡ 0. Hence gxx is not continuous at
(0, 0). Similarly,

m(4m2 − 3)
gyy (x, y) = gyy (x, mx) = ,
(m2 + 1)3

so (take m = 1) gyy (x, x) ≡ 1

8. But (take m = 0) gyy (x, 0) ≡ 0. Therefore gyy is not continuous at (0, 0).
Finally,

1 + 9m2 − 9m4 − m6
gxy (x, y) = gyx (x, y) = gxy (x, mx) = gyx (x, mx) = ,
(m2 + 1)3

and thus (take m = 1) gxy (x, x) = gyx (x, x) ≡ 0 but (take m = 0) gxy (x, 0) = gyx (x, 0) ≡ 1.
Consequently neither gxy nor gyx is continuous at the origin. Observe how the result in Problem 74 illustrates
the Note containing Eq. (16).

17