TheEf

fectofpHandCur
rentDensi
tyonEl
ect
rocoagul
ati
onProcessf
orDegr
adat
ionof
Chr
omium (VI
)inPl
ati
ngI
ndustri
alWast
ewater
um1* 1
mawan2, abowo1, 1
Aj
iPr
aset
yani
ngr ,MohDj
aeni,YudhyDhar Bil
alT.
Pr Hendr
aSudr
ajat, Moni
ca
Yul
far
ida1
1
DepartmentofChemicalEngi
neeri
ng, Facul
tyofEngi
neeri
ng, Di
ponegor
oUniversi
ty
2
Depart
ementofPubli
cHealth,FacultyofPubl
icHeal
th,DiponegoroUni
ver
sit
y
Cor
respondingaut
hor:
ajipr
aset
y ani
ngrum@gmai l.
com,bil
alprabowo01@gmail
.com

Abst r
act .Theheav ymet alofchr omi um isoneoft hemostcommonpol l
utantoft he
plati
ngi ndustrialwast ewat er.Cr( VI)isoneoft oxicmet alt hatcauseser i
oust hreatto
humanheal thandt heenv i
ronmentduet oi tscumul ativeef fectsandnon- degr adabili
ty.
Among t he technol ogiesf orr emov ing these pol l
utants,el ectr
ocoagul ati
on can be
consider edasanef fectiv
emet hod.Thismet hodhav esomeadv antagessuchasl ess
amountofpr oducedsl udgeandhi ghef f
iciencyinr emov alofpol lut
ant s.Thisr esearch
i
nt endedt ost udyef fectinitialpHandcur rentdensityont hedegr eeofCr( VI)r emov al
fr
om wast ewat erofpl ati
ng i ndust r
ybyusi ng the electrocoagul ation met hod.The
processi sdoneatpHv al
uesof3, 5,7,9, and11, currentdensi tyof0.42,0.63,0.83,1.
04,
2
and 1. 25 mA/ cm .Sy nthet i
c chr omium wast ewat erwas pr epared att he i ni
tial
-1
concent rat
ionof50mgL dur i
ng30mi nutesofel ectrocoagul ati
onpr ocess.Af t
er
el
ect rocoagul ation t reatment , concentrat i
on of Cr ( VI ) anal ysed by UV Vi s
spect rophot omet er
.Ther esul trevealedthatt hebestr emov alwasachi evedatpH5and
cur r
entdensi t
yof1. 25mA/ cm2.

Key
wor
ds:
pH,
cur
rentdensi
ty,
elect
rocoagul
ati
on,
chr
omi
um met
al,
plat
ingi
ndust
ry

1.Introduct i
on
Thewast ewat ergener atedf r
om chemi cali ndustri
escont ainsv eryhar mf ulpol l
utantsto
theenv i
ronment[ 1].Chr omi um wast eCr(VI )isat ypeofheav ymet althatishar mfultohumans
aswel last ot heenv ir
onment .Cr (
VI)i sal
somor eeasi l
yabsor bedi nthehumanbody ,
especiall
y
thedi gest ivet r
acti nhumans[ 2]
.I nchr omeel ectroplati
ngi ndustry,Cr(VI)wasoneofheav y
met alcoat ingbesi desofni ckel,andcopper .Tor educet heirnegativeef f
ects, severaltreatment
processes i ncl
udi ng phy sicochemi calt echni ques,ar ei mplement ed,adsor pti
on [ 3],ion
exchange[ 4],precipitati
on[ 5],Membr ane(r eser veosmosi s)[6].electrocoagul ati
ont echnology
[7]
.
Electr ocoagul ati
on ( EC)i s a wast ewat ert reatmentt echnique t hatwor ks through
destabi l
izingsuspendedordi ssol vedcont ami nant sinanaqueousmedi um byi nt r
oducinga
currenti nt ot he medi um and gener ati
ng coagul anti n sit
u byel ectr
olyti
coxi dation ofan
appropr iateanodemat erial(alumi num ori ron)[8] .
Theadv antagesofel ectrocoagul ationov erconv enti
onalcoagul at
ionincl udedeconomi c
aspect s,si gnifi
cant l
yl owerv olumeofsl udgepr oduced,bet tersludgequal ity,similarorsl i
ghtl
y
betteref f
iciency ,gr eaterf unct i
onalpH r angeandpH neut r
ali
zationef fect,t hepr esenceof
electrof lotation [7] .The mosti mpor t
antadv antage ofel ect rocoagul ation i s av oidi ng any
addi ti
onofchemi calsubst anceshencer educi ngt hepossi bilityofsecondar ypol lut i
on;t he
dosi ng ofcoagul antdependson t he cellpot ent ial( orcur r
entdensi t
y )appl i
ed [ 9] .Ot her
adv ant agesar et hesi mpl eequi pment ,thusr equi ri
ngl essmai ntenanceandeasyaut omat ionof
thepr ocess[ 10]I naddi tion, thef ormedoxy genandhy drogenbubbl esincreaset heef ficiencyof
thesepar ationpr ocesst hroughel ectroflotation[ 11].
2.Mat er i
al andMet hods
2.1.Mat er i
al
Sy ntheticwast ewat ersampl eswer epr eapr edf ort heexper imnentusi ng hexav al
ent
chr omi um [ Cr (VI)]sol ution.Thesol uti
onof50ppm ( mg/ L)waspr epar edbydi ssol vi
ng
0,141gofdr iedpot assi um di chr omat e, K2Cr O
2 7 (a nalyti
c alre age ntg r
a de ),i
nr ea ge n tw ater
anddi l
ut eto1l iter. Ther eactorf orel ectrokoagul ationpr ocessusi ngcopol ymert ank
mat eri
alwi th 1. 5l i
tres ofv olume.The el ect rode usi ng al umi num wi th dimensi on of
alumuni um i s30×10cm wi th1mm t hi ckness.React orandpl ateswasconst r uct edt hen
thewast ewat erpumpi nt ot het ankandconnect edt ot hepowerconv erter.Thecl ampsof
theconv ert
erwer econnect edt ot heelect rodei nser iesar rangement .
2.2.Met hods
Thecur rentdensi t
yandpH wascont rolleddur ingel ect rokoagul ationpr ocess.The
processi sdoneatpHv al uesof3, 5,7,9, and11, cur rentdensi tyof0. 42, 0.63,0.83, 1.04, and
2
1.25mA/ cm .Dur ing el ectrocoagul ationpr ocess,t hef l
ocsf ormeddur ingel ect rolysis
whi chcant henbephy sical l
yr emov edf rom t her eactorusi ngf i
lt
rati
on. Thesampl esof
wast ewat erwer eanal yzedbyt heUV- Vi sspect rophot omet er( Mer ck Spect r
oquantPhar o
300)f orr egar dingamountofchr omium met als.Theabsor bancewasr eadat ar ound540
nm.Thest andar dcur veofabsor bancewasusedf orpr edi ctt heconcent rati
onchr omium
afterel ect r
ocoagul at i
onpr ocess.
3.Resul tsandDi scussi on
3.1Ef fectofi nit i
alpH
I
nt hi
sexper iment ,t hesampl er egul atedt hepH byusi nghy droxychl oridesol uti
on
andsodi um hy droxi det opH3,5,7,9,and11.Theser angeswi l
lgivet hedat aabouthow
acidi cpH,net ralpH andbasesPhwi llaf fectt heel ectrocoagul ati
onef fi
ciencyi nt he
remov al ofheav ymet al thatcont ainint hel eachat esampl es.
 Fi
g.1.I
nfl
uenceofi
nit
ialont
heper
formanceofECr emov
alofCr
(VI
)fr
om
wast
ewaterusi
ngal
uminium el
ect
rodes

From Fi gur e1t her esul tsobt ai nedatt hepHr educt ionper cent ageoft ot alchr omi um
i
s24. 13%,atpH5i s76. 68%,atpH7i s57. 68%,atpH9i s1. 25%,andatpH11i s17. 65%.
Reduct ionper cent ageoft otalchr omi um opt imum occur satph5wi thanef fi
ciencyof
76.68%byusi ngDCcur rent2. 5Ampher e.Theser esultshownt hatt heopt imum condi t
ion
forr emov alofTot al Chromi um.Thati satpH5whenusi ngAl umi nium el ect rodesatcur r
ent
2.5A
Accor dingt oA. E.Yi lmaz ,etal .TheEf fectofI nit
ialpHandRet entionTi meonBor on
Remov albyCont i
nuousEl ect rocoagul at i
onPr ocess.Opt imum bor onr emov alwasachi eved
atpH=6.Sol i
dAl (OH) 3i st hedomi nantf or m especi allywhent hepHi sbet ween6and7.I t
i
sl ikelythatani nitialpHequalt o6pr ov idedt heopt imalcondi ti
onsf orbor onpr eci pitat
ion
throught hef ormat ionofal umi nium bor at e( AlBO3) .Theal umi nium hy droxi de( Al(
OH) 3)is
amphot eri
c.Hence,t hef or mat ionoft heAl (OH) 3f l
ocsi ssigni f
icantlyaf fect edbyt hepH.
Wi t
hi n a pH r angeof4- 9,al umi nium hy droxi deswi th posi ti
vechar ge( e. g.Al (OH)2+,
Al(OH) 2+,Al 2(OH) 24+,Al (OH) 3,Al 13( OH) 327+)andhi ghadsor pt i
oncapaci t yar ef or med.
As soon as t he pH exceeds t he v al ue of 9,t he domi nant al umi nium f orm i s
tetrahydroxy alumi nat eion( Al(OH) 4-)whi ch, howev er,dissol v
esanddoesnotf or mf locs[ A].
Inaci dicmedi um wasexpect edduet ot hati nt hepr esenceofhi ghhy drogeni on
concent rati
ont hehexav al entchr omi um i onswer eonlyr educedt oTet r
av al entChr omi um
6+
(Cr )i onsandcoul dnotbepr ecipitat ed.Soi nmor eaci diccondi tionst heef f
iciencyf or
hexav alentchr omi um r emov al i
shi gh[ B].
Whenusi ngi ronel ect rodes, thef inal pHi ncreasesandi salway shi ghert hant hei ni
tial
pH.Butwhenusi ngal umi num el ectr odes, ini nitialpHgr eaterthan7, thef inalpHdecr eases
andatapH of7andl ower ,pH i ncr easesandi tissimi lart other esul t
sr epor t
edbyt he
Kabdasl ıI,etal .Thi ssituat i
onshowst hatpHchangesdur i
ngt heel ect r
ochemi calpr ocess.
Duet othepr oduct ionofhy droxi dei onsdur ingt hepr ocessofr educt ionofwat er mol ecules
att hecat hodeel ect r
ode,pHusual l
yi ncr eases.I nalkal i
necondi tions,Al( OH- )4compl exis
 thekeyt oreducepH.Hy dr ogenbubbl espr oducedatt hecat hodeatneut r
alpHar esmal l
andt hin,butt heycanbeusedt ocr eat eanar eat oconnectl iquid,gas,andsol i
d,and
accumul atesmal lneut ralandcol l
oidalpar ticles.Howev er,differentbal ancesoccurat
alumi num el ect rodesbet weenhy droxi det hatdependont hepHandbuf fer
ingpr opertiesof
thewast e.Thehi ghestef ficiencywascal cul atedi nbot hel ect rodesatneut ralpH( 6-7) ,
the
pHofsy ntheticef fluent[ C] .
3.
2Ef fectofcur rentdensi ty
Cur rentdensi tyi si mpor t
antpar amet eri n el ect rocoagul ation pr ocesses whi ch
det ermi net hesi zeandgr owt hoft hef locs, bubbl epr oduct ionr ateandcoagul ationdosage
rate[ 1] .Appl iedcur rentdensi t
y( ACD)di rect l
yaf f
ect scoagul antdosageaswel lasmass
transf erneart heel ectrodes.Thecur rentdensi tywasv ar iedf rom 0. 42mA/ cm2 to1. 25
2
mA/ cm t oassessi tsef ef ctont heper formanceef f
ici
encyofel ect rokcoagul ation.When
cur renti sappl i
edt othesy stem byapowersuppl y ,met allic, i
onsar edi ssolvedf rom anode
andt ransf erredt ot hebul k[ 2].
0.42mA/ cm2  1. 25%
2
0.63mA/ cm  5. 92%
2
0.83mA/ cm 35. 31%
2
1.04mA/ cm 49. 83%
2
1.25mA/ cm 63. 73%
Wi thani ncreasei nt hecur rentdensi ty, theanodedi ssol uti
onr atei ncrease.Thi sleads
toani ncreasei nt henumberofmet alhy dr oxidef locsr esul ti
ngi nt hei ncreasei npoll
utant
remov alef f
iciency .Ani ncr easei ncur rentdensi tyabov et heopt imum cur r
entdensi tydoes
notr esul tinani ncr easei nt hepol lutantr emov alef fi
ciencyassuf ficientnumberofmet al
hy droxi def locsar eav ailabl efort hesedi ment ationoft hepol lutant[ 3] .Effectofcur r
ent
densi t yorcurr entonr emov alef f
iciencyofel ect rocoagul ationpr ocess.Thehi ghcur r
ent
-
densi t ypr omot edt hegener ati
onofhy droxi dei on( OH).Thi sf indingwascont ri
butedby
highf or mat i
onofAl (OH) 3a ndhy drogengasbubbl esgener ationathi ghcur rentdensi ty
accor dancet oFar aday ’sl aw.Hi ghf ormat ionofAl (OH) 3a llowedmor eni tr
ateabsor bedon
theirsur facewhi chi ncr easet her emov alef ficiency .Accor ding t o Far aday ’
sl aw,hi gh
appl iedcur r
enj tdensi typr oducesgr eat eramountofmet al i
ons.

KURANGCONCLUSSI
ONAKNOWLEGMEN,
GRAFI
K,DAPUS

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