Unit-III, BEE (EE101)

MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Narasimharaju B. L
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
NIT Warangal
Magnetic circuit
The complete closed path followed by any group of magnetic lines of
flux is referred to a magnetic circuit
Or A closed restricted path in which a magnetic flux is established is
called Magnetic circuit.

I V

Equivalent electrical circuit

A magnetic circuit consists of elements having high permeability
such as iron, soft steel ferrite etc.. which offers very small
opposition to magnetic flux.
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Magnetic circuit
Example of simple magnetic circuits

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Terminologies

Magnetic flux (Φ):

No. of magnetic lines of force created in a magnetic circuit
Unit is Weber (Wb)
1 Wb = 108 flux lines

Flux Density: (B)

No. of magnetic lines of force created in a magnetic circuit per unit
area normal to the direction of flux lines
B = Φ/A
Unit is Weber/sq.m (Tesla)

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Terminologies

Magneto motive force: (F)

Force which drives or tends to drive the magnetic flux through a
magnetic circuit
MMF = No. of turns*Current = N I
Unit is AT (ampere - Turns)

Magnetic field strength: (H)

The magneto motive force per meter length of the magnetic circuit
H = (N I) /l
Unit is AT / meter

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Terminologies

Permeability [μ]
A property of a magnetic material which indicates the ability of
magnetic circuit to carry electromagnetic flux.
Ratio of flux density to the magnetizing force, μ = B / H
Unit: henry / meter
Permeability of free space or air or non magnetic material
0  4  107 H / m
Relative permeability [μr] :
Ratio of the flux density produced by a given mmf in a magnetic
material to the flux density produced in a non magnetic material.
B H
r   ;   0 r
B0  0 H
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Terminologies

Reluctance [S]
It is the opposition of a magnetic circuit to setting up of a
magnetic flux in it.

Flux    BA; F  mmf  Hl ; B  H

 BA  0  r A    A
  ; Hence    0 r  F
F Hl l  l 
F F  l 
  ; where S   



l 

S  0 r A 
 0 r A 

‘S’ is called the reluctance of the magnetic circuit

Reluctance = mmf / Magnetic flux
Unit: AT / Wb

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Analogy with Electric circuits

Electric circuit Magnetic circuit

Similarities:
Emf, volt mmf, ampere Turn
Current, ampere flux, weber
Resistance, ohm Reluctance, A / Wb
Current density, A / m2 flux density, T or Wb / m2
Conductivity Permeability

Difference:
 Current actually flows flux is created, but does not flow
 Circuit may be open or Circuit is always closed
closed

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Leakage flux

Leakage Flux : The flux that does not follow the intended
path in the magnetic circuit
Total flux(flux in the iron path)
Leakage flux factor λ 
Useful flux(flux in the airgap)
Fringing: Effect of spreading out of flux in the air gap

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Analysis of Series Magnetic Circuit

Total Re luc tan ce S  S1  S 2  S3  S g

l1
Where S1 
μ0 μr1a1
l2
S2 
μ0 μ r 2 a 2
l3
S3 
μ0 μr 3 a3
lg
Sg 
μ0 μrg a g

 B1l1 

mmf  φ1S1  φ 2S2  φ 3S3  φ g Sg   
B2l 2

B3 l 3

Bg l g
 μ 0 μ r1 μ 0μ r 2 μ 0μ r 3 μ 0 μ rg


 
Total mm f  H1l1  H 2 l 2  H 3l 3  H g l g

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Problem
P2. The iron ring shown in Fig. 1, is made up of a material having a
relative permeability of 1000 and has a flux density of 2 T in the air gap.
For the given dimensions of l1 = 0.15 m, l2 = 0.1 m, l3 = 0.2 m, lag = 1
cm, A1 = A3 = Aag = 2*10-4 m2, A2 = 3*10-4 m2, if the current through
the coil is 1.5 A, compute the number of turns required. Neglect
leakage flux and fringe effect.

N=11029 turns

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Analysis of Parallel magnetic circuit without air gap
F A D Analogous electrical circuit
Φ1 Φ2

RB R RA

N Φ

+-
V

E B C
l l2 l1
S AB  ; S ADC B  ; S AFEB  ;   1   2
μ 0μ r1 a μ 0μ r2a 2 μ 0μ r3a 3

Total mmf required  Path AB mmf  (Path AFEB or ADCB mmf)

MMFT otal  SAB  (1SAFEB or  2SADCB),
Where 1SAFEB   2SADCB

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Parallel magnetic circuit with air gap
F A C

Φ1 Φ2
Φ

E D
B

Ra
RA

+
RB
V

-
Analogous electrical circuit Rb

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Electromagnetism
 Force acting on a Conductor
A current carrying conductor, placed in a magnetic field,
produces a force.

This force can be increased,

When the current in the conductor is increased
When length of conductor is increased
When the magnetic field is made stronger

Force on the conductor =

f lux density  length of conductor  current
or f = B I l Newton

Note: considering single conductor

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 Direction of Force: Fleming’s left hand rule

Mechanical force exerted on the

conductor always acts in a direction
perpendicular to the plane of the
conductor and the magnetic field
thumb
(Mechanical force)

(First finger)
Field

(Second finger)
Current

This is the principle of electric motor

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Electromagnetic Induction
An EMF is induced in a conductor if the following conditions are
satisfied:
 Magnetic field created
 Conductor in the vicinity of magnetic field
 Magnetic field linking with conductor changes OR Relative
motion between the Conductor & Field
Faraday’s laws of
Electromagnetic Induction d di
1) When a conductor cuts or it is cut by e N L
dt dt
magnetic flux, an emf is induced in the conductor.
 N d  L di
2) The magnitude of the induced emf is proportional d N
to the rate at which the conductor cuts or is cut by LN 
di I
the magnetic flux
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 Electromagnetic Induction
Direction (Polarity) of induced emf:
By Lenz’s law - an electro magnetically induced emf
always acts in such a direction to set up a current
opposing the motion or change of flux responsible for
inducing the emf.

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Types of Induced emf’s
Statically induced emf: - The voltage
induced in the conductor due to change
in the magnetic field
Conductor is stationary
Magnetic Field is changing in a stationary
Magnetic System;
Ex: Transformer
Dynamically induced emf: - The
voltage induced in the conductor due to
relative motion of conductor and
magnetic field
Conductor is moving/stationary
Magnetic Field is stationary/moving e  Blv sin 
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Self Induced emf & Self Inductance
The induced emf, (e1) in a coil-1 is proportional to the rate of
the change of the magnetic flux passing through it due to its
own current. This emf is known as Self Induced EMF
The induced emf e1 is proportional to the rate of change of
current through coil and its proportionality constant is called
i1 M
the self inductance, L. +
11 12

di1 d11 V1

e1   L1   N1
e1 N1 N2 e2
L1 L2

dt dt 1 = 11 + 12
-

The negative sign is used to indicate that EMF is opposing

the cause producing it

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Mutually Induced EMF and Mutual Inductance
If two coils of wire are placed near each
other, a change of current in one coil will
induce emf e1 in the first coil and emf e2 in i1 M
the second coil.
The induced emf in coil-2 e2 is proportional 12 +
11
to the rate of change of current through coil
1 is known as mutually induced emf
V1 e1 N1 N2 e2
expressed as
di1 L1 L2
e2  M -
dt
The proportionality constant is called the
1 = 11+ 12
mutual inductance, M
Also, this emf e2 can also be expressed as
to the rate of the change of the magnetic
d12
flux passing through it e N
2 2
dt
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Mutual Inductance…

Therefore i1 M
d12
M  N2
di1 11 12 +

If r is constant, d12 is constant V1 e1 N1 N2 e2

di1 L1 L2
and
Φ12 -
M  N2
I1 1 = 11+ 12
Unit: Henry (H)

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 Coupling Coefficient
Self Inductances L1 and L 2 are
N11 N22
L1  and L2 
I1 I2
Mutual Inductance M
N 2 12 N1 21
M  
I1 I2
where 12  k 1 ;  21  k  2 and
k is the coupling coeficient
M2 M
L1 L2  2
or k
k L1 L2

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 Example
Coil 1 of a pair of coupled coils has a continuous current
of 5A, and the corresponding fluxes 1 and 12 are
0.6mWb and 0.4 mWb respectively. If the turns are
N1=500 and N2=1500, find L1, L2, M and k.

Ans:
 k = 12/1 = 0.667
 M = N2 12/I1= 0.12H
 L1 = N1 1/I1= 0.06 H
 L2 = 0.539H

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Coupled Circuits
 Coils in Series – Aiding

di di Equivalent circuit
e1  L1  M
dt dt M
di di  
e2  L2  M L1 L2
dt dt
di
e  e1  e 2  (L1  L 2  2M)
dt
L1 + L2 + 2M
L eq  (L1  L 2  2M)

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 Coils in Series – Opposing

di di
e1  L1 M and Equivalent circuit
dt dt
di di
e2  L2 M M
dt dt  
e  e1  e2 L1 L2

di di
 ( L1L2  2 M )  Leq
dt dt L1 + L2 - 2M
Leq  L1 L2  2 M
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 Dot Rule
 To determine the sign of mutual induced emf

Sign of M terms same as sign of L terms Sign of M terms opposite to sign of L terms

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 Coils in Parallel
Aiding:

L1 L2  M 2
Leq 
L1  L2  2M

Opposing:

L1 L2  M 2
Leq 
L1  L2  2M

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 Example
Two coils with inductances in the ratio 1:4 have a
coupling coefficient k=0.6. When these coils are
connected in series aiding the equivalent inductance is
44.4mH. Find L1, L2, and M

Ans:
L1 =6mH
L2 =24mH
M =7.2mH

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 Problems

Obtain the equivalent inductance of the parallel connected coils

shown in figure

0.3H

K=0.7

0.8H

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