Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite
School ID: 301192

Eggshells and Perna Veridis (Green Mussels) as the Main Constituents in Making

Concrete Bricks

A Research Project
Submitted to the Faculty of the
Department of Science and Technology
General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School
General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite

In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the strand
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Sta. Cruz, Kyla Mae R.

Briones, Mark Jefte A.
December 2019
 ABSTRACT

STA. CRUZ, KYLA MAE R., BRIONES, MARK JEFTE A., EGGSHELLS AND

PERNA VERIDIS (GREEN MUSSELS) AS THE MAIN CONSTITUENTS IN

MAKING CONCRETE BRICKS. Research Capstone Project. Science, Technology,

Engineering and Mathematics. General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School. March

2020.
 Eggshells and Perna Veridis (Green Mussels) as the Main Constituents in Making

Concrete Bricks

A manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department of Science and Technology,

General Mariano Alvarez Technical High School, General Mariano Alvarez, Cavite, in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the strand, Science, Technology, Engineering
and Mathematics. Prepared under the supervision of Ma. Rowena S. Penafiel and Cherry
Rose S. Uminga

INTRODUCTION

Eggs are known for its good source of protein, it is usually part of everyday breakfast

for its nutrients and its reasonable price. Eggs can easily be found everywhere, restaurants,

fast food chains, canteens or even at home. It is usually cook to make different dish,

however, its shells are sometimes thrown after but it still remain as discarded materials.

These eggshell wastes is rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3), which makes it a solid waste

material. Eggshells are an excellent source of natural calcium, and it can be reused and

recycled. It is commonly used for fertilizers, natural face mask and more.

Perna veridis is also known as Asian green mussel (tahong), it is one of the most

common food in the table of every Filipino families even in seaside restaurants. Green

mussels are one of the common dish to served in the dining table. Green mussels are

growing in coastal areas especially the rocks found beside the seashore or in farms created

by human . The meat of green mussel is eaten as the shells are taken away and become

useless. This type of shell also contains calcium carbonate which is good for the

concreteness of brick.
 These shell wastes are increasing in number from every food industries. Therefore,

it can harm our environment if it is being thrown away irresponsibly. This study is all about

using safer and environmental friendly shell wastes as the main constituents of bricks.

These organic and raw materials can help to save money for making bricks by replacing

many expensive and toxic chemical products. The concept of utilizing eggshells and green

mussel shells is to improve the engineering properties of the bricks and to reduce wastes.

Eggshells and perna veridis are used as main constituents in making a concrete brick. Thus

it gives more contribution to the production of less cement bricks. The addition of mussel

in concrete decreases thermal conductivity of cement mortars and plastering.

Most people who live in urban places use expensive materials to build their houses.

Some of them spent more on the materials they need. Just like in General Mariano Alvarez,

Cavite, an urban place or it is still in its developing state. The cost of every materials that

are used is increasing annually and its resources are slowly decreasing in number. A

concrete can be used for all standard buildings both single storey and retaining structures

and bridges. In the aspect of economy, the reusing of eggshells and green mussels can save

money for production of expensive yet non-renewable resources, for construction. In

environment aspect, most of the materials that are used for making a concrete brick are

considered as waste but these are reused in this research, which can be helpful mostly to

those who cannot afford of buying expensive materials.

Statement of the Problem

Generally, this study aims to produce a concrete bricks made from eggshells and green

mussels. This study aims to answer the following questions:

1. Does the ratio of eggshells and green mussels affect the concreteness of a brick?
 1.1 How many grams of the green mussel shells are needed to make the bricks?

1.2 How many grams eggshells are needed to make the bricks?

1.3 What are the method of finding the perfect proportion of making the bricks?

2. What is the proportion of the bricks that are strong enough to be use as a path walk?

2.1 What are the measurements of every materials that are used to make the bricks?

2.2 What are the effects of the different ratios of materials to the concreteness of

the bricks?

2.3 What is the mass of the bricks in every setup?

3. What is the right procedure in making the bricks?

3.1 What are the different tests used for the concreteness of the bricks?

3.2 What is the constant material constant material and its measurement used to

make the bricks?

3.3 What is the mass of the three different setups of the bricks?

Objectives of the Study

This investigatory project seems to find the following:

1. The ratio of eggshells and green mussels that affect the concreteness of a brick.

1.1 The measurement of the green mussel shells in grams that are needed to

make the bricks.

 1.2 The measurement of the eggshells in grams that are needed to make the

bricks.

1.3 The method of finding the perfect proportion of making the bricks.

2. The proportion of the bricks that are strong enough to be use as a path walk.

2.1 The measurements of every materials that are used to make the bricks.

2.2 the effects of the different ratios of materials to the concreteness of the .

2.3 The mass of the bricks in every setup.

3 The right procedure in making the bricks.

3.1 The different tests used for the concreteness of the bricks.

3.2 The constant material and its measurement used to make the bricks.

3.3 The mass of the three different setups of the bricks.

Conceptual Framework

The researchers conducted an experiment on how an eggshell and green mussel can

be a main constituent in making concrete bricks. Here is the conceptual framework to

illustrate input , processes, and output of the study conducted.

 Input Process Output

  A Brick that is made

 Experimental Collecting eggshells and

green mussel. up of eggshells and

Procedure

 Drying eggshell and green green mussels

mussel under the sun.

 Crushing of eggshells and

green mussel into enough

texture and size.

 Weighing the materials

 Making of molder

 Mixing the eggshells and

green mussels with cement

and water

 Drying the brick under the

sun

Hypotheses

Null Hypotheses

The null hypothesis is the eggshells and green mussels (perna viridis) is found to be

less effective and less efficient in making concrete bricks. The two compounds did not mix
well with a the mixture. It contains lesser cement that acts as a adhesive this made the

rupturing of bricks easier.

Alternative Hypotheses

The alternative hypothesis is the eggshell and green mussel (perna viridis) is found

to be effective compounds in making durable and more sustainable concrete bricks. When

the amount of eggshells and green mussels are higher than cement.

Significance of the study

This study entitled “Eggshells and Perna Veridis (Green Mussels) as the Main

Constituents in Making Concrete Bricks” focuses on using environmental friendly and less

expensive materials to produce bricks for pathways. Furthermore, the results of this study

will be beneficial for the following groups, department or individuals.

The students can initiate on how to reused and recycled food shells they intake

everyday, to lessen the number of recycled wastes being thrown everyday.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) can collect food

shells like green mussel shells and eggshells in every food industries. They can implement

new programs and can spread the ideas of using organic materials that serves as an

alternative materials for costly materials to use for the making of the bricks.

The Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) can use the bricks that

are made from shell foods to different highways, roads, pathways and more. They can help
every community or even the government to manage the budget by using these low cost

materials.

Scope and Delimitation

Green mussels shells, eggshells and cement are the components of the bricks. Each

of the shell components of the bricks are first dried under the sun and crushed before the

mixing of all the constituents. The mixture of the the ingredients with water is being poured

after to the molder container an dried under the sun for days to become a brick. The

researchers conducted three setups of concrete bricks with different proportions to perform

different tests for its flammability with the use of gas stove, shock resistance or drop test

with different measure of heights, shock resistance where the researchers are going to put

an object on the top of every bricks, measuring its weight and the last test is the insulating

capabilities of the bricks by the use of voltmeter.

The main purpose of this investigatory project is to test how the eggshells and green

mussel shells will produce a more concrete bricks that will use as an alternative

environmental friendly bricks for pathways especially in General Mariano Alvarez

Technical High School. These bricks are less expensive than the usual bricks because of

its components.

Definition of Terms

Each of the unfamiliar words are given a meaning to understand well

Additive - a substance added to something in small quantities to improve or preserve it.

Bricks -a small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay, used in

building.

Calcium Carbonate- Calcium carbonate also is used as an antacid to relieve heartburn,

acid indigestion, and upset stomach. It is available with or without a prescription.

Concreteness-s is an aspect of communication that means being specific, definite, and

vivid rather than vague and general.

Flammability- it is the ability to support combustion especially: a high capacity for

combustion.

Insulator -a substance which does not readily allow the passage of heat or sound. It is a

substance or device which does not readily conduct electricity.

Plastering- Plaster is a building material used for the protective or decorative coating of

walls and ceilings and for moulding and casting decorative elements. In English "plaster"

usually means a material used for the interiors of buildings, while "render" commonly

refers to external applications.

Perna Veridis- Perna viridis, known as the Asian green mussel, is an economically

important mussel, a bivalve belonging to the family Mytilidae. It is harvested for food but

is also known to harbor toxins and cause damage to submerged structures such as drainage

pipes.

Ratio- the quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one

value contains or is contained within the other.

Shock resistant - strong or resilient enough to sustain minor impacts without damage to

the internal mechanism.

Voltmeter - an instrument for measuring electric potential in volts.