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Civil Engineering Reviewer
Civil Engineering Reviewer
Civil Engineering Reviewer
(NOVEMBER 2011)
4. Six congruent circles are arranged in a circle way that each circle is tangent
to at least two other circles. If the radius of each circle is 2 cm, find the
perimeter of the polygon formed by connecting the centers of each circles.
A. 12 cm C. 30 cm
B. 24 cm D. 32 cm
5. Which of the following is/are correct?
I. sin(-A) = -sin(A)
II. cos(-A) = -cos(A)
III. tan(-A) = -tan(A)
Situation 1 – A load of W = 30 kN is
lifted through a boom BCD as shown in
the figure. The boom makes an angle of
60° with the vertical. Neglect the weight
of the boom and for this problem, L1 = L2
= 2m. The pulley at D is frictionless.
Situation 2 – The strut shown in the figure carries an axial load of P = 148 kN.
4. Determine the bearing stress between the pin and the strut:
A. 463 MPa C. 285 MPa
B. 345 MPa D. 563 MPa
5. Determine the shearing stress in the pin.
A. 286 MPa C. 321 MPa
B. 368 MPa D. 341 MPa
6. Determine the shearing stress in the bolts
A. 159.4 MPa C. 123.9 MPa
B. 196.4 MPa D. 167.3 MPa
Situation 4 – The frame shown in the figure is acted upon by wind load pressure of
1.44 kPa. These frames are spaced 6 m apart normal to paper. Consider the roller
support at B and the joint at D as pin.
Situation 6 – The 6 m long prestressed cantilever beam shown in the figure carries
a concentrated live load of 18 kN at the free end and a uniform dead load due to its
own weight. Unit weight of concrete is 20 kN/m3. The strands are 12 mm in
diameter with total prestressing force of 540 kN applied at an eccentricity “e” above
the neutral axis of the cross-section.
16. What is the maximum stress (MPa) in the bottom fiber of the beam at the
free end when the eccentricity e = 0?
A. -7.86 C. -2.25
B. -13.45 D. -10.35
17. What is the stress in the top fiber of the beam at the fixed end when the
eccentricity e = 100 mm?
A. +5.4 MPa C. +8.1 MPa
B. +6.3 MPa D. +3.6 MPa
18. What is the required eccentricity e such that the stress in the top fiber of the
beam at the fixed end is zero?
A. 230 mm C. 200 mm
B. 160 mm D. 260 mm
The columns E and H are omitted such that the girder BEHK supports the beams
DEF at E and GHI at H. Assume EI = constant for all beams. Unit weight of concrete
is 24 kN/m3.
Situation 8 – Channel sections are used as purlin. The top chords of the truss are
sloped 4H to 1V. The trusses are spaced 6 m on center and the purlins are spaced
1.2 m on centers.
Loads:
Dead load = 720 Pa
Live load = 1000 Pa
Wind load = 1400 Pa
Wind Coefficients:
Windward = + 0.2
Leeward = - 0.6
Properties of C200 x 76
Sx = 6.19 x 104 mm3
Sy = 1.38 x 104 mm3
Weight, w = 79 N/m
Allowable bending stress, Fx = Fy = 207 MPa
22. Determine the computed bending stress, fbx, due to the combination of dead
and live loads only.
A. 196 MPa C. 123 MPa
B. 176 MPa D. 151 MPa
23. Determine the computed bending stress, fby, due to the combination of dead
and live loads only
A. 169 MPa C. 143 MPa
B. 123 MPa D. 103 MPa
24. Determine the value of the interaction equation using the load combination
of 0.75 (D + L +W) at the windward side.
A. 0.87 C. 1.25
B. 1.59 D. 1.87
Situation 9 – The column shown in the figure is subjected to shear force parallel to
the 600 mm side. Allowable concrete shear stress for shear parallel to the 600 mm
side is 0.816 MPa. Concrete strength f’c = 21 MPa and steel strength for both
longitudinal and confining reinforcements is 415 MPa. The ties are all 12 mm in
diameter with clear cover of 40mm.
25. Determine the factored shear force Vu that the column can resist if the nominal
shear strength provided by the ties is 375 kN.
A. 378 C. 467
B. 426 D. 532
26. If the ties are spaced at 225 mm on centers, what is the maximum value of
Vu in kN?
A. 472 C. 335
B. 421 D. 389
27. If the factored shear force parallel to the 600 mm side is 400 kN, determine
the required spacing of transverse reinforcement in accordance with the
provision for seismic design.
A. 126 mm C. 241 mm
B. 164 mm D. 100 mm
5.21.4 Special Provision for Seismic Design
(1) The volumetric ratio of spiral or circular hoop reinforcement, ρs, shall not
be less than that indicated by:
(2) The total cross sectional area of rectangular hoop reinforcement shall not
be less than that given by:
𝑠ℎ𝑐 𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑔
Ash =0.3 ( 𝐴 − 1) 21-3
𝑓𝑦ℎ 𝑐
𝑠ℎ𝑐 𝑓′𝑐
Ash = 0.9 𝑓𝑦ℎ
21-4
(4) If the design of the member core satisfies the requirement of the
specified loading combinations including earthquake effect, Eq. (21-3) and
(10-5) need not to be satisfied.
The value of sx shall not exceed 150 mm and need not be taken less than 100 mm.
Where:
Ach = cross-sectional area of a structural member measured out-to-out of
transverse reinforcement, mm2
The girder has a width of 400 mm and an overall depth of 500 mm. Concrete cover
is 40 mm. The centroid of longitudinal bars of the girder are placed 65 mm from the
extreme concrete fibers. Concrete strength f’c = 20.7 MPa and steel yield strength
for longitudinal bars is fy = 415 MPa. Use 12 mm U-stirrups with fyt = 275 MPa.
Allowable shear stress in concrete is 0.76 MPa.
28. Determine the required area of tension reinforcement of the girder, in mm2.
A. 4,154 C. 3,873
B. 2,732 D. 3,313
29. Determine the spacing of transverse reinforcement due to Vu.
A. 137 mm C. 98 mm
B. 167 mm D. 185 mm
30. Determine the additional area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion,
in mm2.
A. 3,850 C. 2,850
B. 3,420 D. 4,120
Code:
1 𝑨𝒄𝒑 𝟐
Tu < ∅√𝒇′ 𝒄 ( 𝑷 )
12 𝒄𝒑
𝑉𝑢 𝑇𝑢 𝑃ℎ ′
√(𝑏 )2 + ( )2 ≤ ∅ (𝑏𝑉𝑤𝑐𝑑 + 23 √𝑓 𝑐)
𝑤𝑑 1.7𝐴𝑜ℎ
∅ Tn ≥ Tu
2𝐴𝑜 𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Tu = cot θ
𝑠
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Al = 𝑝ℎ ( 𝑓 )cot2 θ
𝑠 𝑦
𝑏𝑤 𝑠
Av + 2At = 0.062√𝑓′𝑐
𝑓𝑦𝑡
but shall not be less than (0.35bws)/fyt
6. Where torsional reinforcement is required, the minimum total area of
longitudinal torsional reinforcement, Al min, shall be computed by:
Where:
Answer Key:
1D 6A 11 B 16 C 21 D 26 C
2B 7B 12 C 17 D 22 D 27 D
3A 8C 13 D 18 D 23 A 28 D
4A 9D 14 C 19 A 24 C 29 A
5B 10 A 15 C 20 B 25 C 30 B
Solutions
Situation 1
Since pulley is frictionless, the tensions at slack and tight sides are equal.
T = W = 30 kN
By inspection, = 30°
∑FH = 0 BH = Tc cos30° + T
BH = 51.962 kN
∑FV = 0 BV = T - Tc sin30°
BV = 17.321 kN
P = 148 kN
Situation 3
𝜋
Moment of inertia, I = 64
(3004 – 2884) = 59.901 x 106 mm4
Moment due to P, Mp = P x e = 3 x 0.1 = 0.3 kN-m
Moment at base due to H, MH = H x L = 0.45 x 3 = 1.35 kN-m
Weight of column, W = w x L = 150 x 3 = 450 N
Part 1:
Maximum base stress due to P:
fmax = -0.081 – 1.293 = -1.374 MPa
Part 2:
Maximum base stress due to lateral load:
fmax = -0.081 – 3.381 = - 3.462 MPa
Part 3:
Shear, V = H = 450 N
Diameter, D = 250 mm, r = 125 mm
4𝑉 4(450)
Shear stress, fV = fV =
3𝜋𝑟 2 3𝜋(125)2
fV = 0.012 MPa
Situation 4
Bay, s = 6 m
w=cxpxs
w1 = 0.08(1.44)(6) w2 = 0.1(1.44)(6)
w1 = 6.912 kN/m w2 = 0.864 kN/m
w3 = 0.5(1.44)(6) w4 = 0.4(1.44)(6)
w3 = 4.32 kN/m w4 = 3.456 kN/m
θ = arctan (2/6)
θ = 18.435°
F1 = w1 x 4 =27.648 kN
F2 = w2 x 6.325 = 5.464 kN F3 = w3 x 6.325 = 27.322 kN
F2x = F2 sin θ = 1.728 kN F3x = F3 sin θ = 8.64 kN
F2y = F2 cos θ = 5.184 kN F3y = F3 cos θ = 25.92 kN
F4 = w4 x 4 = 13.824 kN
Situation 5
F1 = 1⁄2 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 H2 x L
F1 =1⁄2
(1/3)(17.3)(5.4)2(3)
F1 = 252.234 kN
y1 = (2.1 +
3.3)/3 = 1.8 m
F2 = 1⁄2 𝐾𝑎 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 H2 x L
F2 =1⁄2 (9.8)(2.7)2(3)
F2 = 107.136 kN
y2 = (2.7)/3 = 0.9 m
𝑤𝐿2 56.758(3)2
Mmax = Mmax =
8 8
Vmax = R = 85.137 kN
6𝑀 6(63.853 𝑥 106 )
fb = ≤ Fb = 14.7
𝑏𝑑 2 𝑏(300)2
b = 289.6 m
3𝑉 3(85,137)
fV = ≤ FV = 1.48
2𝑏𝑑 2𝑏(300)
b = 287.6 m
Situation 6
wD = 𝛾c x bh wD = 20 x (0.4)(0.6)
wD = 4.8 kN/m
𝑃𝑠
Axial stress due to prestressing force, fpa = −
𝑏ℎ
540,000
fpa =−
400(600)
6𝑃𝑠 𝑒
Stress due to eccentric position of Ps; fpe = ± 2
𝑏ℎ
6𝑀
Stress due to moment, fM = ± 2 (+) for top fiber
𝑏ℎ
Part 2: Stress in the top fiber at fixed end when e = 100 mm:
M = 194.4 kN-m
6𝑀
ftop = -2.25 - 0.0225e +
𝑏ℎ2
6(194.4 𝑥 106 )
ftop = -2.25 – 0.0225(100) +
400(600)2
Part 3: Value of “e” such that the stress in the top fiber at fixed end is zero:
6𝑀
ftop = -2.25 – 0.0225e +
𝑏ℎ2
6(194.4 𝑥 106 )
0 = -2.25 – 0.0225e +
400(600)2
e = 260 mm
Situation 7
Unit weight of concrete, 𝛾c = 24 kN/m3
Dead load pressure = 3.2 kPa
Live load Pressure = 3.6 kPa
Weight of beam:
wb = 𝛾c Ac wb = 24(0.4)(0.6)
wb = 5.76 kN/m
Weight of slab:
ps = 𝛾c t ps = 24(0.1)
ps = 2.4 kPa
𝑝𝑢 𝑠 𝑠 2 (13.96)(3) 3 2
wu1 = [3 − ( ) ]𝑥 2 wu1 = [3 − (7.5) ] 𝑥 2
6 𝐿 6
wu1 = 39.646 kN/m
𝑤𝑢 𝐿2 47.71(7.5)2
Moment at G, MG = − MG = −
12 12
MG = - 223.643 kN-m
M = 111.82 kN-m
Situation 8
Wind coefficient:
Windward
coefficient = 0.2
Leeward coefficient = -0.6
wlw = 1400(1.2)(-0.6)
wlw = -1008 N/m
𝑤𝑁 𝐿2 2079.015(6)2
Mx = 8
Mx =
8
Mx = 9.356 kN-m
𝑀𝑥 9.356 𝑥 106
fbx = fbx =
𝑆𝑥 6.19 𝑥 104
fbx = 151.14.MPa
𝑤𝑇 𝐿2 519.754(6)2
My = 8
My =
8
My = 2.339 kN-m
𝑀𝑦 2.339 𝑥 106
fby = fby =
𝑆𝑦 1.38 𝑥 104
fby = 169.485 MPa
𝑤𝑁2 𝐿2 1811.262(6)2
Mx = 8
Mx =
8
Mx = 8.151 kN-m
𝑀𝑥 8.151 𝑥 106
fbx = fbx =
𝑆𝑥 6.19 𝑥 104
fbx = 131.675 MPa
𝑤𝑇2 𝐿2 389.815(6)2
My = 8
My =
8
My = 1.754 kN-m
𝑀𝑦 1.754 𝑥 106
fby = fby =
𝑆𝑦 1.38 𝑥 104
fby = 127.114 MPa
𝑓bx 𝑓𝑏𝑦 131.675 127.114
+ = + = 1.25
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦 207 207
Situation 9
Part 1:
Vs = 375 kN
Vn = Vc + V s Vn = 174.787 + 375
Vn = 549.787
Vu = 𝜙 V n Vu = 0.85(549.787)
Vu = 467.319 kN
Part 2:
s = 225 mm
𝜋
Av = 3 x (12)2 = 339.29 mm2
4
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 339.29(415)(535.5)
Vs = Vs =
𝑠 225
Vs = 335.12 kN
Vn = Vc + Vs Vs = 174.787 + 335.12
Vs = 509.906 kN
Vu = 𝜙 V n Vu = 0.85(509.906)
Vu = 433.42 kN
Part 3:
Vu = 400 kN
Vs = Vu – Vc Vs = 400 – 174.787
Vs = 225.213 kN
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦 𝑑 339.29(415)(535.5)
s= s=
𝑉𝑠 225.213
s = 334.8 mm
s = 242 mm
Situation 10
Part 1:
Mu = 440 kN-m
ρmax 𝑓𝑦
ωmax = = 0.3203
𝑓𝑐′
Part 2:
Vu = 280 kN
𝜋
Av = 2 x (12)2 = 226.2 mm2
4
𝑉𝑢 280
Vn = Vn =
𝜙 0.85
Vn = 329.412 kN
Vc = Fvc bw d Vc = 0.76(400)(435)
Vc = 132.24 kN
Vs = Vn – Vc Vs = 329.24 – 132.24
Vs = 197.17 kN < 1/3 √𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦ℎ 𝑑 226.2(275)(435)
S= s=
𝑉𝑠 197,170
s = 137.2 mm
Therefore, s = 137 mm
Part 3:
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Al = 𝑝ℎ ( ) cot 2 𝜃
𝑠 𝑓 𝑦
θ = 45°
x = 400 – 46 x 2 = 308 mm
y = 500 – 46 x 2 = 408 mm
Aoh = x y = 308(408) = 125,664 mm2
Ao = 0.85Aoh = 106,814 mm2
ph = 2 (x +y) = 1432 mm
𝑇𝑢 180
Tn = = = 211.77 kN-m
𝜙 0.85
𝐴𝑡 𝑓𝑦𝑡 275
Al = 𝑝ℎ ( ) cot 2 𝜃 Al = 3.605(1,432)( ) cot2 45°
𝑠 𝑓 𝑦 415
Al = 3, 420 mm2
MATHEMATICS, SURVEYING & TRANSPORTATION ENGINIRING
(MAY 2012)
1. X and Y are inversely proportional with each other. Given that X = 15,000 when
Y = 162,500. Find X when Y = 328,400.
A. 7,422.35 C. 7,849.56
B. 6,567.45 D. 8,956.32
2. The sum of seven consecutive integers is zero. What is the smallest integer?
A. -4 C. -3
B. -1 D. -2
3. The sum and product of three distinct positive integers are 15 and 45,
respectively. What is the largest integer?
A. 5 C. 15
B. 9 D. 7
4. What is the curved surface area of a spherical segment (with two bases) if the
diameters of the bases, which are 25 cm apart, are 100 cm and 140 cm,
respectively.
A. 11,673.43 cm2 C. 13,783.34 cm2
B. 10,567.93 cm2 D. 12,328.75 cm2
5. The area of a park on a map is 500 mm2. If the scale of the map is 1 to 40,000,
determine the true area of the park in hectares (1 hectare = 104m2)
A. 40 C. 160
B. 80 D. 12
2𝜋
6. Evaluate the interal:∫𝜋3 csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
A. 1 C. ½
B. 0 D. -1
7. Find the general solution of the following differential equation:
y” + 3y’ - 4y = 0
1. A vertical load of W is
supported by the tripod
shown. If the capacity of
each leg is 15 kN, what is the
safe value of W?
A. 34.48kN
B. 36 kN
C. 32.12 kN
D. 42 kN
2. Six (6) steel cables are used
to support a circular
moulding having a diameter
of 2 m and weighing 3.6
kN/m. The cables are equally
spaced around the moulding
and attached to a single hook
3 m above the moulding. If
the allowable stress in the cable is 105 MPa, what is the required diameter?
A. 8 mm C. 9 mm
B. 7 mm D. 10 mm
3. A vertical steel rod is fixed at the top and supports an 8-kN load at the lower
end. The rod is 10mm n diameter and 25 mm long. Unit weight of steel is 77
kN/m3. What is the total elongation of the rod?
A. 12.732 mm C. 12.973 mm
B. 12.853 mm D. 12.612 mm
4. A hallow circular tube has an outside diameter of 85 mm and is 5 mm thick. The
tube is fixed (cantilever) at one end and subjected to a torque of 4 kN-m at its
free end. What is the maximum shearing stress in the tube?
A. 76.5 MPa C. 92.3 MPa
B. 98.7 MPa D. 84.2 MPa
5. A decorative concrete beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m. The beam
weighs 4 kN/m and the cracking moment is 38 kN-m. What is the safe uniform
load of the beam?
A. 4.44 kN/m C. 5.24 kN/m
B. 4.84 kN/m D. 3.84 kN/m
6. A 2.8 m cantilever beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 20 kN/m
throughout its length and a concentrated load of 30 kN at a point 2 meters from
the fixed end. What is the bending moment at the fixed end?
A. 91.3 kN-m B. 76.7 kN-m
C. 123.9 kN-m D. 99.2 kN-m
7. A 12 m long beam is simply supported at the left end and at 3 m from the right
end. The beam will be subjected to a uniformly distributed moving load. What
total length of the beam must be subjected to this load to produce maximum
negative moment at midspan?
A. 9 m C. 7.5 m
B. 3 m D. 4.5 m
Situation 2 – The
horizontal distance from A
at one end of the river to
frame C at the other end is
20 m. The cable carries a
load of W = 50 kN. The sag
“d” of the cable is 1 m.
11.Find the distance x1 such that the tension in segment AB of the cable is equal
to that segment BC.
A. 9 m C. 12 m
B. 10 m D. 11 m
12.Calculate the tension in segment BC when x1 =5 m.
A. 206.56 kN C. 165.43 kN
B. 174.9 kN D. 187.92 kN
13.What is the total length of the cable when x1 = 5 m?
A. 20.13 m C. 21.12 m
B. 20.76 m D. 19.76 m
Situation 5 – A girder
weighing 18 kN/m is
suspended on a parabolic
cable by a series of vertical
hanger. The length of the
beam is 24 m and the sag
of the cable is 3 m.
23. Determine the value of the tangential stress in the tank wall.
A. 83.2 MPa C. 89.4 MPa
B. 80.3 MPa D. 90.2 MPa
24. Determine the value of the longitudinal stress in the tank wall.
A. 38.5 MPa C. 34.7 MPa
B. 43.1 MPa D. 40.2 MPa
25. If the allowable tensile stress in the wall is 124 MPa, to what value may the
gas pressure be increased?
A. 3.765 MPa D. 3.397 MPa
B. 2.873 MPa
C. 4.123 MPa
Situation 7 – The solid pole shown in the
figure is loaded with vertical load P = 3kN and
lateral load H = 0.45 kN. The pole is 3 m high
280 mm diameter and weighs 22 kN/m3.
Situation 10 – A 10-m long beam is simply supported at the left end and at 2 m
from the right end. The beam will be analyzed for maximum shear at the midspan
that can be induced by a moving load.
38. The capacity of the rod is 2kN, what is the safe maximum weight of the man
in kg?
A. 132 kg C. 156 kg
B. 129 kg D. 187 kg
39. If the man weighs 85 kg, what is the tensile stress in the rod if its diameter is
10mm?
A. 12.89 MPa C. 17.87 MPa
B. 14.35 MPa D. 16.78 MPa
40. What is the total length of the rod?
A. 6.12 m C. 5.34 m
B. 5.69 m D. 7.32 m
Situation 12 – The truss shown is made from Guijo 100 mm x 150 mm. The load
on the truss is 20 kN. Neglect friction.
Allowable stresses for Guijo:
Compression parallel to grain = 11 MPa
Compression perpendicular to grain = 5 MPa
Shear parallel to grain = 1 MPa
Shear longitudinal for joints = 1.45 MPa
𝐾𝐿 2 𝐾𝐿 𝐾𝐿 3
( ) 𝐹𝑦 5 3( ) ( )
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟
Fa = [1 − ] 𝐹.𝑆. F.S. = + −
2𝐶𝑐2 3 8𝐶𝑐 8𝐶𝑐3
12𝜋2 𝐸
Fa = 𝐾𝐿 2
23( )
𝑟
K = effective length factor K = 0.5 for both ends fixed
K = 1 for both ends pin K = 0.7 for one end fixed and other end pin
Situation 17 – A box column is formed by welding two channel sections at the tip
of their flanges. The column has an unsupported length of 4 m and is hinged at
both ends (K=1.0).
56. What is the compressive stress in the column due to an axial load of 900 kN?
A. 98.7 MPa C. 89.4 MPa
B. 91.2 MPa D. 102.5 MPa
57. What is the maximum bending stress in the column due to a moment of 70
kN-m, about the x-axis of the section?
A. 114.8 MPa C. 96.5 MPa
B. 123.9 MPa D. 1181.1 MPa
58. What is the critical (maximum) effective slenderness ratio of the column?
A. 48.2 C. 54.4
B. 76.1 D. 65.2
Situation 18 – The deck of a bridge consists of a ribbed metal deck with 100 mm
concrete slab on top. The superstructure supporting the deck is made of wide
flange steel beams strengthened by a cover plate 16 mm x 260 mm one at the top
and one at the bottom, and is spaced 1.2 m on centers. The beams are simply
supported over a span of 25 m. The loads on each beam are as follows:
15
Impact factor = ≤ 30%, where L = length in m.
𝐿+37
Properties of W 850x185:
A = 23,750 mm2 tw = 15 mm
d = 850 mm Ix = 2662 x 106 mm4
bf = 290 mm Iy = 81.52 x 106 mm
tf = 20 mm
59. Calculate the maximum bending stress in the beam due to dead load.
A. 123 MPa C. 92 MPa
B. 107 MPa D. 98 MPa
60. Calculate the maximum bending stress in the beam due to live load plus
impact.
A. 79 MPa C. 68 MPa
B. 62 MPa D. 56 MPa
61. Calculate the maximum average web shear stress in the beam due to live
load plus impact.
A. 7.6 MPa C. 9.1 MPa
B. 8.5 MPa D. 12.4 MPa
Situation 19 – The W450x86 beam is supported by a concrete wall and a 130-
mm- wide bearing plate as shown. The beam reaction is 250 kN. All steel are A36
steel with Fy = 248 MPa. Concrete strength f’c = 27.5 MPa.
Due to space consideration, the columns E and H are to be removed. This will make
girder BEHK support the beams DEF at E and GHI at H.
68. Calculate the maximum shear at B due to uniform and concentrated loads.
A. 321 kN C. 265 kN
B. 289 kN D. 253 kN
69. Calculate the maximum shear at E due to concentrated load only.
A. 300 kN B. 280 kN
C. 290 kN D. 270 kN
70. Calculate the maximum positive moment in the girder due to uniform load
only.
A. 11.72 kN-m C. 9.65 kN-m
B. 13.21 kN-m D. 10.12 kN-m
74. Calculate the nominal strength of the beam for positive moment neglecting
the contribution of the top reinforcement.
A. 567.2 kN-m C. 456.1 kN-m
B. 503.2 kN-m D. 526.5 kN-m
75. Calculate the nominal strength of the beam for negative moment.
A. 289.88 kN-m C. 432.12 kN-m
B. 321.98 kN-m D. 238.43 kN-m
76. Calculate the required nominal shear strength of the beam if it is subjected to
a factored shear of 220 kN.
A. 289.4 kN C. 258.8 kN
B. 269.5 kN D. 231.9 kN
Situation 24 – A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall
depth of 480 mm. The beam is simply supported over a span of 5 m. Steel strength
fy = 415 MPa and concrete strength f’c = 28 MPa. Concrete cover is over 70mm
from the centroid of the steel area. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3. Other
than the weight of the beam, the beam carries a superimposed dead load of 18
kN/m and live load of 14 kN/m. Use the strength design method.
89. Determine the initial stress at the bottom fibers due to prestressing force
along?
A. -42.3 MPa C. -52.8 MPa
B. -48.6 MPa D. -37.6 MPa
90. Determine the stress at the bottom fibers due to service load and
prestressing force. Assume that there is a loss of prestress of 20% at service
loads.
A. -8.9 MPa C. -12.32 MPa
B. -9.87 MPa D. -6.56 MPa
91. Calculate the additional load can the floor carry so that the stress at the
bottom fibers at the midspan is zero.
A. 5.43 kPa C. 4.89 kPa
B. 7.98 kPa D. 3.04 kPa
Situation 29 – A square footing is shown in the figure. The footing is to support a
350 mm x 400 mm column that carried an axial dead load of 740 kN and an axial
live load of 460 kN. Use f’c = 20.7 MPa and fy = 275 MPa. Main bar diameter is 20
mm, concrete cover from center of main bars = 90 mm.
92. Calculate the factored shear on footing at critical section for wide-beam
action.
A. 435 kN C. 504 kN
B. 612 kN D. 587 kN
93. Calculate the factored shear on footing at critical section for two-way action.
A. 1432 kN C. 1648 kN
B. 1873 kN D. 1256 kN
94. Determine the required number of 20-mm bars.
A. 15 C. 13
B. 17 D. 11
Situation 30 – Answer the following questions:
1A 11 B 21 C 31 C 41 C 51 C 61 B 71 A 81 D 91 D
2B 12 D 22 A 32 C 42 D 52 A 62 D 72 A 82 A 92 C
3B 13 A 23 B 33 D 43 A 53 C 63 C 73 D 83 C 93 C
4D 14 B 24 D 34 A 44 A 54 B 64 D 74 B 84 A 94 A
5A 15 D 25 D 35 D 45 A 55 D 65 C 75 A 85 B 95 C
6D 16 A 26 B 36 C 46 B 56 A 66 A 76 C 86 C 96 A
7B 17 C 27 D 37 B 47 A 57 A 67 A 77 C 87 C 97 B
8A 18 A 28 A 38 B 48 A 58 C 68 B 78 D 88 A 98 D
9D 19 B 29 A 39 D 49 C 59 D 69 D 79 D 89 B 99 B
10 B 20 C 30 D 40 B 50 C 60 C 70 A 80 B 90 A 100 A
Solutions
2.4
FABy = FAB = 0.7662 FAB
3.1321
∑MBD = 0
FACy(2.7) = W(0.9) 0.8FAC(2.7) = (0.9)
FAC = 0.4167 W
Set FAC = 15 kN W = 36 kN
∑MCE = 0
2(FABy)(2.7) = W(1.8) 5.4(0.7662FAB)= W(1.8)
FAB = 0.43501 W = FAD
Set FAB = 15 Kn
W = 34.482 kN (governs)
2
θ = arctan(3/1) = 71.565°
𝜋
Area, A = 4 (10)2 = 78.54 mm2
Weight of rod, W = 𝛾s Vs =
77,000[78.54/10002](25)
W = 154.189 N
𝑃𝐿 8,000(25,000)
𝛿1 = 𝛿1 =
𝐴𝐸 78.54(200,000)
𝛿 1 = 12.732 mm
Outside diameter, D =
Inside diameter, d = D – 2t =
Torque, T =
𝑤𝐿2 𝑤(6)2
M= 38 =
8 8
w = 8.444 kN/m
MA = 30(2)+ 10(2.8)(1.4)
MA = 99.2 kN-m
Maximum negative moment at B will occur when the uniform load is within CD
only. Total length = 3 m
Situation 1
Given:
P = -35i
Q = (45 cos 60°)i – (45 sin 60°)j
Q = 22.5i – 38.97j
Part 1:
Resultant, R = 80i
R=P+Q+S
80i = -35i + (22.5i-38.9j) + S
S = 92.5i + 38.97j
Sx = 92.5 kN , Sy = 38.97 kN
𝑆𝑦 38.91
𝛼 = arctan 𝛼 = arctan
𝑆𝑥 92.5
𝛼 = 22.85°
Part 2:
Resultant is horizontal
to the right with 𝛼 = 60°
R = P + Q + S = Rxi + 0j
Rxi = -35i + (22.5i – 38.97j)
+ S(cos 60° i + sin 60° j)
Rxi + 0j = (-12.5 0.5S)I +
(-38.97+0.866S)j
0 = -38.97 + 0.866S
S = 45 kN
Part 3:
P+Q+S=0
-35i + (22.5i – 38.97j) + S = 0
S = 12.5i + 38.97j
Sx = 12.5 kN
Sy = 38.97 kN
S = √12.52 + 38.972
S = 40.927 kN
Situation 2
Part 1:
The tensions in the cables are equal when their angles of inclination
are equal. Since A and C are on the same elevation, therefore x1 = x2 = 10.
Parts 2 & 3:
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑊
= =
sin 𝛼 sin 𝜃 sin 𝛽
50
T1 = sin 15.12°
sin 86.19° =
191.21 kN → Part 2
50
T2 = sin 15.12°
sin 78.69° =
187.92 kN
Length of cable:
L = x1 sec θ + x2 sec 𝛼
L = 5 sec 78.69° + 15 sec 86.19°
L = 20.13 m → Part 3
Situation 3
Parts 1 & 2:
Neglecting the weight of the plate:
∑MA = 0
2RB (1.35) = 1150 (0.45)
RB = 191.667 kN = RC
∑FV = 0
RA = 1150 – 2 (191.667)
RA = 766.67 kN
Part 3
Considering the weight of the plate:
W = 𝛾 s Vs
𝜋
W = 77 x 4
(1.8)2(0.45)
W = 8.817 kN
∑MA = 0
2RB (1.35) = 1150 (0.45) + 8.817(0.9)
RB = 194.61 kN = RC
Situation 4
18.915 𝑥 103
Stress in member AB, fAB = 𝜋
(16)2
4
At joint B:
∑FH = 0 FBC cos 30° = 19.2 + 18.915 cos 30°
FBC = 41.085 kN
41.085 𝑥 103
Stress in member BC, fBC =
6(76)
Situation 5
W1 = 18(12)
W1 = 216 kN
θ = arctan(3/6)
θ = 26.565°
T = W1 csc θ
T = 216 csc 26.565°
T = 483 kN
AV = T sin θ = 216 kN
Part 3:
When T = 360 kN
𝑊 216
θ = arcsin = arcsin = 36.87°
𝑇 360
Part 1:
𝑝𝐷 2.2(584)
σt = σt =
2𝑡 2(8)
σt = 80.3 MPa
Part 2:
pD 2.2(584)
σl = σl =
4t 4(8)
σl = 40.15 MPa
Part 3: Note: in thin walled cylindrical tanks, tangential stress twice as
critical as longitudinal stress.
Situation 7
𝜋
A= (280)2 = 61,575.2 mm2
4
𝜋
I= 64
(280)2 = 301.719 x 106 mm4
Total vertical load at the base:
𝜋
Pt = P + 𝛾Vol = 3 + 22 + 4
(0.28)2(3) = 7.064 kN
Part 3:
Shear, V = H = 450 N
Diameter, D =280 mm, r = 140mm
4𝑉 4(450)
Shear stress, fv = fv =
3𝜋𝑟 3𝜋(140)2
fv = 0.0097 MPa
Situation 8
Location of W:
Wx = 145(3)(1.5) + 290(3)(10.5)
x = 7.5 m
For the uniform pressure at the bottom of the barge, x = L/2.
L = 2(7.5)
L = 15 m → Part 1
𝑊 1305
Upward pressure, q = = = 87 kN/m
𝐿 15
Situation 9
Part 1:
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 2 𝑥 112(1.5)
q= q=
𝐿 7
q = 48 kN/m
Situation 10
From the influence diagram, the uniform load must be within AB and CD to
produce maximum area. The total length is 4 + 2 = 6 m
Situation 11
θ = arctan(0.9/2.7)
θ = 18.435°
∑FV = 0
2T sin θ = W
Part 1: T = 2kN
W = 2(2) sin 18.435°
W = 1.265 kN = 1265 N
𝑊 1265
Mass, M = M=
𝑔 9.81
M = 128.99 kg
Part 2:
M = 85 kg
By ratio and proportion from the previous question:
𝑇 2 𝑘𝑁
=
85 𝑘𝑔 128.99 𝑘𝑔
T = 1.318 kN
𝑇 1,318
Stress, ft = ft = 𝜋
𝐴𝑟 (10)2
4
ft = 16.78 MPa
Part 3:
Length of rod = 2 √2.72 + 0.92
Length of rod = 5.692 m
Situation 12
p = 11 MPa
q = 5 MPa
fV = 1 MPa
𝛼 = arctan(0.75/1.2)
𝛼 = 32°
At joint C: 2F sin𝛼 = 20
F = 18.868 kN
𝐹
Axial stress on member AC = = 1.258 MPa
100(150)
Considering R2:
𝑝𝑥𝑞
Fab = = 8.227 MPa
𝑝 sin2 𝜃 +𝑞 cos2 𝜃
R2 = fab x Aab 16,000 = 8.227 x y x 100
y = 19.45 mm
Shear: Fv = 1 MPa
R2 = F v + A v 16,000 = 1 x (100x)
x = 160 mm
Situation 13
P = Ft x A P = 148.8(3024)
P = 450 kN
P = Ft x A n P = 200(2196)
P =439.2 kN
Path 1:
Tension:
At = (63x2- 2x23)(12)
At = 960 mm2
AV = 2[63x2 +38
– 2.5x23](12)
AV =2556 mm2
P = Ft x A t + F V x A V
P = 200(960) +
120(2556)
P = 498.72 kN
Path 2:
Tension:
At = (63x3 - 2.5x23)(12)
At = 1578 mm2
AV = [63x2 + 38
– 2.5x23](12)
AV = 1278 mm2
P = Ft x A t + F V x A V
P = 200(1578) +
120(1278)
P = 468.96 kN
Situation 14
𝑤𝐿2 20(6)2
MA = - MA = -
12 12
MA = -60 kN-m
𝑤𝐿
Vmax = RA Vmax =
2
20(6)
Vmax = = 60 kN
2
𝑤𝐿4 20(6)(1000)4
𝛿 mid = 𝛿 mid =
384𝐸𝐼 200,000 (67.5𝑥106 )
𝛿 mid = 5 mm
Situation 15
Total load:
70(9.81)
w = 20 + = 20.834 kN/m
1000
𝑤𝐿2
Maximum moment, Mmax = MA = MB = -
12
20.834(10)2
Mmax = -
12
𝑤𝐿
Vmax =
2
Vmax = 104.168 kN
Q = ∑Ay
Q = 150(15)(210+7.5) + 210(10)(105)
Q = 709.875 x 103 mm3
t = 10 m
Situation 16
12(350)3
Ix = 266 x 106 + 2 x
12
Ix = 351.75 x 106 mm4
𝐼
rx = √𝑥 = 132.784 mm
𝐴
𝐾𝑋 𝐿𝑋 0.5(10,000)
LRx = = = 37.66 → Part 1
𝑟𝑥 132.784
𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 0.7(5,000)
LRy = = = 35.98 → Part 2
𝑟𝑦 97.28
𝐾𝐿
Maximum = 37.66 < Cc short column
𝑟
𝐾𝐿
𝑟 37.66
𝛼= 𝛼=
𝐶𝑐 126.17
𝛼 = 0.2984
5 3 𝛼3
FS = + 𝛼− FS = 1.775
3 8 8
𝛼2 𝐹𝑦
Fa = (1 − ) Fa = 133.476 MPa
2 𝐹𝑆
P = Fa x A P = 133.476(19,950)
P = 2662.8 kN → Part 3
Situation 17
A = 2A1
A = 2(4560)
A = 9,120 mm2
Ix = 2Ix1
Ix = 2(38.1 x 106)
Ix = 76.2 x 106
Iy = 2(Iy1 + A x12)
Iy = 2 [2.91x106 + 4560(69)2]
Iy = 49.24 x 106 mm4
𝐼 76.2 𝑥 106
rx = √𝑥 rx = √ = 91.41 mm
𝐴 9,120
𝐼 49.24 𝑥 106
ry = √𝑦 ry = √ = 73.48 mm
𝐴 9,120
Part 1:
Axial load = 900 kN
Axial compressive stress:
𝑃 900,000
fa = fa =
𝐴 9,120
fa = 98.68 MPa
Part 2:
Moment about x-asis, Mx = 70 kN-m
Bending stress:
250
𝑀𝑥 𝑐 70𝑥106 ( )
2
fb = fb =
𝐼𝑥 76.2 𝑥 106
fb = 114.83 MPa
𝐾𝐿 1(4000)
(𝑟) = = 43.76
𝑥 91.407
𝐾𝐿 1(4000)
(𝑟) = = 54.44 ← Critical
𝑦 74.48
Situation 18
Moment of inertia of the beam with cover plate:
260(16)3 2
Ix = 2662 x 106 + 2 x [ 12
+ 260 (16)(433 )
Ix = 4,222 x 106
𝑤𝑑 𝐿2 12(25)2
MD = MD =
8 8
MD = 937.5 kN-m
(𝑃𝐿−𝑃𝑑)2
Mmax =
4𝑃𝐿
(90(25)−18(4.3))^2
Mmax = = 524.466 kN-m
4(90)(25)
15 15
Impact factor = = = 0.2419 < 0.3 (ok)
𝐿+ 37 25+37
Maximum shear occurs at the reaction where the heaviest load is nearest.
∑MR1 = 0 25 R2 = 18(20.7) + 72(25)
R2 = 86.904 kN
𝑉 107.93 𝑥 103
fv ave = fv ave =
𝑑𝑡𝑤 850(15)
fv ave = 8.465 MPa
Situation 19
Part 1:
Load, P = 250 kN
Allowable bearing stress of concrete, Fp = 0.35f’c = 9.625 MPa
Part 2:
Actual bearing pressure:
𝑃
fp = =
130(200)
9.615 MPa
x = 100 – k = 62 MPa
3𝑓𝑝 𝑥 2
t= √
𝐹𝑏
3(9.61)(62)2
t =√
0.75(248)
t = 24.4 mm
Part 3: Web yielding stress at toe of fillet (end reaction):
𝑃 250,000
fa = fa =
(𝑁+2.5𝑘)𝑡𝑤 [130+2.5(38)]10
fa = 111.11 MPa
Situation 20
Loads:
Dead load:
wd = beam weight + slab weight + dead load pressure
wd = 𝛾c Ab + 𝛾c Ac + pd x S
wd = 23.5(0.52)(0.28) + 23.5(2.5)(0.11) + 3(2.5)
wd = 17.384 kN/m → Part 1
Live load:
w1 =pl x S w1 = 5.2(2.5)
w1 = 13 kN/m → Part 2
In Figure (2):
VE1 = 270 kN
VE2 = 270 – 270 = 0
VEmax = 270 kN
Situation 22
Given: P = 1200 kN L = 2.5 m
M = 360 kN-m Thickness of concrete, hC = 0.7 m
B = 3m Thickness of soil, hS = 1.5 m
M 360
Eccentricity, e = e=
P 1200
e = 0.3 m < (B/6 = 0.5 m) OK
Net foundation pressure:
P 6M 1200 6(360)
q= - ± 2 q=- ± 2
L(B) LB 2.5(3) 2.5(3)
q= -256 kPa and -64 kPa
Situation 23
π
Top bar, As1 = 3 x (25)2 = 1473 mm2
4
π
Bottom bar, As2 = 5 x (25)2 = 2454 mm2
4
Flange area, Af = 1100(120) = 132,000 mm2
Effective Depth, d = 590 -70 = 520 mm
600d
Balance, cbalance = = 307 mm
600 + fy
Ac = bf x a 57,602 = 1100 x a
a= 51.9 mm
T = Cc + C’s
c -d'
fs = 600 a = β1c
c
c - 70
1473(415) = 0.85(21)(0.85c)(340) + 2454 x 600
c
c = 80.68 mm < cbalance (fs = fy)
80.68 - 70
f’s = 600 = 79.425 MPa < fy (OK)
80.68
a= β1c = 68.6mm
Vu 220
Nominal shear strength, Vn = = = 258.82 kN
Φ 0.85
Situation 24
Given: b = 300 mm f’c = 28 MPa
d = 480 – 70 = 410 mm β1 = 0.85
fy = 415 MPa ρmin = 1.4/fy = 0.00337
Bar diameter, db = 20 mm
Part 1:
Factored load, wu = 1.4(3.384 + 18) + 1.7(14)
Factored load, wu = 53.738 kN/m
wu L2 53.738(5)2
Mu = Mu =
8 8
Mu = 167.93 kN∙m
Part 2:
Mu = 280 kN∙m
ρmaxfy
ωmax = ωmax = 0.03203
f'c
Ru max = f’c ωmax(1 – 0.59 ωmax) = 7.274
Mu max = Φ Ru max b d2 = 330.14 kN∙m
Required Mu = 280 kN∙m < Mu max (singly reinforced)
0.85f'c 2R u
ρ= [1-√1- ]
fy 0.85f'c
0.85(28) 2(6.169)
ρ= [1-√1- ] = 0.01755 > ρmin
415 0.85(28)
As = ρ b d As = 0.01755(300)(410)
As = 2159 mm2
π π
As = db2 N 2159 = (20)2 N
4 4
N = 6.9 say 7 bars
Part 3:
Part 3:
Pu = 240 kN at midspan
Mua = 167.93 kN∙m (From part 1)
Pu L
Mu = + 167.93 = 467.93 kN∙m > Mu max (doubly)
4
Mu1 = Mu max = 330.14 kN∙m
As1 = As max = 2,658 mm2
π π
As = db2 N 3,743 = (20)2 N
4 4
N = 11.9 say 12 bars
Situation 25
Part 1:
Geometric centroid:
A1 = 300(25) = 75,000 mm2
x1 = 125 mm
A = A1 + A2 = 138,000 mm2
75,000(125) + 63,000(425)
x̅ =
138,000
x̅ = 262 mm
π
Cs1 = As1 fy Cs1 = 6 x (20)2(414)
4
xcs1 = 125 mm Cs1 = 780.37 kN
π
Cs2 = As2 fy Cs1 = 4 x (28)2(414)
4
xcs1 = 516 mm Cs1 = 1019.69 kN
Resultant Force, C = Cc1 + Cc2 + Cs1 + Cs2
Resultant Force, C = 5084.46 kN
x̅ = 291.9 mm
Part 3:
The eccentricity of a column load is the
distance from the load to the plastic
centroid of the column
Mu = Pu x e
Mu = 3200 x 0.11
Mu = 352 kN∙m
Situation 26
bw = 450 mm fy = 415 MPa
h = 600 mm Allowable shear stress of concrete, Fvc = 0.816 MPa
f’c = 21 MPa
Part 1:
Vs = 375 kN
Vn = Vc + V s Vn = 196.64 + 375
Vn = 571.64 kN
Vu = ΦVn Vu = 0.85(571.64)
Vu = 485.89 kN
Part 2:
s = 230 mm
π
Av = 3 x (12)2 = 339.29 mm2
4
A v fy d 339.29(415)(535.5)
Vs = Vs =
s 230
Vs = 327.83 kN
Vn = Vc + V s Vn = 196.64 + 327.83
Vn = 524.47 kN
Vu = ΦVn Vu = 0.85(524.47)
Vu = 445.8 kN
Part 3:
Vu = 450 kN
Vu 450
Vs = – Vc Vs = – 196.64
Φ 0.85
Vs = 332.78 kN
A v fy d 339.29(415)(535.5)
s= s=
Vs 332.78
s = 226.6 mm
s = 208 mm
a) b/4 = 112.5 mm
b) 6(25) = 150 mm
350 - hx
c) 100 +
3
hx = ½(600 – 2 x 40) – ½(12) + ½(25) + ½(12)
hx = 272.5 mm
350 - hx
100 + = 126 mm
3
Therefore, use s = 112.5 mm
Situation 27
The compressive stress at the top and bottom of the beam due to P is given by
the formula:
Pe 6Pe e
fc = - ± 2 (+) for top fiber, (-) for bottom fiber
bh bh
Part 1:
When e = 0;
3
P 1275 x 10
fc = fc =
bh 300(600)
fc = -7.08 MPa
Part 2:
3 3
P 6Pe e 1275 x 10 6(1275 x 10 )(120)
fc top = - + 2 fc top = - + 2
bh bh 300(600) 300(600)
fc top = 1.417 MPa
3 3
P 6Pe e 1275 x 10 6(1275 x 10 )(120)
fc bot = - - 2 fc bot = - - 2
bh bh 300(600) 300(600)
fc bot = -15.583 MPa
Part 3:
Since the stress at the top is zero, P acts at h/3 from the bottom of the
beam, or e = h/2 – h/3 = h/6
e = 600/6
e = 100 mm
Situation 28
Loads:
wd = pd x b = 2.5(2.5) = 6.25 kN/m
wl = pl x b = 6(2.25) = 15 kN/m
wb = 𝛾c A = 23.5 x (220,000/10002) = 5.17 kN/m
Total service load, w = wd + wl + wb = 26.42 kN/m
𝑤𝐿2 26.42(8)2
Moment at midspan, M = = = 211.36 kN-m
8 8
The additional load must induce a stress of 8.689 MPa at the bottom
fibers.
𝑀𝑎 𝑐 𝑀(270)
fbot = 8.689 =
𝐼 1890 𝑥 106
M = 60.822 kN-m
𝑤𝑎 𝐿2 𝑤𝑎 (8)2
M= 60.822 =
8 8
w = 7.603 kN/m
𝑤 7.603
pa = pa =
𝑏 2.5
pa = 3.04 kPa
Situation 29
Dead load, PD = 740 kN
Live load, PL = 460 kN
𝑃𝑢 1,818
Factored base pressure, qU = = = 315.625 kPa
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 2.4(2.4)
d = 0.36 m
Part 3:
x = ½ (2.4-0.35) = 1.025 m
Mu = qu x 2.4(x)(x/2)
Mu = 315.625 (2.4)(1.025)2/2
Mu = 397.924 kN-m
Mu = φ Ru b d2
397.924 𝑥 106
Ru =
0.90(2400)(360)2
Ru = 1.421 MPa
0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝑢 2𝑅
ρ= [1 − √1 − 0.85𝑓 ′]
𝑓𝑦 𝑐
0.85(20.7) 2(1.421)
ρ= [1 − √1 − 0.85(20.7)]
275
ρ = 0.0054 > (ρmin = 1.4/fy = 0.00509)
As = ρ b d As = 0.0054(2400)(360)
As = 4663 mm2
𝐴𝑠 4663
N= N= 𝜋
𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑟 (20)2
4
N= 14.8 sa 15 bars