DESIGN AND FABRICATIONOFAUTOMATIC CENTRE

STAND FORTWO-WHEELER

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

BENNY ROBINSON.M [921315114035]

BHARATHI RAJA.M [921315114037]

CHANDRA BOSE.V [921315114041]

DEEPAK.K [921315114046]

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PSNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, DINDIGUL

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2018
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 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

AUTOMATIC CENTRE STAND FOR TWO-WHEELER” is the bonafide
work of

“BENNY ROBINSON.M (921315114035),BHARATHI RAJA.M

(921315114037 ),CHANDRA BOSE.V (921315114041),DEEPAK.K
(921315114046)” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr. V. Paramasivam M.E., Ph.d., Mr.S.B.Viswanath M.E,

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

(Department of Mechanical Engg.) Assistant professor

PSNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Department of Mechanical Engg.

&TECHNOLOGY . PSNA COLLEGE OF

Kothandaramannagar, ENGINEERING &

Dindigul. TECHNOLOGY , Dindigul

Submitted for viva voce held on ______April 2018.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work entitled “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

AUTOMATIC CENTRE STAND FOR TWO WHEELER” is submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree inB.E Anna
University, Chennai, is a record of our own work carried out during the academic
year 2017-2018, under the guidance of Mr.S.B.Viswanath M.E., Assistant
professor and under the supervision Dr.V.PARAMASIVAM M.E., Ph.D., Head
of the Department, Department of Mechanical Engineering, PSNA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY. The extent and source of information are
derived from the existing literature and have been indicated through dissertation at
the appropriate places. The matter embodied in this work is original and has not
been submitted for the award of any degree or diploma, either in this or any other
University.

M.BENNY ROBINSON (921315114035)

M.BHARATHI RAJA (921315114037)

V.CHANDRA BOSE (921315114041)

K.DEEPAK (921315114046)

(Signature of the candidates)

I certify that the declaration made above by the candidates is true.

Signature of the Guide

Mr.S.B. VISWANATH M.E.,

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like convey our heart full thanks to the management of PSNA
College of Engineering and Technology, Dindigul , who gave an opportunity to
undergo our graduation degree through providing excellent infrastructure facilities.

We greatly express our deep sense of gratitude and respect to our principal
Dr.N.MAHENDRAN M.E., Ph.D., for being a beacon in guiding everyone of us
and infusing us the strength and enthusiasm to work over successfully.

We express our sincere thanks and heartfelt gratitude to

Dr.V.VASUDEVAN M.E., Ph.D., Head of the Department,
Dr.V.PARAMASIVAM M.E., Ph.D., Head of the Department (U.G Courses),
Dr.S.RAJA M.E.,Ph.D., (Cordinator for 3rd year), and other Professors,
Department of Mechanical Engineering for their valuable suggestions and
continuous encouragement in the completion of the project work.

We are very proud to extend our sincere thanks and gratitude to the
Supervisor, Dr.V.PARAMASIVAM M.E., Ph.D., Head of the Department and
the Guide Mr.S.B.VISWANATH M.E., Assistant Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering for their excellent supervision, guidance, advice and
encouragement throughout the project development.

We express our thanks to all the Teaching and Non-Teaching staff

members of Department of Mechanical Engineering for their wholehearted
involvement in enhancing our theme to successful project and very special mention
for ourparents in assisting in our education and care they have taken from the very
beginning

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 ABSTRACT

Most modern scooters come with both a side stand and a centre
stand. The side stand is easily deployed allowing the scooter to lean to the left side.
The scooter must be hoisted up onto the center stand. This is normally difficult as
these stands need to be stepped upon and the vehicle needs to be lifted manually.
Unless on firm, leveled ground, the side stand on a scooter or any bike cannot be
trusted whose wheels cannot be locked in place by setting a parking brake or
leaving it in gear.In this paper, an automated centre stand is designed and
fabricated which uses a linear actuator powered by a battery to lower the stand and
lift the vehicle and park it on the stand.

The present idea relates to an improved automatically extendable

and retractable center stand for motorcycles, an improved linear actuator, and
methods for using such stand and actuator. The upper stand unit comprises a drive
unit and linear actuators driven by the drive unit. The linear actuators further
comprise rotary-to-linear motion conversion mechanisms.A lower stand unit is
pivotally mounted for movement between a retracted position and ground
contactable position by the linear actuators. Electric circuitry components
comprising on-off switching components ,which consists of toggle switch
,connecting wires etc This stand minimizes human efforts to almost zero. In
addition, the self balancing mechanism was firmly established which lifts the
scooter upright on uneven surfaces. As a result, it has become possible to install
this automated centre stand in mass production scooter.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO .

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION 2

1.1 Recognize of need 3

1.2 Problem definition 4

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 4

3. PROCEDURE OF PROJECT 8

3.1 Main components 9

3.2 Diagramatic representation 10

3.2.1 3D MODELLING Diagram 13

3.2.2 Linear actuator diagram 16

3.3 Working 17

4. DESIGN CALCULATION 20

5. COMPONENTS USED 27

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5.1.1 Linear Actuator 27

5.1.2 12V-Battery 33

5.1.3 Switch 35

5.1.4 Shaft 36

5.1.5 Bush 37

5.1.6 Flat Plate 38

5.2 Advantages 40

5.3 Disadvantages 41

5.4 Applications 41

6. COSTING 44

6.1 Budget 45

7. CONCLUSION 46

8. REFERENCES 47

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 INTRODUCTION

Conventional method of applying a centre stand requires lot of human

efforts. Hence, applying scooter on the centre stand is a herculean task, especially
for ladies and old people. Due to this, they hardly apply centre stand. This device
the Automatic Stand for two-wheeler for standing the vehicle garages has been
developed to later the needs of two wheeler automobile garages. In most of the
garages the vehicles are standing by using spring with liver stand. This needs high
man power requirement and impact forces. In order to avoid all such
disadvantages, this Automatic stand for two-wheeler has been designed in such a
way that it can be used to stand the vehicle very smoothly without any impact
force. The operation is made be simple that even any person can handled, by just
pressing the button.Now the project has mainly concentrated on this difficulty, and
hence a suitable motorized unit has been designed. Such that the vehicles can be
stand the floor land without application of any impact force. By pressing the button
in the dashboard, the motor will activates the stand automatically. The fabrication
part of it has been considered with almost case for its simplicity and economy,
such that this can be accommodated as one of the essential tools on automobile
garages.Here we introduce automated centre stand which is easy to apply and
requires no man power.As a replacement to man power, a linear actuator driven by
battery is used. The operation is controlled by a toggle switch which lifts the lower
unit of stand assembly and apparently brings it down in order to lift the scooter. In
addition, meshing of rack in rack, i.e. a self balancing mechanism helps the scooter
to stand upright on uneven surfaces. Moreover, it is not possible to change the
position from that of present one. Usually the stand is deployed under the engine
where the ground clearance is minimum.

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1.1 RECOGNIZE OF NEED

On surveying, it was found that around 72% males and 28% females drive
scooters. Among those 72% males, around 20% are oldies and remaining are
adults. Mostly females and old people find it difficult to apply centre stand and
hence this made us develop and make it automated. Moreover, applying a side
stand;

 Develops fatigue in stand.

 Increases chances of accident.

 Requires more parking space.

 Reduces battery life since the electrolyte is in constant touch with electrode.

Whereas, applying a centre stand manually;

 Requires more effort for application.
 May cause back and/or leg injuries.

Due to above described problems, centre stand is hardly used. However, the centre
stand cannot be used on uneven surfaces.

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1.2 PROBLEM DEFINITION:

The automated centre stand assembly is more like a metallic rectangular box. It is
fixed at the same location that of the conventional stand. It has two main parts; the
lower unit and the upper unit. The upper unit is pivoted to the scooter frame and
the lower unit is joined to a curved surface for easy lifting. The linear actuator is
powered by automobile battery, controlled by toggle DPDT switch which changes
the polarities of the supply. The linear actuator is pivoted at the centre of the stand
assembly which distributes load equally on both the limbs of the stand. A pair of
interlocking racks helps to balance the scooter upright.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of

current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic.

Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or

original experimental work.

Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as theses, a literature

review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its ultimate goal is

to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis

for another goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area.

A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas,

current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style;

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proper use of terminology; and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the

previous research on the topic.

A motorcycle ride off stand comprising: an elongated, open ended support sleeve

for fixed securement to a motorcycle frame; a pair of ground engaging legs carried

within the opposite open ends of said sleeve for pivotal movement between

retracted and ground engaging positions; stop means carried by said pair of legs

and said support sleeve and operative to limit the extent of relative pivotal

movement between said support sleeve and said legs; a central coupling within

said sleeve; means securing said central coupling to said pair of legs for common

rotation of said legs within said sleeve; and torsion spring means located within

said sleeve and about the inner extremity of at least one of said legs, and

operatively connected to said sleeve and to said one of said legs to exert its bias to

rotate said legs downwardly and upwardly from said ground engaging positions to

said retracted positions.

A retractable stand for mounting on a motorcycle to support the same upright with

it front wheel spaced above ground level, comprising: A. a stand member in the

form of a rod of the configuration of an inverted letter U with two legs extending

from a cross-bar to swing downwardly and forwardly from a first upper rearward

retracted position to a second lower forwardly inclined effective position for

supporting the motorcycle; B. a pair of bracket plates for mounting on the

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motorcycle on the forward part of the frame of the motorcycle, said plates being

spaced apart from each other and having corresponding coaxial bushings

journaling said stand member, and each of said plates being provided with a

plurality of spaced apertures to receive screw means for fixedly anchoring the plate

to the motorcycle; at least one of said plates having a laterally extending

projection; and at least one of said plates having an accurate slot spaced from its

bushing, the radius of curvature of the arc of said slot radiating from the axis of the

bushing; C. stop means to limit the swinging movement of the stand member

between said two positions, said stop means comprising an element parallel to and

spaced from the axis of the bushings, said element having a first end disposed

horizontally to extend through the accurate slot in said plate for movement therein;

and means securing the second end of said element to the cross-bar of the U-

shaped stand member to maintain said disposition of the first end in said accurate

slot; and D. a Tension spring connected at one end to said projection and at the

other end to one of said legs, the points of connection of the spring with the

projection and leg being positioned for the spring to swing past center as the stand

member swings between said two positions, whereby the spring yieldingly holds

the stand member at either of said two positions.

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 PATENT JOURNAL NAME YEAR INVENTO
S.N NAME S OF R NAME
O ISSUE

US3591202 MOTORCYCLERIDEO 1971 HARALD

FF STAND
1 H LARSEN

US365836 Automatic motorcycle

0 stand using actuator
2 1999 Huo-shin
mechanism
Su

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3. PROCEDURE OF PROJECT

 When the switch is turned on, the linear actuator pivoted at the centre of the
stand assembly actuates and pushes the stand downwards.

 Battery of 12v dc rechargeable cell which is used to supply the source of

power to the linear actuator.

 A toggle switch is used to reverse the polarity so that the linear actuator
transmits forward and backward motion in response.

 A linear actuator is an actuator that creates motion in a straight line, in

contrast to the circular motion of a conventional electric motor.

 On touching the ground, it is not possible for the stand to move any further
and hence the scooter gets lifted gradually.

 On full displacement of the actuator, the stand is in applied position.

 The actuator cannot be manually displaced which gives an additional benefit

in respect to road safety

 On reversing the polarity through the toggle switch, the actuator starts to
displace in reverse direction and hence lifting the stand and lowering the
scooter back onto the wheels .

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3.1 MAIN COMPONENTS

 Linear actuator

 Modified center stand

 Battery

 Bracket

 Toggle switch

 Flat plate

 Shaft

 Bush

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3.2 DIGRAMATIC REPRESENTATION

a.) FRONT VIEW OF AUTOMATIC CENTER STAND

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 b.)TOP VIEW OF AUTOMATIC CENTER STAND

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 c.)SIDE VIEW OF AUTOMATIC CENTER STAND

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3.2.1 3D MODELING DIAGRAM

a.) 3D MODEL DIAGRAM 1

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 b.) 3D MODEL DIAGRAM 2

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 c.) 3D MODEL DIAGRAM 3

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3.2.2 LINEAR ACTUATOR DIAGRAM

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3.3 WORKING:

 The process begins with the design of the modified stand so that the it

facilitates the actuator along with the other supporting components

 The stand is machined at the lathe according to specified dimensions

and operation is continued till it reaches the requirements and is placed

in the machine vice bent slightly to hold the weight of the motor cycle.

 The mild steel plate of the required width and breadth is selected and

therefore the actuator is placed on the thatplate to initiate the linear

motion.

 DPDT in electrical engineering a switch is an electrical component that

can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting. IT

from one conductor to another. The mechanism of a switch may be

operated directly by a human operator to control a circuit. The most

familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical

device with one or more sets of electrical contacts which are connected

to external circuits

 The dash pad switch was activated at the time of stand condition. The

control signal is given to the motor, when the button is activated.

 When the switch is turned on, the linear actuator fixed at the center of

the stand assembly actuates and pushes the stand downwards.

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  A linear actuator is an actuator that creates motion in a straight line, in

contrast to the circular motion of conventional electric motor.The

actuator has a stroke length which is used to flip the stand up and down.

 A linear actuator having the capacity of 6000N and 100mm stoke is

employed to give the required translating motion so that the flat plate

pivoted at the shaft connected at the end of the actuator rod gives the

rotational movement and the stand attached at the end of the shaft also

rotates upto 90 degree.

 As in the configuration , the pivot with tab attached at end of the shaft

is connected to the actuator and screwed up tightly with bolts.

 The battery voltage is 12 volts and 7 ampere hour is the defined voltage

for the actuator, it powers the actuator for performing the actions.

 The shaft is machined at both end for fixing the modified stand in

required position and washers are attached at both ends of shaft for

support.

 The bush type bearing is added to support the shaft and ensure that the

movement is continued smoothly without any hinderance. And the

grease is applied into inner portion of the bearing to prevent the

frictional resistance developed.

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  The shaft of diameter corresponding to required dimensions and the mild

steel material is selected to the operation and is given to the lathe for turning

and facing operations. The shaft is machined at both end for fixing the

modified stand in required position and washers are attached at both ends of

shaft for support.

 The supporting rod is inserted and welded between the two designed stand

for withstanding the load developed during the application of flipping the

stand up and down.

 The tabs generally called as flat plate are used for connecting actuator

through tightening the bolts ,screws and fixing the one end of the actuator

by welding and the other end where the rod of actuator transmitting motion

is screwed upto the flat plate and welded at the corresponding portion of the

shaft

 After the full displacement of the actuator , the stand will rotate to achieve

the vertical position and hence lowering the stand gradually to ground

contact.

 On reversing the polarity through the toggle switch, the actuator starts to

displace in reverse direction and hence lifting the stand to initial position.

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4. DESIGN CALCULATION

1.)DESIGN OF SHAFT:

Standard sizes of Shafts:

Typical sizes of solid shaft that are available in the market are,

 Up to 25 mm - 0.5 mm increments

 25 to 50 mm - 1.0 mm increments

 50 to 100 mm - 2.0 mm increments

 100 to 200 mm - 5.0 mm increments

Material for Shafts:

 Hot-rolled plain carbon steel

 Cold-drawn plain carbon/alloy composition

 Alloy steels

 2.Design based on Strength:

 The diameter of the shaft = 2.54 cm

 Bending stress:

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 Where,

 M :Bending moment at the point of load acting;

 do : Outer diameter of the shaft;

 k : Ratio of inner to outer diameters of the shaft;

 Stress due to torsion:

Where,

 T :Torque on the shaft

 τ xy: Shear stress due to torsion

 Force analysis of lever:

 Consider, a lever of L1 & L2 Which have

 σB= Bending Stress ; Z = Section Modulus ; M = Bending

Moment ; 𝜏 = shear Stress ; σcr = Crushing Stress

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 LEVER 1:

LEVER 2:

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SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT FOR LEVER1:

a. Load diagram

b. Shear force diagram

b. Bending Moment diagram

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 Shear force & bending moment for lever 2 (L2):
a. Load diagram

b. Shear force diagram

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 c. Bending Moment diagram

Design of bolt :

Consider, the material of Bolt in SAE 1030 of FOS = 2[3]

Now, Sys = 183 N/mm2
τ = Sys/FOS[3] = 183/2 = 91.5 N-mm2
𝜎cr (all) = 2∗Sys = 2∗183 = 366 N/mm2
Diameter of Bolt = 8 mm

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 Shear stress = FBL1/ πdl = 2400/πdl = 3.41 ˂ 91.5
Crashing stress = FBL1/𝜋4×𝑑2 = 2400/𝜋4×64 = 47.74 N/mm2
47.74 <𝜎cr
∴Design in safe for Bolt (1)
Bolt (2)
Shear stress = FDL1/𝜋𝑑𝐿 = 2115/𝜋×8×28 = 3 N/mm2 3 <𝜏 (𝑎𝑙𝑙)
Crashing stress = FDL2/𝜋4×(𝑑)2 = 2115/𝜋4×64 = 42 N/mm2
42 <𝜎cr (all)
∴Design is safe for Bolt (2)

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5 COMPONENTS USED

5.1.1 Linear Actuator

A linear actuator is an actuator that creates motion in a straight line, in contrast to

the circular motion of a conventional electric motor. Linear actuators are used in
machine tools and industrial machinery, in computer peripherals such as disk
drives and printers, in valves and dampers, and in many other places where linear
motion is required.

Actuation Methods

 Mechanical actuation is used to covert rotary motion of a screw thread or

gear into linear displacement and force. Examples include a car jack, laser
position, and other positioning instrumentation.

 Electrical actuation uses electrically driven motors to drive the actuator.

 Hydraulic actuation is performed by hydraulic actuators or cylinders. They

use fluid pressure actuated by a linear motion piston within an enclosed
cylinders. There are two isolated sides of the hydraulic piston. One side is
pressurized or de-pressurized to achieve the linear motion of the piston,
causing movement. A common example of a hydraulic actuator is an
automotive repair lift.

 Pneumatic actuation, also called air actuation, uses air pressure to actuate a
piston within a cylinder. Their function is similar to that of a hydraulic
actuator except the actuating fluid is air.

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  Electro hydraulic actuation is done with a self-contained electrically-
driven hydraulic pump used to drive cylinders or actuators.

Types of Linear Actuators

Linear actuators can be divided into three types: screw, belt, and rod type.

Screw Type

Screw type linear actuators generate motion via a turning screw. Types of
screws include a motor-driven ball screw, or lead screw. The load is attached
to the end of the screw and is unsupported.

Lead screw actuators have a threaded nut which moves with respect to the
screw. This generates motion in whichever element is not fixed. This
technology is simple, economical, and widely used. All the screws in screw
type actuators are made of lead, but term 'lead screw actuator' is commonly
used for this design. The disadvantages of this design include the amount of
wear that occurs between the surfaces of the nut and the threads of the
screw, which reduces lifetime, efficiency, speed, and performance. Lead
screw actuators are best used when performance trade-offs are acceptable
and when the application requires a lighter load and duty cycle.

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 Ball screws are lead screw and ball nut combinations that enable the balls in
the nut to circulate when the actuator is in motion. The motion of the nut
around the screw is assisted by the ball bearings. This reduces friction,
distributes the load, and increases the lifetime predictability over a lead
screw design. The advantages of ball screws include the ability to take heavy
loads, deliver precision positioning, and higher efficiency and thrust
capabilities than a lead screw actuator. The disadvantages associated with
ball screws is that they are more expensive, generate more noise, and the
bearings can become contaminated reducing performance or causing failure.

Planetary roller screw uses a planetary arrangement of threaded rollers

surrounding the main threaded shaft. This increases the surface area that
takes the load and offers the highest possible thrust and lifetime of the screw
type actuators. Planetary roller screws are the most expensive type of screw

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 actuator but they have the best performance for demanding applications that
require high thrust force.

Belt Type

Electric linear actuators with belt drives, geared drives, and direct drives are
also available.

Belt drives connect the motor to the actuator with a belt. This type of
actuator is best used when the application is horizontal and requires speed
and force. They are generally not used in vertical applications since
breakage of the belt could put the load into free-fall. The disadvantage of
using a belt drive is that it has a lower repeatability than the alternatives and
the belt requires regular tensioning. Belt drives have low noise and
complexity.

Belt drives. Image Credit: Machine Design

Geared drives connect the motor to the actuator with a set of gears. Gears
used in motors are external type gears such as spur, helical, and herringbone
designs.

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 Direct drives connect the motor directly to the electric linear actuator. This
method takes the power coming from a motor without any reductions. Direct
drives offer increased efficiency, longer lifetime, and less noise; however,
direct drives do require a special motor that is best used for application with
a relatively high torque at very low speeds and requires a more precise
control mechanism.

Rod Type

Rod style actuators are distinguished by the thrust element (rod) moving out
of the end of the actuator as the motion takes place. This type of actuator
produces more force and excels at applications which require thrust since
there is room inside the casing for a larger bearing mechanism. The housing
is also sealed from dust and debris that could cause the actuator to wear or
fail. Rod style actuators do not provide the support that some loads need
since they are only supported by a nut at one end. In this design the mass
from the rod can cause sag, compromising rigidity and increasing wear
against bearing elements. Rod style is best used when the load does not need
to be placed or held in a precise location.

Rodless style actuators have the screw completely encased by the housing
and this moves the load on a platform that rides along the top of the actuator.
This style supports the load and provides a guidance structure since the
device is supported by a nut at both ends. This smaller footprint is also less
subject to screw whip, also known as critical speed. Due to the narrow slits
that run the length of the actuator, rod less actuators cannot be sealed for wet
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 environments. The narrow slits permit the load bearing platform to couple to
and move with the nut.

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 Dimensions of linear actuator

5.1.2 Battery

An electric battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that

convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell contains a positive
terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. Electrolytes allow ions to
move between the electrodes and terminals, which allows current to flow out of the
battery to perform work.

ESR (Equivalent Series Resistance) is the internal resistance present in any cell
that limits the amount of peak current it can deliver. The Amp-hour capacity of a
battery (or cell) is its most important figure of merit: it is defined as the amount of

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current that a battery can deliver for 1 hour before the battery voltage reaches the
end-of-life point. The "c" rate is a current that is numerically equal to the A-hr
rating of the cell. Charge and discharge currents are typically expressed in fractions
or multiples of the c rate. The MPV (mid-point voltage) is the nominal voltage of
the cell, and is the voltage that is measured when the battery has discharged 50%
of its total energy. The measured cell voltage at the end of its operating life is
called the EODV, which stands for End of Discharge Voltage (some manufacturers
refer to this as EOL or End of Life voltage). The gravimetric energy density of a
battery is a measure of how much energy a battery contains in comparison to its
weight. The volumetric energy density of a battery is a measure of how much
energy a battery contains in comparison to its volume. A constant-voltage charger
is a circuit that recharges a battery by sourcing only enough current to force the
battery voltage to a fixed value. A constant-current charger is a circuit that charges
a battery by sourcing a fixed current into the battery, regardless of battery voltage.

Lead Acid Batteries

Lead Acid batteries (image above) are the workhorse batteries of industry. They
are incredibly cheap, rechargeable,

and easily available. Lead acid batteries are used in machinery, UPS's
(uninterruptable power supply), robotics, and

other systems where a lot of power is needed and weight is not as important. Lead
acid batteries come in 2V cells, that

means you can have a battery with an even number of volts. The most common
voltages are 2V, 6V, 12V and 24V.

Pros: Cheap, powerful, easily rechargeable, high power output capability.

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Cons: Very heavy, batteries tend to be very large bricks because power density is
very low.

Prices: A 12V lead acid battery with 7Ah of charge should run about $25.

Power Density: 7 Wh/kg.

5.1.3 Toggle switch

In electrical engineering this switch is an electrical component that can break an

electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to
another. The mechanism of a switch may be operated directly by a human operator
to control a circuit.

A toggle switch is a class of electrical switches that are manually actuated by a

mechanical lever, handle, or rocking mechanism.

Toggle switches are available in many different styles and sizes, and are used in
numerous applications. Many are designed to provide the simultaneous actuation
of multiple sets of electrical contacts, or the control of large amounts of electric
current or mains voltages.

The word "toggle" is a reference to a kind of mechanism or joint consisting of two

arms, which are almost in line with each other, connected with an elbow-like pivot.
However, the phrase "toggle switch" is applied to a switch with a short handle and
a positive snap-action, whether it actually contains a toggle mechanism or not.
Similarly, a switch where a definitive click is heard, is called a "positive on-off
switch".A very common use of this type of switch is to switch lights or other
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electrical equipment on or off. Multiple toggle switches may be mechanically
interlocked to prevent forbidden combinations.

5.1.4 Shaft

A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft (prop shaft), or Cardan
shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torque and rotation, usually used
to connect other components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly
because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them.

As torque carriers, drive shafts are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to
the difference between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be strong
enough to bear the stress, while avoiding too much additional weight as that would
in turn increase their inertia.

To allow for variations in the alignment and distance between the driving and
driven components, drive shafts frequently incorporate one or more universal

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joints, jaw couplings, or rag points, and sometimes a splined joint or prismatic
joint.

5.1.5 BUSH

A bushing, also known as a bush, is an independent plain bearing that is inserted

into a housing to provide a bearing surface for rotary applications; this is the most
common form of a plain bearing. Common designs
include solid (sleeve and flanged), split, and clenched bushings. A sleeve, split, or
clenched bushing is only a "sleeve" of material with an inner diameter (ID), outer
diameter (OD), and length. The difference between the three types is that a solid
sleeved bushing is solid all the way around, a split bushing has a cut along its
length, and a clenched bearing is similar to a split bushing but with
a clench (or clinch) across the cut connecting the parts. A flanged bushing is a
sleeve bushing with a flange at one end extending radially outward from the OD.
The flange is used to positively locate the bushing when it is installed or to provide
a thrust bearing surface.

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Sleeve bearings of inch dimensions are almost exclusively dimensioned using
the SAE numbering system. The numbering system uses the format -XXYY-ZZ,
where XX is the ID in sixteenths of an inch, YY is the OD in sixteenths of an inch,
and ZZ is the length in eighths of an inch. Metric sizes also exist.

A linear bushing is not usually pressed into a housing, but rather secured with a
radial feature. Two such examples include two retaining rings, or a ring that is
molded onto the OD of the bushing that matches with a groove in the housing. This
is usually a more durable way to retain the bushing, because the forces acting on
the bushing could press it out.

The thrust form of a bushing is conventionally called a thrust washer.

5.1.6 FLAT PLATE

Flat plate is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. Sheet metal
is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent
into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday objects are fabricated from sheet
metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin sheets are
considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate.

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Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed by
running a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter.

In most of the world, sheet metal thickness is consistently specified in millimeters.

In the US, the thickness of sheet metal is commonly specified by a traditional, non-
linear measure known as its gauge. The larger the gauge number, the thinner the
metal. Commonly used steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 7 gauge.
Gauge differs between ferrous (iron based) metals and nonferrous metals such as
aluminum or copper; copper thickness, for example is measured in ounces, which
represents the weight of copper contained in an area of one square foot. Parts
manufactured from sheet metal must maintain a uniform thickness for ideal results.

There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such
as aluminium, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and titanium. For decorative uses,
some important sheet metals include silver, gold, and platinum (platinum sheet
metal is also utilized as a catalyst.)

Sheet metal is used in automobile and truck (lorry) bodies, airplane fuselages and
wings, medical tables, roofs for buildings (architecture) and many other
applications. Sheet metal of iron and other materials with high
magnetic permeability, also known as laminated steel cores, has applications
in transformers and electric machines.
Historically, an important use of sheet metal was in plate armor worn by cavalry,
and sheet metal continues to have many decorative uses, including in horse tack.
Sheet metal workers are also known as "tin bashers" (or "tin knockers"), a name
derived from the hammering of panel seams when installing tin roofs.

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5.2 ADVANTAGES

1. Requires less human efforts.

2. Requires less parking spaces.

3. Easy to handle for women and old people.

4. Easy to use for handicaps.

5. Easy to install and uninstall.

6. Balances the scooter upright on uneven surfaces.

7. Safe while parking on center stand on uneven surfaces. 8. Center stand can

adjust on any uneven surfaces automatically.

8. Maximum height up to 1.5 feet can be reached.

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 9. Checking and cleaning are easy, because of the main parts are screwed.

10.Replacement of parts is easy.

5.3 DISADVANTAGES

Initial cost is high.

High maintenance cost.

5.4 APPLICATION OF LINEAR ACTUATOR

 Furniture and home application: Linear actuators are used in

several home furniture, which require adjustment and regulation. These

include adjusting recliners for headset and footrests and relaxation beds.

Other home appliances that use linear actuators include difficult access

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 windows and ventilation ducts. The linear actuators serve to adjust the

mentioned appliances as needed.

 Automobiles: Actuators provide the motions necessary in power locks

and windows. Ditto for cruise control. In today's car you can find over

100 actuators that help execute a variety of functions including, steering,

braking, adjusting the side mirrors, repositioning your seat and inciting

the windshield wipers into action.

 Hospitals and healthcare: The use of linear actuators in hospitals

and health care include adjusting stretchers and procedural tables,

regulation of hospital beds and wheelchairs, and adjustment of hospital

beds and other hospitable tables.

 Robots: Any type of robot you've ever seen, including the one that

vacuums your apartment, uses a number of actuators. Actuators move a

robot's arms, legs, head, and even make them walk.

 Space vehicles: A space vehicle like the Mars Rover is full of

actuators; the main ones power the wheels and the sample collection

tool.

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  Agricultural machinery: Several agricultural machines use linear

actuators to perform their work. In seeding machines, linear actuators

serve the purpose of adjusting the number of seeds required for a

particular field. Fertilizer spreaders use linear actuators to the spreading

flow and the angle of spread of the fertilizer. A combined harvester uses

linear actuators to meet several needs including control of the main

motor, adjusting fan resolutions, adjusting the gap between the cylinder

and the concave, opening the door grain discharge, adjusting the

revolution of the platform twirl, and taking force from the main motor

clutch and for the platform.

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6. COST

6.1 BUDGET

SNO COMPONENTS PRICE

1. Linear Actuator 6500

2. Toggle Switch 500

3. Battery 1200

4. Shaft and other materials 800

5. Center Stand 700

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 7. CONCLUSION

This project is made with preplanning, that it provides

flexibility in operation.This innovation has made the more desirable and

economical. This project “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

AUTOMATIC CENTRE STAND FOR TWO WHEELERS” is designed

with the hope that it is very economical and helpful to old age peoples and

women and those who cannot able to deploy centre stand. As we know that

the centre stand is the integral part of two-wheeler vehicle. To make the

vehicle in a stable position. That is in a well-balanced position we generally

apply the Centre stand but it is very difficult for old women and handicap

person.

To use the present centre stand so by considering all the

design parameter & above condition. We notified the existing design &make

the centre stand automated. Thus, it is concluded that the use of this

modified centre stand makes the human effortless and make the vehicle in

were at optimum cost balanced condition rough surfaces (uneven surfaces)

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 at optimum cost. And also this stand is very helpful to park the two wheeler

in uneven surfaces.

In conclusion remarks of our project work, let us add a

few more lines about our impression project work. Thus we have developed

a “Automatic Centre stand” which helps to deploy centre stand easier and

reduce the manpower. This application of this stand is high when compared

to cost of the stand. So for in future same project will be remolded and

designed to carry out to deploy standing work easier.

This project helped us to know the periodic steps in

completing a project work. This makes us to know more about the Linear

actuator .Thus we have completed the project successfully.

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BIBILIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

1. Design data book --- by P.S.G Tech.

2. Strength of Material ----- R.S Kurmi

3. Actuators basic and applications ----by Janocha

4. Manufacturing Technology ----- by M.Haslehurst

5. Design of Machine Elemnt ---- R.S.Kurmi

8. REFERENCES

1. Survey from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

2. Problems from www.ijmhs.net

3. US Patent 3591202 from www.patentscope.com/us

4. US Patent 3658360 from www.patentscope.com/us

5. US Patent 4084656 from www.patentscope.com/us

6. US Patent 4095823 from www.Espacenet.com

7. US Patent 5886349 from www.Espacenet.com

8. US Patent application 2005/0236805 from www.patentscope.com/us

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