NAME: ___________________________________ DATE: _______________________________

YR. & SEC.: ___________________________________ RATING: _____________________________

GROUP NO.: __________________________________ INSTRUCTOR: _________________________

CLIMB PERFORMANCE AND CEILINGS: CEILING AND TIME TO CLIMB

OBJECTIVES:

 To determine the Absolute and Service Ceiling of the design aircraft.

GIVEN:
BHPDES = 115hp
NDES = 3050rpm
ηP = 75%
𝑉
( )DES = 0.75
𝑁𝐷
D = 6.06ft
RCSL = 492.65 fpm
RC5000ft = 120.19 fpm
RC10000ft = 15.68 fpm

ABSOLUTE CEILING:

 For Absolute Ceiling

ℎ𝑅𝐶𝑜
𝐻=
𝑅𝐶𝑜 −𝑅𝐶ℎ

Where:
H = Absolute Ceiling
h = Any altitude
𝑅𝐶𝑜 = Rate of climb at sea level
𝑅𝐶ℎ = Rate of climb at h

ℎ𝑅𝐶𝑜
𝐻=
𝑅𝐶𝑜 −𝑅𝐶ℎ

(15000𝑓𝑡)(492.65𝑓𝑝𝑚)
𝐻=
492.65𝑓𝑝𝑚 − 15.68𝑓𝑝𝑚

𝑯 = 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟗𝟑. 𝟐𝟔 ft
181
 For Density Ratio

𝑎ℎ 4.26
𝜎𝐻 = (1 + )
𝑇𝑜

Where:
𝜎 = Density Ratio
h = Altitude
𝑎 = Lapse Rate
𝑇𝑜 = Standard Temparature

4.26
(−0.003566𝑜 𝑅/𝑓𝑡)(10244.16𝑓𝑡)
𝜎𝐻 = (1 + )
519𝑜 𝑅

𝝈𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟏

 Altitude Factors

Altitude Altitude Factor

Ft Fig 44b Fig 55b
15493.26 0.51 0.905

182
 Explanation of Table

(1), = 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴c𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 9a

(2),𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑜 = 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴c𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 9a

(3), = 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴c𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 9b

(1)
(4), =
√𝜎𝐻

(2)
(5),THPREQD =
√𝜎𝐻

(6), = (3) × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑔.55b

𝐵𝐻𝑃𝐷𝐸𝑆
(7), @ 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑁 = 𝑁𝐷𝐸𝑆
x (6)

(8), = (7) × 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑔.44b

𝑉 (1)𝑥 88
(9), = (6)𝑥 𝐷
𝑁𝐷

𝑉 𝑉
(10), %𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑁𝐷 = (9) ÷ 𝑁𝐷

(11),%𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝜂𝑃 = 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑔.55a

(12), 𝜂𝑃 = (11) × 𝜂𝑃DES

(13), 𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉 = (8) × (12)

184
 Absolute Ceiling
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
BHP %Design %Design Prop THP
V Thp Reqd N V Thpreqd N BHP V/nd
@red N V/ND Prop Eff Eff AV

mph hp rpm mph hp rpm hp hp - % % % hp

70.00 40.52 2074.37 88.96 51.49 1877.30 136.89 69.81 0.444 0.57 0.68 0.53 37.11
80.00 40.84 2082.29 101.67 51.90 1884.47 137.41 70.08 0.506 0.65 0.76 0.60 41.77
90.00 43.26 2092.34 114.38 54.99 1893.57 138.07 70.42 0.566 0.73 0.84 0.65 46.06
100.00 47.68 2110.18 127.09 60.60 1909.71 139.25 71.02 0.624 0.80 0.90 0.70 50.00
110.00 54.07 2135.45 139.80 68.72 1932.58 140.92 71.87 0.678 0.87 0.95 0.74 53.42
120.00 62.48 2164.73 152.51 79.41 1959.08 142.85 72.85 0.730 0.94 0.99 0.77 56.07
130.00 72.98 2199.29 165.22 92.75 1990.36 145.13 74.02 0.778 1.00 1.00 0.78 57.73
140.00 85.66 2240.64 177.93 108.87 2027.78 147.86 75.41 0.822 1.05 0.99 0.77 58.21
150.00 100.65 2289.46 190.64 127.92 2071.96 151.08 77.05 0.862 1.11 0.96 0.75 57.71
160.00 118.05 2345.28 203.35 150.04 2122.48 154.76 78.93 0.898 1.15 0.92 0.72 56.57
170.00 138.01 2400.00 216.06 175.40 2172.00 158.38 80.77 0.932 1.20 0.87 0.68 54.89

185
 200.00

180.00

160.00

140.00
Thrust Horsepower, THP (hp)

120.00

100.00
Thp Reqd
THP Av
80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00 V = 112.07mph

0.00
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00
Velocity, V (mph)

186
SERVICE CEILING:

 For Service Ceiling

𝐻(𝑅𝐶𝑜 − 100)
𝐻𝑠 =
𝑅𝐶𝑜

Where:
H = Absolute Ceiling
𝐻𝑠 = Any altitude
𝑅𝐶𝑜 = Rate of climb at sea level

15493.26(492.65𝑓𝑝𝑚 − 100𝑓𝑝𝑚)
𝐻𝑠 =
492.65𝑓𝑝𝑚

𝑯𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟓𝟑𝟓 𝒇𝒕

 For Density Ratio

𝑎ℎ 4.26
𝜎𝐻 = (1 + )
𝑇𝑜

Where:
𝜎 = Density Ratio
h = Altitude
𝑎 = Lapse Rate
𝑇𝑜 = Standard Temparature

4.26
−0.003566𝑜 𝑅
( ) (12348.4)
𝑓𝑡
𝜎𝐻 = (1 + )
519𝑜 𝑅

𝝈𝑯 = 𝟎. 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟓𝟒

 Altitude Factors
Altitude Altitude Factor
Ft Fig 44b Fig 55b
12348.4 0.6044 0.9464

187
  Explanation of Table

(1), = 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴c𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 9a

(2),𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑𝑜 = 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴c𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 9a

(3), = 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐴c𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 9b

(1)
(4), =
√𝜎𝐻𝑠

(2)
(5),THPREQD =
√𝜎𝐻𝑠

(6), = (3) × 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑔.55b

𝐵𝐻𝑃𝐷𝐸𝑆
(7), @ 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑁 = x (6)
𝑁𝐷𝐸𝑆

(8), = (7) × 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑔.44b

𝑉 (1)𝑥 88
(9), = (6)𝑥 𝐷
𝑁𝐷

𝑉 𝑉
(10), %𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑁𝐷 = (9) ÷ 𝑁𝐷

(11),%𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝜂𝑃 = 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑖𝑔.55a

(12), 𝜂𝑃 = (11) × 𝜂𝑃DES

(13), 𝑇𝐻𝑃𝐴𝑉 = (8) × (12)

189
 Service Ceiling
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Thp BHP %Design %Design
V N V Thpreqd N BHP V/nd THP AV
Reqd @red N V/ND Prop ɳp ɳp
mph hp rpm mph hp rpm hp hp - % % % hp
70.00 40.52 2074.37 84.55 48.94 1963.18 143.15 86.52 0.425 0.54 0.66 0.52 44.60
80.00 40.84 2082.29 96.63 49.33 1970.68 143.70 86.85 0.484 0.62 0.74 0.58 50.05
90.00 43.26 2092.34 108.71 52.26 1980.19 144.39 87.27 0.541 0.69 0.81 0.63 55.35
100.00 47.68 2110.18 120.79 57.59 1997.07 145.62 88.01 0.596 0.76 0.88 0.68 60.25
110.00 54.07 2135.45 132.87 65.32 2020.99 147.36 89.07 0.648 0.83 0.93 0.73 64.65
120.00 62.48 2164.73 144.95 75.47 2048.70 149.38 90.29 0.698 0.89 0.97 0.76 68.41
130.00 72.98 2199.29 157.03 88.15 2081.41 151.77 91.73 0.744 0.95 0.99 0.78 71.09
140.00 85.66 2240.64 169.10 103.47 2120.54 154.62 93.45 0.786 1.01 1.00 0.78 72.84
150.00 100.65 2289.46 181.18 121.57 2166.74 157.99 95.49 0.825 1.06 0.99 0.77 73.52
160.00 118.05 2345.28 193.26 142.59 2219.57 161.84 97.82 0.859 1.10 0.96 0.75 73.12
170.00 138.01 2400.00 205.34 166.70 2271.36 165.62 100.10 0.892 1.14 0.92 0.72 71.91

190
 V THPav THPreqd EHP RC
mph hp hp hp fpm
100.00 60.25 49.99 10.26 103.82
110.00 64.65 52.69 11.96 121.02
120.00 68.41 57.17 11.24 113.74
130.00 71.09 63.27 7.82 79.13
140.00 72.84 71.02 1.82 18.42
142.36 73.10 73.10 0.00 0.00

192
BEST CLIMB ANGLE:

𝑹𝑪
ɣ = sin-1 ( 𝐯 )

At Service Ceiling,

107.44𝑓𝑝𝑚 1𝑚𝑝ℎ
ɣmax = sin-1 (107.68mph 𝑥 88𝑓𝑝𝑚)
ɣmax =0.649 o

Alt Vmax Max RC Speed at Rcmax Climb Angle Speed at Angle max
ft mph fpm mph deg mph
15493.26 110 0 0 0 0
12348.4 151.5 121.02 110.00 1.56 106.32

TIME TO CLIMB:

𝐻 𝐻
𝑡= 𝑥 ln
𝑅. 𝐶.𝑜 𝐻−ℎ

Where:
𝐻 = Absolute Ceiling
h = Height to climb
𝑅𝐶𝑜 = rate of Climb at starting altitude

 TIME TO CLIMB FROM Sea Level to 5,000 ft

15493.26𝑓𝑡 15493.26𝑓𝑡
𝑡 = 492.65 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [ln (15493.26𝑓𝑡−5,000 𝑓𝑡)]

194
 𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔

 TIME TO CLIMB FROM 5,000 FT TO Hs = 10,000 FT

15493.26𝑓𝑡 15493.26𝑓𝑡
𝑡 = 315.31𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [ln (15493.26𝑓𝑡−5000 𝑓𝑡)]

𝒕 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔

 TIME TO CLIMB FROM 10,000 FT ALTITUDE TO Hs = 12,348.4 FT

15493.26𝑓𝑡 15493.26𝑓𝑡
𝑡 = 157.55 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [ln (15493.26𝑓𝑡−2,348.4 𝑓𝑡)]

𝒕 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔

 TIME TO CLIMB FROM Hs = 12,348.4 FT TO 15,000 FT ALTITUDE

15493.26𝑓𝑡 15493.26𝑓𝑡
𝑡 = 100 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [ln (15493.26𝑓𝑡−2651.6 𝑓𝑡)]

𝒕 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟖𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔

 TIME TO CLIMB FROM 15,000 FT TO H=15,493.26FT ALTITUDE

15493.26𝑓𝑡 15493.26𝑓𝑡
𝑡 = 15.68 𝑓𝑡/𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑥 [ln (15493.26𝑓𝑡−493.26 𝑓𝑡)]

𝒕 = 𝟑𝟏. 𝟗𝟔𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒔

195
Altitude RC Δh/RC Σt
Ft fpm min min
Sea Level 492.65 0.00 0.00
1000.00 460.86 2.03 2.03
2000.00 429.06 2.17 4.20
3000.00 397.26 2.33 6.53
4000.00 365.46 2.52 9.05
5000.00 333.66 2.74 11.78
6000.00 301.87 3.00 14.78
7000.00 270.07 3.31 18.09
8000.00 238.27 3.70 21.80
9000.00 206.47 4.20 25.99
10000.00 174.67 4.84 30.84
11000.00 142.88 5.73 36.56
12000.00 111.08 7.00 43.56
12348.40 100.00 3.14 46.70
13000.00 79.28 6.52 53.21
14000.00 47.48 12.61 65.83
15000.00 15.68 21.06 86.89
15493.26 0.00 31.46 118.35

196