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FACTORS AFFECTING TO CONSTRUCTION COST

• Design variables

• Construction variables
DESIGN ECONOMICS
• Grouping

• Buildability

By • Modular co-ordination
Ch. QS. Gayan Fernando

DESIGN VARIABLES TOTAL HEIGHT

• Total height • The fewer the number of stories

more economical the project –
• Storey height circulation & servicing
requirement
• Circulation spaces • Taller building – vertical ducts
size increases
• Plan shape
• Intermediate service zones likely
• Size be required
• Vertical circulation cores capture
higher % of the floor plan
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TOTAL HEIGHT STOREY HEIGHT

• Very tall buildings on restricted site require special • Vertical elements may account
frames for 25% - 35% of total cost
• Construction cost increase & productivity falls • Staircase & lifts
• Materials & components takes long time to place in • Service runs & waste pipes
final position for fixing • Volume – cooling requirement
• Most expensive, site lifts, cranes and plant will be • Thus, 10% reduction will save
required to move material & labour 2.5% - 3.5% overall
• Foundation design complicated – high dead load &
wind loads

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STOREY HEIGHT CIRCULATION AREA

• Vertical elements may account • Can account between 10% -

for 25% - 35% of total cost 50% of gross floor area
• Staircase & lifts • Clients prefer minimum amount
• Service runs & waste pipes of circulation area

• Volume – cooling requirement • However, building regulations

govern the minimum circulation
• Thus, 10% reduction will save space
2.5% - 3.5% overall

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CIRCULATION AREA PLAN SHAPE

• Proportion of space often determined by factors other • Dictates the amount of complexity of
envelope
than design:
• Determines the building envelope cost
– Standards of usage - Banks, hotels, offices • External envelope carries large portion
– Vertical circulation – more lifts (zoning of lifts), wider staircase of cost and influence framing system &
services installation (10%-20%)
– Horizontal circulation
• As building become narrower & outline
(Type & standard of usage will highly affect) become more complicated & irregular,
perimeter/floor area will increase,
leading to higher cost
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PLAN SHAPE PLAN SHAPE

• An irregular shaped building increase costs Which shape is more economical ?

because:
– Setting out is complicated

– Scaffolding & associated cost are higher

– More skilled labours

– High supervision

– Heating, ventilating, A/C

– Maintenance (LCC) is more extensive

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PLAN SHAPE SIZE

40 m
64 m • Increase in size lead to reduction in unit cost
40 m
B 25 m
• Lower O/H costs
C
R = 22.57m
• Better utilization of high cost service elements
A
10 m 10 m • Benefits of economies of scale in ordering material and
obtaining better prices

15 m
• Wall height - 3m 14.14m • Productivity increases due to repetition
14.14 m

• Wall thickness – A
D 40 m

50 m
250 mm
E
• All dimensions are
given internally 30 m

45 m
Which one is most efficient in enclosing space? 13 14

CONSTRUCTION VARIABLES GROUPING OF BUILDINGS

• Mode of procurement • Interlink buildings or structures

• Type of contract • Saving in foundation & external walling cost
• Size of contract • Service utilization
• Location
• Topography A
• Availability of services B
• Mode of finance
• Project complexity
• Tendering method
C D
• Duration of the project
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BUILDABILITY MODULAR COORDINATION

• Extent of which the design of a building facilitates • Modular coordination is a concept of coordination of
ease of construction dimension and space, in which buildings and
• Design takes very close account of the way in which components are dimensioned and positioned in a term
the building will be constructed of a basic unit or module

• Allows the contractor to make savings time and • Facilitates cooperation between building designers,
money manufacturers, distributors, contractors and
authorities
• Lack of buildability results in an efficient use of
construction industry resources • In the design work, enables buildings to be so
dimensioned that they can be erected with standard
components without undue restriction on freedom of
design.
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MODULAR COORDINATION
• Optimizes the number of standard sizes of building
components
• Cut down cost of materials – less wastage
• No additional time on cutting & fixing small pieces
• Encourages interchangeability of components

Kingsoft Office

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