13 Design of Mufflers Silencers PDF

Design of Mufflers and Silencers
D. W. Herrin, Ph.D., P.E.

University of Kentucky
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Types of Mufflers
1. Dissipative (absorptive) silencer:
Duct or pipe
Sound absorbing material Sound is attenuated due to

(e.g., duct liner) absorption (conversion to
heat)
Dept. of Mech. Engineering 2 Noise and Vibration

University of Kentucky Short Course
Types of Mufflers
2. Reactive muffler:
Sound is attenuated by reflection and

“cancellation” of sound waves
Compressor discharge details
40 mm

Types of Mufflers
3. Combination reactive and dissipative muffler:
Sound absorbing material
Perforated tubes
Sound is attenuated by reflection

and “cancellation” of sound
waves + absorption of sound

Performance Measures Transmission Loss
Wi Wt Anechoic
Muffler Termination
Wr
Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:
Wi
TL (dB) = 10 log10
Wt

Performance Measures Insertion Loss
SPL1
SPL2
Muffler
IL (dB) = SPL1 – SPL2

Insertion loss depends on : G  TL of muffler
G  Lengths of pipes
G  Termination (baffled vs. unbaffled)
G  Source impedance
Note: TL is a property of the muffler; IL is a “system” performance measure.

Example TL and IL
Expansion Chamber Muffler

Inlet Pipe Outlet Pipe
Source 2” 6”
24” 12”
12”
20
10
0
TL and IL (dB)
0 200 400 600 800 1000

-10
-20
-30
Insertion Loss
-40
Transmission Loss
-50
Frequency (Hz)
Pipe resonances

Acoustic System Components
Source Su Su
Any acoustic
system
P Zt
(sound pressure
reaction)
P Termination z Pt
Input or load
z= = r + jx impedance t
= = rt + jxt
impedance
Su Sut

Summary 1
G  Dissipative mufflers attenuate sound by converting sound

energy to heat via viscosity and flow resistance – this
process is called sound absorption.
G  Common sound absorbing mechanisms used in

dissipative mufflers are porous or fibrous materials or
perforated tubes.
G  Reactive mufflers attenuate sound by reflecting a portion

of the incident sound waves back toward the source.
This process is frequency selective and may result in
unwanted resonances.
G  Impedance concepts may be used to interpret reactive

muffler behavior.

The Helmholtz Resonator
Named for:
Hermann von Helmholtz, 1821-1894, German

physicist, physician, anatomist, and physiologist.
Major work: Book, On the Sensations of Tone as a

Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, 1862.
von Helmholtz, 1848

Helmholtz Resonator Model
ρo c 2 S B2
V K=
V
x L’ is the equivalent length of
L M = ρo S B Lʹ′ the neck (some air on either
end also moves).
SB F = PSB
uB
M
x + Kx = PSB x = jω uB
 x= Damping due to viscosity in the
jω neck are neglected
" K%
j $ω M − ' uB = PSB
# ω&
" 1 %" K SB
P K% z B → 0 when ω = =c
zB = = j $ 2 '$ω M − ' M Lʹ′V
SB uB # SB & # ω&
(resonance frequency of the Helmholtz resonator)

Helmholtz Resonator Example
A 12-oz (355 ml) bottle has a 2 cm diameter neck that is 8 cm

long. What is the resonance frequency?
c SB 343 π (0.02 )2 4
fn = =
2π Lʹ′V 2π (0.08)(355 ×10 −6 )
f n = 182 Hz

Helmholtz Resonator as a Side Branch
2
⎡ ⎛ c 2S ⎞ ⎤
TL (dB ) = 10 log10 ⎢1 + ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ωLʹ′ S B − c ωV ⎠ ⎥⎦
Anechoic termination
20
V = 0.001 m3 15
L = 25 mm
TL (dB)
SB = 2 x 10-4 m2 10
S = 8 x 10-4 m2 35 Hz
5
fn = 154 Hz 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Frequency (Hz)

Network Interpretation
(any system) P
zB
V zB zA
z zA
zB z A
z= Can we make ZB zero?
z
zB + z A
P ! 1 $! K$ K SB
zB = = j # 2 &#ω M − & z B → 0 when ω = =c
SB uB " SB % " ω% M Lʹ′V
(Produces a short circuit and P is theoretically zero.)

A Tuned Dynamic Absorber
M2
K2
Original System
F M1 x x
F M1
Tuned Dynamic Absorber
K1 K1
K 2 K1
tune =
M 2 M1
|x/F|
Original system
M2/M1=0.5 Tuned dynamic absorber
ω/ω1
Resonances in an Open Pipe
P = 1 Pa
Lp= 1 m
source
c 343
λ1 = 2L p = → f1 = = 171.5 Hz
First mode f1 2 (1)
c 343
Second Mode λ2 = L p = → f2 = = 343 Hz
f2 1(1)
etc.

SPL at Pipe Opening – No Resonator

Example – HR Used as a Side Branch*
2
⎡ ⎛ c 2S ⎞ ⎤
TL (dB ) = 10 log10 ⎢1 + ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ωLʹ′ S B − c ωV ⎠ ⎥⎦
Anechoic termination
V = 750 cm3
L = 2.5 cm (L’= 6.75 cm)
DB = 5 cm (SB= 19.6 cm2)
D = 10 cm (S = 78.5 cm2)
fn = 340 Hz
_____
* e.g., engine intake systems

SPL at Pipe Opening – with Resonator

The Quarter Wave Resonator
The Quarter-Wave Resonator has an effect similar to the Helmholtz

Resonator:
SB L ⎛ tan 2 (kl ) + 4(S S B )2 ⎞

TL = 10 log10 ⎜⎜ 2
⎟
⎟
⎝ 4( S S B ) ⎠
zB S
j ρo c
zB = − cot (ω L c) = 0 when ω L c = nπ 2 n = 1, 3, 5...
SB
nπ c
ωn =
2L
nc nc "λ%
fn = or L = = n$ '
4L 4f #4&
Summary 2
G  The side-branch resonator is analogous to the

tuned dynamic absorber.
G  Resonators used as side branches attenuate sound

in the main duct or pipe.
G  The transmission loss is confined over a relatively

narrow band of frequencies centered at the natural
frequency of the resonator.

The Simple Expansion Chamber
18” ⎡ 1 ⎛ 2
⎞⎤
⎛ 1 ⎞
TL = 10 log10 ⎢ 4 cos (kl ) + ⎜ m + ⎟ sin (kl )⎟⎥
⎜ 2 2
⎢⎣ 4 ⎜⎝ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎟⎥

2” 6” 2” ⎠⎦
where m is the expansion ratio (chamber area/pipe
area) = 9 in this example and L is the length of the
chamber.
30
25
20
TL (dB)
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Frequency (Hz)

Quarter Wave Tube + Expansion Chamber
9”
18”
2”
2” 6” 2”
30
25
20
TL (dB)
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Frequency (Hz)

Extended Inlet Muffler
18”
2” 9” 6” 2”
30
25
20
(same for extended outlet)
TL (dB)
15
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Frequency (Hz)

Two-Chamber Muffler
9” 9”
4” 6”
50
40
30
TL (dB)
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Frequency (Hz)

Complex System Modeling
We would like to predict the sound pressure level at the termination.
Quarter-wave resonator
Source
termination
Area change
Engine
Expansion chamber
Pump
Compressor Helmholtz Resonator
(intake or exhaust)

The Basic Idea
The sound pressure p and the particle velocity v are the acoustic state variables
1 For any passive, linear component:
p1 = Ap2 + BS2 u2
any acoustic 2
S1u1 = Cp2 + DS2 u2
component
p1, u1 or
!# p %# ( ! %#
1 A B +# p2
" & =* -" &
#$ S1u1 #' ) C D ,#$ S2 u2 #'
p2, u2
Transfer, transmission, or four-pole matrix

(A, B, C, and D depend on the component)

The Straight Tube
Design of Mufflers and Silencers −1 dp
L p ( x ) = Ae− jkx + Be+ jkx u ( x) =
jk ρo c dx
A
p ( 0 ) = p1 = A + B
B S
A−B
u ( 0 ) = u1 =
p1, u1 p2 ,u2 ρo c
(x = 0) (x = L) p ( L ) = p2 = Ae− jkL + Be+ jkL
Ae− jkL − Be+ jkL
must have plane waves u ( L ) = u2 =
ρo c
Solve for A, B p1 = p2 cos ( kL ) + u2 ( j ρo c ) sin ( kL )
in terms of p1, u1 u1 = p2 ( j ρo c ) sin ( kL ) + u2 cos ( kL )
then put into ) ,
j ρo c
"$ p &$ + cos ( kL ) sin ( kL ) ."
equations for p2, u2.
S &$
1 + 2 .$ p2
# ' =+ .# S u '
S u jS S
$% 1 1 $( + 1
sin ( kL ) 1
cos ( kL ) .$% 2 2 $(
+* ρo c S2 .-
(note that the determinant A1D1-B1C1 = 1)

Combining Component Transfer Matrices
⎡ Ai Bi ⎤
[Ti ] = ⎢ Transfer matrix of ith component
⎣Ci Di ⎥⎦ 2×2
!# p %# !# p %# !# p %#
1 2 2
" & = [T1 ] [T2 ] [T3 ][Tn ] " & = ()Tsystem *+" &
#$ S1u1 #' #$ S2 u2 #' #$ S2 u2 #'
⎡ Asystem Bsystem ⎤
[T system ] = ⎢
Dsystem ⎥⎦
⎣Csystem 2×2

Straight Tube with Absorptive Material
k’,zc
(complex wave number and
complex characteristic impedance)
( jzc +
!# % * cos ( k ' L ) sin ( k ' L )-! %#
p1 # * S2 -# p2
" &= -" S u &
S1u1 #' * jS1 S1
#$ * sin ( k ' L ) cos ( k ' L ) -#$ 2 2 #'
*) zc S2 -,

Area Change
p1 = p2
S1 S1u1 = S2 u2
S2
!# p %# ( !# p %#
1 2 1 1 0 + 2
" & =* -" &
#$ S1u1 #' ) 0 1 ,#$ S2 u2 #'

LDesign of Mufflers and Silencers
straight
S S’ S tube
area changes
! j ρo c $
# cos ( kL ) sin ( kL ) &
! 1 0 $# S' &! 1 0 $
[T ] = # & &#" 0 1 &%
" 0 1 %# jS ' sin ( kL ) cos ( kL )
# &
#" ρo c &%
! j ρo c $
# cos ( kL ) sin ( kL ) &
S' &
[T ] = ## jS ' &
# sin ( kL ) cos ( kL ) &
ρ
#" o c &%

18”
2” 6” 2”
S'
=9
S

Transfer Matrix of a Side Branch
SB
p1 = p2 = pB
S Su1 = SB uB + Su2
zB = pB SB uB = p2 SB uB
1 2
Su1 = ( p2 zB ) + Su2
!# p %# ( +!# p %#
1 1 0
" & =* -" 2 &
#$ Su1 #' *) 1 zB 1 -,#$ Su2 #'

Helmholtz Resonator Model
ρo c 2 S B2
V K=
V
x L’ is the equivalent length of
L M = ρo S B Lʹ′ the neck (some air on either
end also moves).
SB F = PSB
uB
M
x + Kx = PSB x = jω uB
 x= Damping due to viscosity in the
jω neck are neglected
" K%
j $ω M − ' uB = PSB
# ω&
" 1 %" K SB
P K% z B → 0 when ω = =c
zB = = j $ 2 '$ω M − ' M Lʹ′V
SB uB # SB & # ω&
(resonance frequency of the Helmholtz resonator)

Performance Measures Transmission Loss
Wi ⎡ A B ⎤ Wt Anechoic
⎢C D ⎥ Termination
Wr ⎣ ⎦
1 2
Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:

Wi
TL (dB) = 10 log10
Wt
!# 2%
Sin Sout B ρ cC Sout #
TL = 10 log10 " A+ + + D &
#$ 4Sout ρc Sin Sin #'
Performance Measures Insertion Loss
! A B $
[T0 ] = # 0 0 &
#" C0 D0 &%
SPL1
ZS
ZT
! A B $
[T ] = # &
" C D %
SPL2
ZS Muffler
ZT
!# A Z + B Z Z + C + D Z %#
IL = 20 log10 " S T S T
&
#$ A0 Z S + B0 ZT Z S + C0 + D0 ZT #'

Sound Wave Reflections in Engines
Waves leaving muffler
Waves leaving engine
Muffler
Engine Reflected from

open end
Reflected from muffler
Reflected from
muffler
Reflected from engine
Resonances can form in the exhaust and tail pipes as well

as within the muffler.
Source Impedance
Attenuating
Waves Leaving Source Element
(i.e. Load)
Acoustic
Source
Reflected from Source Reflected from

Attenuating Element
Source Load
uL
zs
ps pL
=
ps pL zL zs + z L z L

Transfer Impedance
Incident Wave p1 p2
Reflected Wave u1 = u2
Transmitted Wave
u
ztr
p1 p2
p1 − p2
ztr =
Su
Source/Load Concept
Source Load
zs , ps zL , pL
L1 L2
Muffler zt , pt
zs
IL = f (TL, zs , zt )
zL
ps pL pt = f (TL, zs , zt , ps )

Insertion Loss Prediction
60
50
40
30
20
IL (dB)
10
0
Actual source impedance
-10 Pressure source (Zs=0)
Velocity source (Zs=infinite)
-20
Anechoic source (Zs=rho*c)
-30
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Frequency (Hz)

Summary 3
G  The transfer matrix method is based on plane wave (1-D)

acoustic behavior (at component junctions).
G  The transfer matrix method can be used to determine the

system behavior from component “transfer matrices.”
G  Applicability is limited to cascaded (series) components and

simple branch components (not applicable to successive
branching and parallel systems).


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Design of Mufflers and Silencers

D. W. Herrin, Ph.D., P.E.

Sound absorbing material Sound is attenuated due to

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 2 Noise and Vibration

Sound is attenuated by reflection and

Compressor discharge details

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 3 Noise and Vibration

Sound is attenuated by reflection

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 4 Noise and Vibration

Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 5 Noise and Vibration

IL (dB) = SPL1 – SPL2

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 6 Noise and Vibration

Expansion Chamber Muffler

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 7 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 8 Noise and Vibration

G Dissipative mufflers attenuate sound by converting sound

G Common sound absorbing mechanisms used in

G Reactive mufflers attenuate sound by reflecting a portion

G Impedance concepts may be used to interpret reactive

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 9 Noise and Vibration

Hermann von Helmholtz, 1821-1894, German

Major work: Book, On the Sensations of Tone as a

von Helmholtz, 1848

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 10 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 11 Noise and Vibration

A 12-oz (355 ml) bottle has a 2 cm diameter neck that is 8 cm

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 12 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 13 Noise and Vibration

(Produces a short circuit and P is theoretically zero.)

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 14 Noise and Vibration

M2/M1=0.5 Tuned dynamic absorber

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 16 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 17 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 18 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 19 Noise and Vibration

The Quarter-Wave Resonator has an effect similar to the Helmholtz

SB L ⎛ tan 2 (kl ) + 4(S S B )2 ⎞

G The side-branch resonator is analogous to the

G Resonators used as side branches attenuate sound

G The transmission loss is confined over a relatively

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 21 Noise and Vibration

⎢⎣ 4 ⎜⎝ ⎝ m ⎠ ⎟⎥

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 22 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 23 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 24 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 25 Noise and Vibration

We would like to predict the sound pressure level at the termination.

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 26 Noise and Vibration

1 For any passive, linear component:

Transfer, transmission, or four-pole matrix

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 27 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 28 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 29 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 30 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 31 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 32 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 33 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 34 Noise and Vibration

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 35 Noise and Vibration

Transmission loss (TL) of the muffler:

Dept. of Mech. Engineering 37 Noise and Vibration

G  Dissipative mufflers attenuate sound by converting sound

G  Common sound absorbing mechanisms used in

G  Reactive mufflers attenuate sound by reflecting a portion

G  Impedance concepts may be used to interpret reactive

G  The side-branch resonator is analogous to the

G  Resonators used as side branches attenuate sound

G  The transmission loss is confined over a relatively

G  The transfer matrix method is based on plane wave (1-D)

G  The transfer matrix method can be used to determine the

G  Applicability is limited to cascaded (series) components and