MADHYA PMDESH WATER RECOARSES DEPARTMENT

(ISSUED WDE MEMO NO. ../E VA/2 9 8/B O D HI/R & CN C B H O PA L,

REVISED GUIDELINES FOR CANAL LINING $APERSEDING TC 60 ISS(IED VIDE NO.

I 03 s/EVA/ 29 8/B ODHAR&CNC BHOPAL, DATED 3 1/I 2/2 O I 6

The criteria for the lining to be adopted for inigation projects are issued for adherence in the works to be
executed hereafter.

1.0 CAST-IN- SITU CONCRETE LINING:-

1.1 Provision of design mix concrete M-10, MSA-20 mm for cast in situ cement concrete lining shall
be Cone for canals discharge up to 0.3 cumecs & less or depth of water up to 0.50 m whichever is
less.
1.2 Provision of design mix concrete M-I5, MSA-20 mm for cast in situ cement concrete lining shall
be done for canals having discharge more than 0.3 cumecs and depth of water more than 0.50 m
whichever is less. For canals having discharge greater than 50 cumecs and where thickness of
lining is 100 mm or more, the maximum size of aggregate shall be about 25%o of thickness of
lining and accordingly suitable mix design and rate analysis shall be done.
1.3 Concreting nearthejunction ofthe side concrete and bed concreting shall be done such that both
shall rest firmly against each other to resist any back-kick from external hydrostatic forces the
sketches below indicate the procedure for formation ofjunction of the sides with bed depending
upon the sequence oflaying concrete i.e. sides first and vice-versa.

Side Cast First

Bed Cast First

1.4 In case the reach is passing through the hard rock, the excavation shall be done to achieve
desired slopes and surfaces. No over excavation shall be payable.
The sub-grade in rock should be excavated to the required cross section. Over excavation
in rock is generally unavoidable and should be minimized by using wedging and barring
methods, for final dressing. Over-excavation in hard strata having side slopes more than 1: i
beyond the profile line may be backfilled with gravel and aggregate, large aggregate forming
the bulk of backfill with smaller aggregate filling the voids and a layer of pea gravel as binding
material. The bed may then be compacted with road rollers and sides with rammers to form a
firm backing for the lining. For over excavation in hard strata having side slope less than l: l,
C:/Bodhi/Canal/ Ravi
 beyond the profile, the backfilling may be suitably done with chip masonry or lean concrete.
However, for bed the backfilling may be done with properly compacted murum. Over
excavation up to 5 cm may be backfilled. If over excavation is up to 10 cm lean concrete may
be used. Beyond l0 cm backfilling with chip masonry is preferable. For slip-form paving, over
excavation up to 10 to 15 cm may be required. Such over excavation may be backfilled with
selected material and compacted at optimum moisture. The material selected should be
machine trimmable and be gravel/stone-free earth.
Decision of lining in hard rock reaches shall be taken by the Superintending Engineer in
accordance with the design discharge. The lining shall be placed directly above the corrected
surface with weep holes at appropriate drainage points identified at field.

2.0 SHOTCRETE LINING:-

The shotcrete lining may also be exercised in exception on excavated surface of hard rock and
DR/SR with appropriate slope stabilizing measures with thickness varying from 50 mm to 100
mm as per requirement and as decided by Chief Engineer. The strength of shotcrete lining shall
not be less than M-l5 with MSA 12.5 mm. The Manning coefficient for hydraulic design shall be
taken as 0.02. The appropriate additional supports like chain link and Rock bolts can be used
depending upon the strata met as suggested by Geologist after detailed surface mapping or shown
at site.

3.0 LDPE FILM:.

3.1 Low density polyethylene ( LDPE) film of 150 micron thickness shall be used below the base
mortar of PCC and flag stone lining and concrete cast in situ slabs, but it shall be avoided in non
water absorbent sub grade. The guidelines for use of LDPE for lining of canals, given in
construction series TC No-3, shall be followed.
3.2 ln paver lining the provision of LDPE film may be deleted as per site specific condition.

4.0 COMPACTION OF CAIIAL EAil:-

As per lrrigation Specification Vol. I Para 4.17.8 the dry density shall not be less than90%o of
M.D.D. in case of unlined canal more than 3m height of embankment and lined canals earthwork
shall be watered and compacted irrespective of the height of embankment.

5.0 CNS LAYER BEHIND LINING:

Expansive soils are clayey soils containing predominantly montmorillonite and combination of
montmorillonite and illite clay minerals having expanding lattice in the clay fraction. They are
characterized by exhibiting swelling and swelling pressure. These soils are encountered in
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujrat and Orissa and locally known
as "BIack cotton soils" (B.C. soil).
Considerable damage has taken place over years to canals, roads, buildings, and other
engineering structures constructed on or with the use of these soils. Due to sustained research in
the country and abroad considerable progress has taken place to develop suitable approaches and
solution of the problem associated with these soils.
Constant research at lndian lnstitute of Technology Pawai, Bombay has shown that
swelling pressure of as high a magnitude as 3-5 k{cm2 in expansive soils can be counteracted
with interposition of d small thickness of COHESIVE NONSWELLING SOIL (CNS) between
the lining and the swelling soil base. In short we can say that composite swelling soil CNS
systenr for all practical purposes behave as a normal soil system, provided the thickness of CNS
layer is adequate. However, the cost of CNS treatment may at times be very high. Further, if the

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 CNS soil is not properly identified with survey and testing, failures are bound to occur. On the
other hand, if expansive soils are misjudged, it may result in unnecessary expenditure on CNS
treatment. It therefore, follows that both these soils must be identified correctly.

5.1 Identification of expansive soils:

5.1.1 Visual identification:-
(a) Colors may be black, grey or yellowish grey.
(b) Wide deep map type cracks in summer are observed.
(c) Walking in such soils is difficult during heavy rains.
(d) Thorny bushes, trees constitute normal vegetation.
(e) Building constructed using conventional method exhibit heaving of floors, cracking of walls
and jamming of doors during rainy season. Retaining structures get tilted. Bed heaving and
side slips are noticed in canals.
(f) Drainage is in generalpoor:-

5.1.2 Physical properties:-

5.1.2.1 Gradation :
(a) Clay (less than2 micron)- 50 to 70yo
(b) Silt (0.06 to 0.002 mm) - 20 to 35o/o
(c) Sand (2.00 to 0,06 mm) - 30 to 50oh
(d) Gravel (greater than2 mm) - less than l0%
5.1.2.2 Index Properties:-
(a) Liquid limit - 60 to 100%o
(b) Plastic limit - 30 to 50yo
(c) Plasticity index - 30 to 40yo
(d) Shrinkage limit - g to t2o/o

Note:- If high liquid limit (higher than 55%o) is accompanied with low shrinkage limit (less than
l0%) swelling pressure test shall be conducted irrespective of plastic limit and plasticity
index.

5.2 Identification of cohesive non-swelling soils:

Cohesive non-swelling soils (CNS) are those that possess cohesion to varying degrees but
do not exhibit heave during saturation. The clay minerals normally present in such soils are
of non-expanding type including illite and kaolinite. Most moorums of lateritic type and
siliceous sandy clays exhibit CNS characteristics. Yet some moorums mav be of the
swelling type.
5.2.1 Visual identification:-
(a) Color: - Red, reddish, yellow, brown, white, whitish-grey, whitish yellow, green
and greenish grey.
(b) Drainage: - Generally good.

5.2.2 Physicalproperties:-
5.2.2.1 Gradation
(a) Clay (less than2 micron) 15 to 20%o
(b) Silt (0.06-0.002mm) 30 to 40Yo
(c) Sand (2,0-0.06mm) 30 to 40Yo
(d) Gravel (Greater than2mm) - 0 to 10%

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 5,2.2.2 Index properties: -
Liquid limit-less than 55Yo but greater than 30oh Plasticity lndex-less than 30o/o but greater than
15%.

5.3 Identification of soils using consistency limits-

Use of the plasticity chart (Fig.l) is made for general identification of the CNS materials. In this
method the data required is only liquid limit (L.L) and Plasticity Index (P.I) value. Since the CNS
soil has to resist internal erosion due to seepage and form suitable base for lining, the soil with
L.L. less than30oh and P.l. less than l5% is not considered suitable. The zone covered between
L.L. 30 to P.l. 15 to 30oh is shown hatched. Soils falling in this zone which can be
50%0.
considered suitable to be used as CNS material. However, it would be desirable to have a few
representative samples tested for swell'pressure as a cross check. In case of samples falling in
Zone A on the plasticity chart, it would be necessary to ascertain swelling pressure and cohesion
of such samples before accepting the same as CNS material. CNS soils normally shall not exhibit
swelling pressure, but in exceptional cases swelling pressure less than 0.1 kg./cm2 is acceptable.
Minimum cohesion shall be 0.1 kg./cm2 (10KN/m2).
Fig. 1 PLASTICITY CHART

cLAY Y r1$ t-O\t c LAY wtTH [fi]oH

c oI4FRE SSlEl"l1l qgFiopgSSt BtLITY

*
r., 30
6
z
>. av
{F
in
5ro
s1
4

30 40 50
Lf OUIO r-IM lT wU .l

5.4 Preliminary investigations for preparation of stage-I estimate:

In case of initial planning and design required for preparation of stage I estimate, preliminary
investigation viz. Grain size analysis, limit tests etc. is sufficient to delineate reaches of expansive
soils and to locate borow area for CNS, material. But for deciding thickness of CNS layer and
preparation of estimates for technical sanction, detailed investigation including swelling pressure
and shear test etc. must be done. The procedure for detailed investigation is given below.

5.5 Investigation along the canal alignment and assessment of CNS material:
5.5.i Objective:-Geotechnical investigations shall be canied out to-
(a) Delineate strata and prepare soil profile along the canal alignment and obtain details of ground
water table. (GWT)
(b) Delineate the boundaries of expansive and non-expansive type of soils.
(c) lndentify borrows areas for CNS and other materials to be used for canal lining.
 (d) Determine engineering characteristic of each strata in foundation and borrow area.
(e) Determine engineering properties of the foundation material at the in-situ-condition and borrow
material at placement condition.
5.5.2 Method of exploration-
Exploration shall be made by test pits and hand auger holes along canal alignment and borrow
areas. However, where the canal is in deep cut, bores may be needed if the depth of cut is beyond
the auger hole range.

5.5.3 Spacing and depth :

5.5.3.1 Along canal alignment-
Auger holes/test-pits shall be made at an interval of 500 m along the centre line of the proposed
canal. In case Topography/site geology demand, the spacing shall be reduced to 200-300 m.
Auger hole/test pits shall be made down to a depth of 2.0 m below the proposed canal bed level.
Ground water table shall be determined if encountered.

5.5.3.2 Borrow area-

Auger holes/test pits shall be taken in a grid of 50 m to 100 m spacing. The depth of pitshall
depend on the depth to which suitable material is available and economical depth of excavation
with available equipment. The borrow area lead shall be in economical range.
5.5.4 Sampling:
5.5.4.1 Along canal alignment-
Representative samples from the auger holes/test pits shall be collected at 1.0 m verlical interval
and every change of strata along the canal alignment. About 1.0 kg. soil sample shall be collected
for mechanical analysis and Atterberg limit tests. In addition a few undisturbed samples shall also
be collected fbr engineering property tests such as in-situ density, moisture content, triaxial
shear/direct shear, consolidation test etc.

5.5.4.2 Borrow areas for CNS. -

About 20-30 kg. of CNS material shall be collected from each pit in the borrow area for testing.
Engineering properties shall be based on field identification tests as well as mechanical analysis,
Atterberg limits and in-situ moisture content tests. A few samples shall also be tested for standard
compaction and sp. gravity. Triaxial shear test may be conducted as per need.
5.6 Canal in cutting lpartial cutting-
After the canal is excavated, the Executive Engineer shall walk over the alignment and establish
more accurately, the strata encountered at the canal bed and side slopes. He shall interalta
delineate the boundaries of the expansive and non-expansive soils, permeable strata, ground
water table and rock. This will enable the design and construction engineer to estimate correctly
the requirement of CNS material and provide measures to improve the stability of the canal
slopes and durability of the lining.

5.7 Recommended thickness of CNS layer:

Table 1 A - Thickness of CNS Layer, Carrying Capacity Less Than 2 Cumecs

Discharge Thickness of CNS Layer in cm (Min)
ln Cumecs Swell Pressure Swell Pressure More
50-150 KN/m2 Than 150 KN/m2
t.4-2 60 t)
0.7-1.4 50 60
0.3-0.7 40 50
0.03-0.3 30 40

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 Table I B - Thickness of CNS Layer, Carrying Capacity of 2 Cumecs and More

Swell Pressure Thickness of CNS Materials

of Soil KN/m2 cm (Min)
50 to 150 75
I 50 to 300 85
300 to 500 100
Note:- However, Optimum thickness of CNS materials needs to be determined for
different swelling pressures by actual experiments both in field and laboratory;
if required.

5.7.1 Canal slopes:

The shear parameter to be adopted in the stability analysis of slopes in the expansive soil and
CNS material where required, shall be based on test on (i) the representative samples of
expansive soil, saturated under no volume change condition, and (ii) saturated samples of CNS
material, both compacted to densities at which they are going to remain in position after lining.

5.7.2 Use of admixture:

Where natural CNS material is not available mixing of admixture like 2 Yo commercial lime
(containing not less than 45%o of calcium oxide, gypsum or soaked lime or 60% sand can afford
as an alternative subject to establishment of homogeneous mixing method in the field, in the
natural state of expansive soil. However, the use of admixture shall be limited to exceptional
cases.

5.8 Lining of small channel:

For channels designed to carry less than 5 cusecs discharge, precast semi-circular or trapezoidal
concrete troughs shall be used for lining in which CNS layer be omitted.

5.9 Swelling pressure test:

For testing the expansive soil for determination of swelling pressure as used in this circular, the
expansive soil specimen shall be remolded at zero moisture content to the density obtainable at
any time in the year in the field at a depth beyond l.2m (in expansive soil zone).For the swelling
pressure test with regarded to CNS, (Para 5.3) the samples of proposed CNS material shall be

remolded at OMC and compacted to optimum proctor density. The swelling pressure test will be

conducted as per the constant volume method described inIS 2720-1977 (Part XLI). Some quick

tests are also available. However, in absence of properly established co-relation, the quick test
may lead to incorrect result. Hence quick tests for determination of swelling pressure are not
recommended.

5.10 Housing :

Excavation below CBL & side slopes shall be provided for housing of lining including CNS
wherever required. Quantity arrived shall be further increased by 10 % for estimation for filling
of the undulations etc before lavins of the canal concrete linine.

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6.0 APPLI9ABILITY oF PAVER MAFHINE :-
Paver machine shall preferably be used where bed width is more than 3.0 m. If site condition
permits, paver may be used where bed width is in between 1.5 m to 3.0 m. However the
contractor will be at liberty to use paver machine for canal lining having width lesser than 1.5 m
with prior permission of Superintending Engineer for which no extra payment shall be
admissible.

7.0 DRAINAGE BEIIIIID LINING:-

7.1 Drainage behind lining shall not be provided everywhere but only where required. Conditions
which warrant the provision of drainage behind lining are:
(a) In cutting reaches where the ground water level is higher than the canal bed level.
(b) In deep or partial cutting reaches where the soil conditions are such that the ingress of rain water
is likely to build up temporary hydrostatic pressure on the lining. Such a condition is unlikely to
occur in filling reaches.
(c) ln cutting reaches where the canal is flankedby pounded paddy fields, the percolation of water
from which (assumed 6:1 hydraulic gradient) cuts across the canal side slopes at a point higher
than 30 cm above bed level.
(d) Where the canal water level depletion rate cannot be controlled to about l0 cm per hour and the
canal has to be subjected to more severe drops in water level.

7.2 In respect of ridge canals with discharge less than 1 cumec, no drainage arangements need be
provided.
7.3 When provision of drainage behind lining is necessary advantage shall be taken of nearby natural
drainages for leading out the canal drainage water.
7.4 For Drainage behind lining T.C. No. 20 and specification volume-Ill Para no. 25.3 and 25.4 must
be followed.
7.5 In canal sites (slant length) porous blocks shall not be used for drainage as they were not found
effective.

8.0 THICKNESS OF LINING:-

Thickness of in-situ Concrete Linins shall be as gfven below:

Capacity of canal (cumecs) Depth of water (m) Thickness of

lining (mm)
Less than 5 Cumecs Upto 1m. 60
More than 5 cumecs upto 50 cumecs More than l m. upto 2.5 m. 75

More than 50 cumecs uoto 200 cumecs More than 2.5 m. upto 100
4.5 m.
More than 200 cumecs upto 300 More than 4.5 m. t20
cumecs upto 6.5m.
More than 300 cumecs upto 700 More than 6.5 m. 150
cumecs upto 9.0 m.

9.0 CURING:-
9.1.1 Bed Lining
After final settling time elapses small bunds longitudinal and cross-wise consisting of earth
materials or lean mortar (l: 15) shall be laid
with 8 cm height for curing. Water pondage should
be maintained for 28 days continuously.
.'(
" 4 \_-.--
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9.1.2 Side Lining -
The panel in which concreting is done, shall be covered with empty cement gunny bags. Water
shall be continuously sprinkled on the gunny bags keeping them wet for 28 days. Sprinkling shall
be done during night time also. The curing of side slopes may be done by constructing masonry
drains with weep holes or perforated pipes on the coping at the top of lining or by sprinklers.

r0.0 SLEEPERS FOR CONSTRUCTION JOINTS:-

Sleepers shall not provided where paver machine is used. The requirement of Cross-Sectional &
Longitudinal sleepers are as per the table below'

Thickness of Size of Concrete Metal Size Interval of

lining sleepers (HxV) mix (mm) sleepers (m)

7.5 cm & less 15cmX10cm M-10 40 4.0 m clc

More than 7.5 cm 20cmX15cm M-10 40 4.0 m c/c

Note:- 1. Longitudinal sleepers are not required up to slant Length 3.0 m.

2.Each panel shall rest on sleepers at joints'

ll.0 FREE BOARD:-

Free board of canal is the vertical distance from top of canal bank (TBL) to the water surface
(FSL) at the design condition. This distance should be sufficient to prevent waves or fluctuations
in water surface from overflowing the sides and subsequently using damagO due to breach of
canal banks.

11.1 Free board in canals will depend upon canal size, its location, velocity and steepness of slopes,
storm water inflow, water table fluctuations, wind action, curvature in alignment, soil
characteristics, percolation gradient, operational conditions for regulating structures; operating
road requirements and availability of excavated materials etc.

ll.2 ln case of lined canals the lining is not done up to the top of canal bank from economic
consideration. However, certain clearance above FSL is provided to prevent frequent saturation
and subsequent damages to the unlined portion of the canal bank. The vertical difference between
the FSL and the top of lining is termed as 'Lining free board'.

11.3 The following free boards for unlined and lined canals shall be provided:-

S.No. Category of Discharge Unlined Canal Lined Canal

Canal (Cumecs)
Free Board (m) Lining free board (m) Total Free board (m)
I Water Course Equal to depth of 0. l0 Equal to depth of
(WC)and field water (D) water (D)
Channel(F/C)
2 Other than WC Upto I 0.45 0.20 0.45
and F/C I to3 0.50 0.30 0.50
3tol0 0.60 U.J) 0.60
l0 to 25 0.75 0.40 0.75
25 to 50 0.90 0.45 0.90
50 t0 100 1.00 0.50 1.00
Above 100 1.20 0.60 1.20

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 n

I2.O NISTAR GHAT.

1 In the upstream of every VRB/DRB provide concrete ghat with suitable steps if the rural population
is nearby the canal. The length of ghat shall be 3.0 m; Tread shall be 40 cm and rise as per side
slope.

13.0 SAFETY LADDER:-

Steel ladders shall not be provided. Plain cement concrete steps of grade M10 with 20 mm graded
metal of 30 cm Tread & Rise as per canal side slope, having width 2.0 m shall be provided at an
interval of 300 m c/c on either side of canal in staggered manner. Step shall be provided right up to
the service road/service path,

14.0 LINING IN EXISTING CANAL :-

The FSD and Bed Grade shall not be changed in existing canals.

This T.C. supersedes T.C. 17 issued vide no. I05/BODHUR&C|TC\\ l/88 Bhopal Dated 12.12,88,
T.C' l9 issued vide no. ll5/BODHIIP.&C|TC|lll88 Bhopal Dated 16.06.89 and T.C,60 issued
vide no. l035lBvAl298/BoDHyR&c/TC Bhopal, Dated 31.t2.2016 in fuil.

Chief Engineer, BODHI Engineer-in-Chief

PWRD, Bhopal PWRD, Bhopal

References-
Along with this T.C., the following IS codes, T.Cs. and Technical Specifications may also,be
referred:-
I ' Is code 3873:1994 laying of cement concrete/stone slab lining on canals-code of practice
(Reaffirmed-2004).
2. Is code 94511994 guidelines for lining of canal in expansive soils-code of practice (Reaffirmed-
2004).
3. Is code 10430:2000 criteria for design of lined canals and guidance for selection of type of
lining.(Reaffi rmed-2009)
4. Is code 456:2000 plain and reinforced concrete-code of practice (Reaffirmed-2o16),
s. T.c. No.3 & T.C. NO.20
6. Specification volume no. I & ilI.

NAME OF OFFICBRS CONTRIBUTED-

1. ShriDeepak Satpute,Director, Canal(BODHI), MP WRD, Bhopal. )
2. Shri Anil Kumar Jain, Deputy Director, Canal (BODHI), Mp WRD, Bhopal.
3. Mrs. Sayyada Mirza Qureshi, Assistant Director, canal (BoDHI), Mp wRD, Bhopal.
 --
a?..

e
c^
Endt. No 34e Ev AnsBnoDHYR&c/rc BHoPAL, batgo: 2 s toltzotg
Copy forwarded to:-

1. Personal Secretary to, Hon.Minister, M.P. Water Resources Department, Bhopal.

2. Additional Chief Secretary to Govt. of M.P. NVDA, Bhopal.
3. Principal Secretary to Govt. of M.P. Water Resources Department, Bhopal
4. Engineer in Chief, M.P. Water Resources Department, Bhopal
5. Member Engineering, N.V.D.A. New Narmada Bhawan, Bhopal.
6. Director, WALMI, Near kaliasote Dam Site, Bhopal.
7. The Accountant General (Civil), MP, M.P. Nagar' Bhopal.
8. The Chief Technical Examiner Govt of M.P:Jail Road Bhopal.
9. The Secretary to Lokayukt, Bhopal
10. The Secretary, Betwa River Board, Jhansi (U.P.)/Chambal Control Board, Kota
(Rajasthan)/Bansagar Control Board, Rewa (M.P.)/Inter State Control Board, Sitabuldi, Nagpur
(Maharastra).
11. The S€cretary, Major Project Control Board, Bhopal.
12. All Chief Engineer, M.P. Water Resources Department

For necessary action, The copies of the amendment must be circulated at your level to all freld
:

i,
| ' officers underjurisdiction.
13. Superintending Engineer (Monitoring), O/o Engineer in Chief, M.P. Water Resources
Depaftment, Bhopal.
14. Web Manager, O/o Engineer-in-Chief, Water Resources Department, Bhopal for uploading in
departmental website.

Encl: As above

Chief Engineer, BODHI

MPWRD, Bhopal

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