CEE 4476b Winter 2013

Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 1 of 31

ASSIGNMENT #1

Handed-out: Thursday, January 10, 2013 Due: Monday, January 14, 2013 at 12:30pm

Question 1 (Problem 1.4 from Sturm)

The river flow at an upstream gauging station is measured to be 1500 m3/s, and at another gauging station 3 km
downstream, the discharge is measured to be 750 m3/s at the same instant of time. If the river channel is uniform
with a width of 300 m, estimate the rate of change in the water surface elevation in meters per hour. Is it rising
or falling?

Question 2 (Problem 1.5 from Sturm)

A paved parking lot section has a uniform slope over a length of 100 m (in the flow direction) from the point of
a drainage area divide to the inlet grate, which extends across the lot width of 30 m. Rainfall is occurring at a
uniform intensity of 10 cm/hr. If the detention storage on the paved section is increasing at the rate of 60 m3/hr,
what is the runoff rate into the inlet grate?

Question 3 (Problem 1.6 from Sturm)

If the lake level upstream of the spillway in Figure 1.1c is 55 m above the channel floor at the base of the
spillway just upstream of the hydraulic jump, estimate the depth and velocity there for a flow rate of 1000 m3/s
and a spillway width of 30 m. What is the value of the Froude number? Neglect the approach velocity in the
lake and the head losses on the spillway.

Figure 1.1c

Question 4 (Problem 1.8 from Sturm)

 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 2 of 31

A bridge has cylindrical piers 1 m in diameter and spaced 15 m apart. Downstream of the bridge where the flow
disturbance from the piers is no longer present, the flow depth is 2.9 m and the mean velocity is 2.5 m/s.

(a) Calculate the depth of flow upstream of the bridge assuming that the pier coefficient of drag (CD) is 1.2. The
drag force can be calculated with following equation:

V12
D = drag force = CD ρA f
2

where: CD = drag coefficient; ρ = density of water; Af = frontal area of pier at section 1 on a plane perpendicular
to the flow direction; and V1 = flow velocity at section 1.

(b) Determine the head loss caused by the piers.

Question 5 (Problem 1.14 from Sturm)

The backwater ∆y caused by bridge piers in a bridge opening is thought to depend on the pier diameter and
spacing, d and s, respectively; downstream depth, y0; downstream velocity, V; fluid density, ρ; fluid viscosity, µ;
and gravitational acceleration, g. Complete the dimensional analysis of the problem.

Question 6
The viscosity µ of a liquid can be measured by determining the time t it takes for a sphere of diameter d to
settle slowly through a distance l in a vertical cylinder of diameter D containing the liquid. Assume that

t = f (l, d, D, µ, Λγ )
€ € €
€ €
where Δγ is the difference in specific weights between the sphere and the liquid. Use dimensional analysis to
show how t is related to µ .

€ Question 7
€ height h that
The € a liquid will rise in a capillary tube is a function of the tube diameter D, the specific weight of
the liquid γ , and the surface tension σ . Perform a dimensional analysis.

€ €
€ €
1.4. The river flow at an upstream gauging station is measured to be 1500 m3/s, and at another
gauging
Sturm, T.W., Open station
Channel3Hydraulics,
km downstream, the discharge is measured to be 750 m3/s at the same
2nd Edition instant of1
CHAPTER
time. If the river channel is uniform with a width of 300 m, estimate the rate of change in the
CEE
water4476b
surface elevation in meters per hour. Is it rising or falling? Winter 2013
1.4. Environmental
The Open
Sturm, T.W., flow atHydraulics
river Channel an upstreamDesign
Hydraulics, 2gauging
nd
3 Page
Editionstation is measured to be 1500 m /s, and at another
3 of 31
CHAPTER 1
Solution.station 3 km downstream, the discharge is measured to be 750 m3/s at the same instant of
gauging
time. If the river channel is uniform with a width of 300 SOLUTIONS
m, estimate the rate of change in the
1.4. water
The river flow at an upstream gauging station is measuredfalling?
Use surface
Equation elevation
1.6, the in meters
continuity per hour.
equation: Is it rising or to be 1500 m3/s, and at another
gauging station 3 km downstream, the discharge is measured to be 750 m3/s at the same instant of
Solution.
time. If the A river channel
y is uniform
Q with a1500
750 width of 300 m,2 estimate the rate of change in the
B
water surface elevation in meters per hour. Is it rising 0.25ormfalling?
/s
Use Equationt 1.6, thet continuityx equation: 3000
Question 1 (Problem 1.4 from Sturm)
Solution.
Ay 0.25y Q
0.25 750 1500 2
B the continuity8.33
Use Equation 1.6, 0.25
10 4 m/s or
equation: mm/hr
3.0 /s (rising)
tt Bt 300x 3000

1.5. A lot ysection Q

A paved parking 750 1500
y B.25 0.25has a uniform slope over
0 0.25a length
m 2 /s of 100 m (in the flow direction)
from the pointt of a drainage
t x 8.33
area 3000
divide10to 4the
m/sinlet
orgrate, which(rising)
3.0 m/hr extends across the lot width of 30
m. Rainfall tis occurring
B 300
at a uniform intensity of 10 cm/hr. If the detention storage on the paved
section is increasing at the rate of 60 m3/hr, what is the runoff rate into the inlet grate?
1.5. A paved parkingy 0lot .25section0.25 has a uniform slope
Solution.
8.33 10 4 m/sover or a3.0length of 100 m (in the flow direction)
m/hr (rising)
from the pointt of aBdrainage 300 area divide to the inlet grate, which extends across the lot width of 30
m. Rainfall is occurring at a uniform intensity of 10 cm/hr. If the detention storage on the paved
1.5. Utilize
section
A the
pavedis continuity
increasing
parking atequation
the rate
lot section for
hasofa 60 m3/hr,control
a finite
uniform isvolume
whatover
slope given
thea runoff
length of by
rate Equation
into
100 mthe the1.3
(ininlet for direction)
an
grate?
flow
incompressible fluid so that the fluid density
from the point of a drainage area divide to the inlet grate, which extends across the lotThen
cancels on both sides of the equation. widthwe
of 30
Question
have
Solution. 2 (Problem 1.5 from Sturm)
m. Rainfall is occurring at a uniform intensity of 10 cm/hr. If the detention storage on the paved
section is increasing at the rate of 60 m3/hr, what is the runoff rate into the inlet grate?
Utilize the continuity equation for a finite control volume given by Equation 1.3 for an
d
incompressible
Solution. fluid so Q that Qin density cancels on both sides of the equation. Then we
out the fluid
have dt
Utilize the continuity equation for a finite control volume given by Equation 1.3 for an
incompressible d fluid so that the fluid 10 density cancels on both sides of the equation. Then we
have 60 Q Q
runoff
out Q 100 30
dt 100incm/m

d
Qout 60 Q10
Qrunoff 300 3
in240 m /hr
dt
60 Q runoff 100 30
100 cm/m
1.6. If the lake level upstream of the spillway10 in Figure 1.1c is 55 m above the channel floor at the
60
Q
base of the spillway Q 300 60 240 m 3 100
/hr 30
runoff just upstream of the hydraulic jump, estimate the depth and velocity there for
runoff
3 100 cm/m
a flow rate of 1,000 m /s and a spillway width of 30 m. What is the value of the Froude number?
Neglect the approach velocity in the lake and the head losses on the spillway.
1.6. If the lake levelQrunoff
upstream300of the 240 min3 /hr
60spillway Figure 1.1c is 55 m above the channel floor at the
Question
Solution. 3 (Problem 1.6 from Sturm)
base of the spillway just upstream of the hydraulic jump, estimate the depth and velocity there for
a flow rate of 1,000 m3/s and a spillway width of 30 m. What is the value of the Froude number?
Writing the
Neglect the approach
energy equation
velocity from thelake
water
in spillway
the and surface upstreamon
the head of the
the spillway.
spillway where the velocity
1.6. If the lake level upstream of the in Figure 1.1closses
is 55 m above the channel floor at the
head is negligible to the floor of the stilling basin downstream of the spillway, and neglecting
base of the spillway just upstream of the hydraulic jump, estimate the depth and velocity there for
head losses, we have
Solution.
a flow rate of 1,000 m3/s and a spillway width of 30 m. What is the value of the Froude number?
Neglect the approach velocity in the lake and the head losses on the spillway.
Writing the energy equation from the water surface upstream of the spillway where the velocity
head is negligible to the floor of the stilling basin downstream of the spillway, and neglecting
Solution.
head losses, we have 2
Writing the energy equation from the water surface upstream of the spillway where the velocity
head is negligible to the floor of the stilling basin downstream of the spillway, and neglecting
head losses, we have
2

2
 (b) Apply the momentum equation in the flow direction in which F = the resultant force of the
walls and floor on the flow. Assume a hydrostatic pressure distribution at sections 1 and 2.
Because
CEE the transition is horizontal, there is no component of the gravity force in theWinter
4476b flow 2013
nd
Sturm, T.W., Open
direction. Channel
The Hydraulics,
momentum 2 Edition
equation
Environmental Hydraulics Design becomes PageCHAPTER
4 of 31 1

2
qy2 1 y 22
F b
y1 y 2 1 22 b2 Q (V2 V1 )
2 gy 2
2

(1000 / 30) 2 56.63

55 y2 y2
19.62 y 22 y 22
3.0 2 2.90 2
F 6.0 9810 4.5 9810 1000 (1.5 3.0 6.0) (2.07 1.5)
2 supercritical solution
Solving by trial and error for the 2 (see Chapter 2), the result is y2 = 1.024 m
and V2 = q/y2 = 33.33/1.024 = 32.55 m/s. The Froude number becomes
from which F = 63.8 kN.
V2 32.55
1.8. A bridgeFhas cylindrical piers 1 m in diameter 10.3 and spaced 15 m apart. Downstream of the bridge
gy 9 . 81 1 . 024
where the flow disturbance from the piers is no longer present, the flow depth is 2.9 m and the
2

mean velocity is 2.5 m/s.

which isCalculate
(a) supercritical and will
the depth provide
of flow a strong,
upstream stable
of the hydraulic
bridge jumpthat
assuming as shown
the pierincoefficient
Chapter 3.of
drag is 1.2.
1.7. A rectangular
(b) channel
Determine the 6head
m wide with a depth
loss caused by theofpiers.
flow of 3 m has a mean velocity of 1.5 m/s. The
channel undergoes a smooth,
Question 4 (Problem 1.8 from Sturm) gradual contraction to a width of 4.5 m.
(a) Calculate the depth and velocity in the contracted section.
Solution.
(b) Calculate the net fluid force on the walls and floor of the contraction in the flow direction.
In part
In each(a),
case, identify
apply any assumptions
the momentum thatwith
equation youthe
make.
control volume boundaries halfway between
the piers; then apply the energy equation in part (b).
Solution.
1
F 2
D 4.5 m s = 15 m
6m
Fp1 Fp2

1 2
(a) Apply the energy equation from the approach section 1 to the contracted section 2 with
negligible
(a) head losses
The momentum and assuming
equation, a horizontal
neglecting boundarychannel bottom:
friction, is

V12 q22
y1F y
p1 2 gF p 2
2D
2 gyQ22 (V2 V1 )

where q2 = V2y2 y=12(6/4.5)qy122 = (6/4.5)(1.5)(3.0)

V12 = 6.0 m2/s. Substituting and solving, we have
s s CD Af Q (V2 V1 )
2 2 2 2
1.5 6.0 2
3.0 y2
19.62 19.62 y 22
in which D = drag force on the pier; Fp = hydrostatic force; Af = frontal area of the pier at section
1 on a plane perpendicular to the flow direction = ay1; a = pier diameter = 1.0 m; s = pier spacing
1.835
= 15.0 m; CDy = drag coefficient 3
2 2
3.115=1.2; and Q = A2V2 = (15)(2.9)(2.5) = 108.8 m /s . Using
continuity and substituting,
y2 we have

from which y2 = 2.90 m by trial and error and V2 = q2/y2 = 6.0/2.90 = 2.07 m/s. Note that there
4
are two solutions, but this is the subcritical solution and the correct one as discussed in more
detail in Chapter 2.

3
 0 0
[ 2] L
Sturm, T.W., Open Channel Hydraulics, ]d q Lc (LT 2 ) d (L2 T 1 )
T [ y1 ]2cnd[ gEdition CHAPTER 1
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Sturm, T.W., Open Channel Hydraulics, 2nd Edition CHAPTER 1
Environmental Hydraulics
in which the square bracketsDesign Page 5 of 31
denote "the dimensions of" the enclosed variables. Equating
exponents on length, L, and time, T, we have
y2 2
c2.9d ) 21.2 1000 (1.0 y ) (108.8)
2
1 1
15 9810 L(: 012 1 1000 108.8 2 ( )
y2 22.29d2 1 (15 y.81) 22
2(108 15 12 . 9 151y
15 9810 T(: 01
1
) 1.2 1000 (1.0 y1 ) 1000 108.8 2 ( )
2 2 2(15 y1 ) 2 15 2.9 15 y1
which reducesd to
from which = –1/2 and c = –3/2 so that
which reduces to
10.30
y12 12.11 q 0 F1
y
10.130 2 1/ 2 3 / 2
y 2
1 12.g11 y10
y1
and the is
which solution is y1 =
the Froude 2.932 m
number for, or a backwaterchannel.
a rectangular of 0.032Finally
m, and we
V1 = Q/A
can 1 = 108.8/[(15)(2.932)]
write from the dimensional
=analysis
2.474 m/s.
that is y1 = 2.932 m, or a backwater of 0.032 m, and V1 = Q/A1 = 108.8/[(15)(2.932)]
and the solution
= 2.474 m/s.
(b) The head loss, hL, is obtained from the energy equation assuming a negligible change in
channel bedyelevation from point 1 to 2:
(b) The head2 loss,(hFL1,)is obtained from the energy equation assuming a negligible change in
channel bedyelevation
1
2
from
2
point 1 to 2: 2 2
V1 V2 2.474 2 .5
hL y1 y 2 2 . 932 2 . 90 0.0254 m
1.14. The backwaterV 2 2g2 by bridge piers
21g2 y caused
V 219 .62
.474 19
2..562
in2 a bridge opening 2 is thought to depend on the pier
hdiameter
L y 2 d and2s,.932
y1 and spacing, 2.90
respectively; downstream depth,0.0254 m
y0; downstream velocity, V; fluid
2g 2g 19.62 19.62
1.9. Adensity,
symmetric; fluid viscosity,
compound andingravitational
channel overbank flow acceleration,
has a maing.channel
Complete
withthe dimensional
a bottom width of 30
Question 5 the(Problem
analysis of problem. 1.14 from Sturm)
m, side slopes of 1:1, and a flow depth of 3 m. The floodplains on either side of the main channel
1.9. A symmetric compound channel in overbank flow has a main channel with a bottom width of 30
are both 300 m wide and flowing at a depth of 0.5 m. The mean velocity in the main channel is
m, side slopes of 1:1, and
First, thea functional
flow depthrelationship
of 3 m. Theasfloodplains on either side of the main channel
Solution.
1.5 m/s, while the write
floodplain flow has a mean velocity of 0.3 m/s. Assuming that the velocity
are both 300 m wide and flowing at a depth of 0.5 m. The mean velocity in the main channel is
variation within the main channel and the floodplain subsections is much smaller than the change
1.5 m/s, while the floodplain flow has a mean velocity of 0.3 m/s. Assuming that the velocity
in mean velocities between subsections, find the value of the kinetic energy correction coefficient
variation within
y the f (main
d , s, ychannel
,V , , and
, gthe
) floodplain subsections is much smaller than the change
in mean velocities between0 subsections, find the value of the kinetic energy correction coefficient
0.5 m
We have 8300variables 3 m
and 3 fundamental dimensions
1 so there must be 5 groups. Choose V,
m 300 m0.5 m
and y0 as repeating variables. Then by 1
inspection, the first 3 groups are 1 = y/y0; 2 = d/y0;
3m 1
and 3 = s/y300 . m
The next group 30
is m
found from 300 m
0 1
Solution. 30 m
Solution. M 0 L0 T 0 A[ f :]c [V ]d [ y0 ]e (ML 3 ) c (LT 1 ) d (L) e (ML 1T 1 )
Flow area [of the
4 ] floodplains,

Flow area of the floodplains, Af :

Af 2 (300 0.5) 300 m 2
in which the square brackets denote2 "the dimensions of" the enclosed variables. Equating
A f 2we(300
exponents, have 0.5) 300 m
Flow area of the main channel, Am:
1 the main channel, Am:
Flow area of
Am (30 35) 2.5 35 0.5 98.10 75 m 2
21
ThenAfor (30 35
m the entire ) 2.5we35
channel, have0.a5total .75 m 2 Q = 300(0.3 m/s) + 98.75(1.5 m/s) = 238
98discharge,
3 2
m /s, and mean velocity V = Q/A = 238/398.75 = 0.597 m/s. The kinetic energy flux correction
Then for the entire channel, we have a total discharge, Q = 300(0.3 m/s) + 98.75(1.5 m/s) = 238
coefficient, , then
m3/s, and mean is given
velocity V =by
Q/A = 238/398.75 = 0.597 m/s. The kinetic energy flux correction
coefficient, , then is given by
vi3 ai 2 (0.3) 3 150 (1.5) 3 98.75
4.02
Vv3i3Aai ) 3 (398
2 (0.(30).3597150 (1.5.)75
3 )
98.75
4.02
V 3A 3
(0.597) (398.75)

5
5
Sturm, T.W., Open Channel Hydraulics, 2nd Edition CHAPTER 1
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 6 of 31

M: 0 c 1
L: 0 3c d e 1
T: 0 d 1

from which c = –1; d = –1; and e = –1. Then 4 = Vy0/ , which is the Reynolds number of the
flow. The final group is obtained from

[ 5 ] M 0 L0 T 0 [ ]c [V ]d [ y0 ]e g (ML 3 ) c (LT 1 ) d (L) e (LT 2 )

Equating the exponents, we have

M: 0 c
L: 0 3c d e 1
T: 0 d 2

so that c = 0; d = –2; and e = 1. Then 5 can be written as V/(gy0)1/2, which is the Froude number.
The final functional relationship, with some rearrangement of the groups, is

y y 0 d Vd V
[ , , , ]
d d s ( gy 0 )1 / 2

The longitudinal
1.15. Question 6 velocity u near the fixed bed of an open channel depends on the distance from
the bed, z; the kinematic viscosity, ; and the shear velocity u* = ( 0/ )0.5 in which 0 is the wall
t shear
= f (l,stress.
d, D, µDevelop
, Δγ ) the dimensional analysis for the point velocity, u.
Solution.
n =5
The functional relationship is
N =n−3=2
u f ( z , , u* )
[t] = L0T 1 M 0 [l] = [d] = [D] = L1T 0 M 0 [ µ] = L−1T −1 M 1 [Δγ ] = L−2T −2 M 1
There are 4 variables and only 2 fundamental dimensions (L and T), so we should expect 2
t = ϕt (ΠChoose
Πgroups. 1, Π 2 ) z and u* as repeating variables. Then we have

€ Δγ as repeaters
Select l , µ and € €
1 z c u*d u
1 0 0
which, by inspection, gives 1 = u/u*. The second group comes from
€ −1 1 ≠ 0
€ €Δ = −1
−2 −2 1

Therefore, variables selected are independent

Π1 = l x1 µ y1 Δγ z1 d 1 , selecting m1 = 1 11
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 7 of 31

[Π1 ] = 1 = Lx1 L−y1 T −y1 M y1 L−2z T −2z M z1 L1

x1 − y1 − 2z1 +1 = 0

−y1 − 2z1 = 0

y1 + z1 = 0

Solving these three equations gives: z1 = 0 y1 = 0 x1 = −1

d
Π1 = l −1d 1 =
l
€ € €
Π2 = l x1 µ y1 Δγ z1 D1 , selecting m2 = 1

Following same procedure as above yields: z2 = 0 y2 = 0 x 2 = −1

D
Π2 = l −1D1 =
l
€ € €
Note: can also see the solution for Π2 by inspection

d D
At this point we have: Πt = ϕt ( , ) , and we can now evaluate Πt
l l
€
Πt = l x µ y Δγ z t 1, selecting m = 1
€
€
x −y −y y −2z −2z z 1
[Πt ] = 1 = L L T M L T M T

x − y − 2z = 0

−y − 2z +1 = 0

y+z =0

Solving these three equations gives: z = 1 y = −1 x =1

Πt = l1µ −1Δγ 1t 1
€ € €
ltΔγ
Πt =
µ

µ % d D(
t= ϕ' , *
lΔγ & l l )
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 8 of 31

Therefore, from the above equation we can see that t ~ µ

Question 7
€
h = f (D, γ , σ )

[h] = [D] = L1T 0 M 0 [γ ] = L−2T −2 M 1 [σ ] = L0T −2 M 1

n=3

1 0 0 € €
Δ = −2 −2 1 = 0
0 −2 1

Therefore, variables are dependent – there are only two dimensions (m = 2)

N = n − 2 =1
Πh = ϕh (Π1 )

Π1 = D x1 γ y1σ 1

[Π1 ] = 1 = Lx1 L−2y1 T −2y1 M y1 T −2 M 1

x1 − 2y1 = 0

−2y1 − 2 = 0

y1 +1 = 0

Solving these three equations gives: y1 = −1 x1 = −2

σ
Π1 = D−2γ −1σ 1 =
D2γ
€ €

Π h = D xγ y h 1

[Πh ] = 1 = Lx L−2y T −2y M y L1

x − 2y +1 = 0

−2y = 0

y =0

Therefore, x = −1
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 9 of 31

h
Πh = D−1h 1 =
D

h $ σ '
= γh& 2 )
D %D γ(

ASSIGNMENT #2

Handed-out: Thursday, January 17, 2013 Due: Monday, January 28, 2013 at 12:30pm

CHANNEL TRANSITIONS AND CONTRACTIONS

Question 1
Water is flowing at a depth of 3.048 m with a velocity of 3.048 m/s in a channel of rectangular cross-section.
Find the depth and change in water surface elevation caused by a smooth upward step in the channel bottom of
0.3048 m. What is the maximum allowable step size so that choking is prevented? (Use a head loss coefficient =
0).

Question 2
The upstream conditions are the same as Question 1 (y1 = 3.048 m; V1 = 3.048 m/s; rectangular cross-section)
with a smooth contraction in width from 3.048 m to 2.743 m and a horizontal bottom. Find the depth of flow
and change in water surface elevation in the contracted section. What is the greatest allowable contraction in
width so that choking is prevented? (Head loss coefficient = 0).

Question 3
The upstream conditions in a rectangular channel are the same as in Questions 1 and 2 (y1 = 3.048 m; V1 =
3.048 m/s; rectangular cross-section) with a smooth contraction in width from 3.048 m to 2.438 m. How much
should the channel bottom drop to maintain a constant water surface elevation through the transition? (Head
loss coefficient = 0)

CONTRACTIONS AND EXPANSIONS IN NON-RECTANGULAR CHANNELS WITH HEAD LOSS

Question 4
Determine the upstream depth of flow in a subcritical transition from an upstream rectangular flume that is
14.94 m wide to a downstream trapezoidal channel with a width of 22.86 m and side slopes of 2:1 (horizontal :
vertical). The transition bottom drops 0.3048 m from the upstream flume to the downstream trapezoidal
channel. The flow rate is 357 m3/s, and the depth in the downstream trapezoidal channel is 6.71 m. Use a head
loss coefficient of 0.5.

Question 5
A rectangular channel 3.6 m wide contracts to a 1.8 m wide rectangular channel and then expands back to the
3.6 m width. The contraction is gradual enough that head losses can be neglected, but the expansion loss
coefficient is 0.5. The discharge through the transition is 10 m3/s. If the downstream depth at the re-expanded
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 10 of 31

section is 2.4 m, calculate the depths at the approach section and the contracted section. Show the positions of
the depth and specific energy for all three sections on a specific energy diagram.

OVERBANK FLOW

Question 6
A natural channel cross-section has a bank-full cross-sectional area of 45 m2 and a top width of 37.5 m. The
maximum value of Fc/F1 has been calculated to be 1.236. Find the discharge range, if any, within which
multiple critical depths could be expected.

WEIRS

Question 7
Design a broad-crested weir for a laboratory flume with a width of 38.1 cm. The discharge range is 0.0028 m3/s
to 0.0283 m3/s. The maximum approach flow depth is 45.72 cm. Determine the height of the weir and the weir
length in the flow direction. Plot the expected head-discharge relationship.

Question 8
Plot and compare the head-discharge relationships for a rectangular, sharp-crested weir having a crest length of
30.48 cm in a 1.524-m wide channel with that for a 90o V-notch sharp-crested weir if both weir crests are 30.48
cm above the channel bottom. Consider a head range of 0-16 cm.

Question 9
A trapezoidal flume has a bottom width of 1.0 m and side slopes of 1:1. A sill with a height of 0.5 m is placed in
the flume forming a trapezoidal critical control section. The length of the sill is 1.5 m in the flow direction.
Calculate the discharge if the approach head is measured to be 0.60 m above the sill.

Question 10
Find the upstream head in the long-throated rectangular flume of Example 2.5 for the minimum discharge of
0.02 m3/s, which has a tailwater depth of 0.225 m. The sill length in the flow direction is 0.54 m and the height
is 0.15 m as in Example 2.5. Also, check if submergence will occur.

SOLUTIONS

Question 1

Solution

Find flow rate per unit width q:

q = V1 y1 = (3.048)(3.048) = 9.290m 2 /s

Determine critical depth yc:

" q 2 %1/ 3 " 9.290 2 %1/ 3

yc = $ ' = $ ' = 2.064m
#g& # 9.81 &
 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 11 of 31

Determine minimum specific energy Ec:

3
Ec = y = 1.5 × 2.064 = 3.096m
2 c

Determine specific energy at section 1:

V12 3.048 2
E 1 = y1 + = 3.048 + = 3.522m
2g 2 × 9.81

Because E 1 − Δz > E c there is no choking. So we write the energy equation from 1 to 2 and find a subcritical
solution to y2.

€
V2
E 1 = y1 + 1 + Δz
2g

9.290 2
3.522 = y 2 + + 0.3048
2 × 9.81 × y 22

4.399
3.2172 = y 2 +
y 22

which can be solved by trial and error an equation solver.

Try: y2 = 2.25m

RHS = 3.12m

Try: y2 = 2.50m

RHS = 3.20m which is approximately equal to the LHS

Therefore, y2 = 2.50m

The water surface elevation drops by 3.048m – (2.50 + 0.3048) = 0.243m

For the limiting choking case, set the specific energy at section 2 equal to Ec:

E 1 = 3.522 = E c + Δzc

3.522 = 3.096 + Δzc

Δzc = 0.426m
 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 12 of 31

Question 2

From Question 1 we have the following common terms:

q1 = 9.290m 2 /s y c1 = 2.064m E 1 = 3.522m

Then, from continuity we have:

€ €
q2 = (3.048 /2.732)q1 = (3.048 /2.732)(9.290) = 10.32m 2 /s

and

" q 2 %1/ 3 "10.32 2 %1/ 3

y c2 =$ 2 ' =$ ' = 2.21m
# g & # 9.81 &

Writing the energy equation from 1 to 2:

q22 10.32 2
E1 = y 2 + = y 2 + = 3.522
2gy 22 (2 × 9.81)y 22

from which the subcritical solution is y 2 = 2.85m with a water surface elevation drop of (3.048m – 2.85m) =
0.195m.

For the limiting choking case, E 1 = E c2 = 1.5y c2 , so that

€
" q 2 %1/ 3
3.522 = 1.5$ 2 '
#g& €

q22 / 3 = 2.348 × g1/ 3 = 5.0264

q2 = 11.269m 2 /s

But b2 = Q /q = 28.316 /11.269 = 2.513m .

Choking will begin at a contracted width of 2.513m.

€
Question 3

From the previous two questions, we have:

q1 = 9.290m 2 /s y c1 = 2.064m E 1 = 3.522m y1 = 3.048m

CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 13 of 31

q2 = (3.048 /2.438)q1 = (3.048 /2.438)(9.290) = 11.61m 2 /s

y c2 = (11.612 /g)1/ 3 = 2.40m

Writing the energy equation from 1 to 2 and solving for Δz with y2 = y1 + Δz:

q22
E1 = y 2 + − Δz
2gy 22

11.612 6.87
3.522 = y1 + Δz + 2 − Δz = 3.048 +
2g(y1 + Δz) (3.048 + Δz) 2

from which the solution is Δz = 0.765m and y 2 = y1 + Δz = 3.048 + 0.765 = 3.813m , which is subcritical with a
water surface elevation drop of zero.

Question 4 € €

b1 = 14.94m b2 = 22.86m y1 = ?

y 2 = 6.71m Δz = 0.3048m Q = 357m 3 /s K L = 0.50

€ €
First calculate the downstream conditions
€ € €
A2 = y 2 (b2 + my 2 ) = (6.71)(22.86 + 2(6.71)) = 243.44m 2

B2 = b2 + 2my 2 = 22.86 + 2(2)(6.71) = 49.70m

Q 357
V2 = = = 1.47m /s
A2 243.44

V2 1.47
F2 = 1/ 2 = = 0.21
[gA2 /B] [9.81(243.44 /49.70)]1/ 2

Q2 357 2
E 2 = y2 + = 6.71+ = 6.82m
2gA22 2 × 9.81 × 243.44 2

The downstream flow is subcritical, and we are looking for a subcritical depth upstream. Writing the energy
equation including the head loss, and assuming that V1 > V2, we have:

E 1 + Δz = E 2 + hL
 y, ft 1
CEE 4476b y=E Winter 2013
1.0 3
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 14 of 31
0.667 2
2 2 y = (2/3)E
Q Q Q2
y1 + + 0.3048 = 6.82 + 0.5 −
2gA12 2gA12 2gA22
0.33 ft
$ 357 2 ' $ 1.47 2 '
y1 + (1 − 0.5)& 2
) = 6.5152 − 0.5& )
% 2 × 9.81 × (14.94 y1 ) ( % 2g (
E, ft
0.256 0.672 1.002
14.55
y1 + = 6.46
2.8. y12
A rectangular channel 3.6 m wide contracts to a 1.8-m wide rectangular channel and then expands
back to the 3.6-m width. The contraction is gradual enough that head losses can be neglected, but
Solving, the result
the expansion is 0.5. The discharge through the transition is 10 m3/s. If the
is y1 = 6.06m
loss coefficient
downstream depth at the re-expanded section is 2.4 m, calculate the depths at the approach
section and the contracted section. Show the positions of the depth and specific energy for all
three sections
Question 5 on a specific energy diagram.
€ 3
1
2

3.6 m 1.8 m 3.6 m

Solution.

From continuity, q3 = q1 = 10/3.6 = 2.778 m2/s and q2 = 10/1.8 = 5.556 m2/s. Check critical
conditions and calculate downstream specific energy:

1/ 3 1/ 3
q32 2.778 2
yc3 0.923 m
g 9.81
1/ 3 1/ 3
q22 5.556 2
yc2 1.465 m
g 9.81
Ec2 1.5 y c 2 1.5 1.465 2.198 m
2
q 3 2.778 2
E3 y3 2.4 2.468 m
2 gy 32 19.62 2.4 2

23
 CEEOpen
Sturm, T.W., 4476b nd
Channel Hydraulics, 2nd Edition Winter 20132
CHAPTER
Sturm, T.W., Open Channel Hydraulics,
Environmental Hydraulics Design2 Edition Page 15 of 312
CHAPTER

Now because E > Ec2, choking cannot occur, and we are seeking a subcritical depth at section 2.
Now because E33 > Ec2 , choking cannot occur, and we are seeking a subcritical depth at section 2.
The energy equation from 2 to 3, including the head loss, is
The energy equation from 2 to 3, including the head loss, is

q2
y q222 2 E 3 hL
y 22 2 gy E 3 hL
2 gy 222
5.556 2 q 22 q2
y 5.556 2 2 2.468 0.5 q22 2 q332 2
y 22 19.62 y 2.468 0.5 2 gy 2 2 gy 2
19.62 y 222 2 gy 22 2 gy 33
1.573 2.778 2
y 0.5 1.573 2.468 0.5 2.778 2 2
y 22 0.5 y 222 2.468 0.5 19.62 2.4 2
y2 19.62 2.4
0.786
y 0.786 2.434
y 22 y 222 2.434
y2

from which y = 2.28 m and E = y + (q )2/(2gy 2) = 2.28 + 5.5562/[(19.62)(2.28)2] = 2.583 m.

from which y22 = 2.28 m and E22 = y22 + (q22)2/(2gy222) = 2.28 + 5.5562/[(19.62)(2.28)2] = 2.583 m.
The head loss is (E – E ) = 0.12 m. The energy equation from point 1 to point 2, neglecting head
The head loss is (E22 – E33) = 0.12 m. The energy equation from point 1 to point 2, neglecting head
loss, is
loss, is

q2
y q112 2 E 2 2.583
y11 2 gy E2 2.583
2 gy112
2.778 2 0.3933
y 2.778 2 2 y 0.3933 2.583
y11 19.62 y y11 y2 2.583
19.62 y112 y112
The solution is y = 2.52 m, which is 0.12 m higher than the downstream depth of 2.4 m. The
The solution is y11 = 2.52 m, which is 0.12 m higher than the downstream depth of 2.4 m. The
increase in water surface elevation is approximately equal to the head loss because of the small
increase in water surface elevation is approximately equal to the head loss because of the small
difference in the velocity heads. See Figure 2.11 in the text for the specific energy diagram.
difference in the velocity heads. See Figure 2.11 in the text for the specific energy diagram.
2.9. The head upstream of a circular culvert having a diameter of 6.0 ft is 5.0 ft above the culvert
2.9. The head upstream of a circular culvert having a diameter of 6.0 ft is 5.0 ft above the culvert
invert. If critical depth occurs at the culvert entrance, what is the discharge if the approach
Question 6
invert. If critical depth occurs at the culvert entrance, what is the discharge if the approach
velocity head is negligible? Suppose that an impervious plug of mud and debris blocks the lower
velocity head is negligible? Suppose that an impervious plug of mud and debris blocks the lower
2.0 ft of the culvert entrance above the invert in the form of a horizontal sill, what will the
2.0 ft of the culvert entrance above the invert in the form of a horizontal sill, what will the
discharge be for the same head of 5.0 ft above the invert? Neglect entrance energy losses.
discharge be for the same head of 5.0 ft above the invert? Neglect entrance energy losses.
Solution.
Solution.
One approach is to solve Equation 2.20 (nonrectangular channel) for y using the geometric
One approach is to solve Equation 2.20 (nonrectangular channel) for ycc using the geometric
relationships for a circular channel:
relationships for a circular channel:
A
E y Acc
E cc y cc 2B
2 Bcc
d ( sin )d
5.0 d [1 cos( / 2)] ( c sin c )d
5.0 2 [1 cos(
c
c / 2)] 16c sin( c /c 2)
2 16 sin( c / 2)

24
24
 channel alone would be supercritical.

2.16. A natural channel cross-section has a bank-full cross-sectional area of 45 m2 and a top width of
CEE
37.5 4476b Winterrange,
m. The maximum value of Fc/F1 has been calculated to be 1.236. Find the discharge 2013
Environmental Hydraulics
if any, within which multipleDesign
critical depths could be expected. Page 16 of 31

Solution.

From the data given, A1 = 45 m2 and B1 = 37.5 m. First calculate the upper limiting discharge,
QU, as

g 1 / 2 A11 / 2 (9.81)1 / 2 ( 45) 3 / 2

QU 154 m 3 /s
B11 / 2 37.51 / 2

Then the lower limiting discharge is calculated by

QU Fc max
1.236
QL F1
154
QL 125 m 3 / s
1.236

So for Q in the range of 125 to 154 m3/s, there are two values of critical depth, one in main
channel flow alone, and one in overbank flow for this cross section.

The main channel

2.17. Question 7 of North Fork, Peachtree Creek in Atlanta can be approximated as a parabolic
channel with a bank-full depth of 8.0 ft and a bank-full top width of 50 ft. There are symmetric
floodplains on either side of the main channel that are perfectly flat each with a width of 150 ft. If
For broad-crested weir we require:
the flow rate is 3500 cfs, is it possible for there to be multiple critical depths for this cross-
section? Use the computer program Ycomp on the book website to calculate the critical depth(s)
Hfor/(H P) ≤ 0.35
Q =+ 3500 (see
cfs and Q =Figure 2.25)
3000 cfs.

0.08 ≤ H /l ≤ 0.33 (for range of broad-crested behaviour)

Solution.
3
First check
Need thethe
to solve upper limiting discharge
head-discharge for multiple
relationship for critical
Hmax (Q depths
max = from Equation
0.0283m /s) 2.35:

Calculateg AH13max
/2
32.2 [( 2 / 3)(50 8)]3 / 2
QU 3495 cfs
B1 50
" %2 / 3
$ Qmax '
H max =$ '
2 31
$ Cv Cd (2g /3)1/ 2 L '
# 3 &

L = 0.381m Cd = 0.848 (from Figure 2.25)

Assume Cv = 1 (for first iteration)

€

€
 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 17 of 31

" %2 / 3
$ (0.0283) '
H max =$ ' = 0.138m
2
$ (1)(0.848) (2g /3)1/ 2 (0.381) '
# 3 &

Calculate Hmin:

" %2 / 3
$ Qmin '
H min =$ '
2
$ Cv Cd (2g /3)1/ 2 L '
# 3 &

" %2 / 3
$ (0.0028) '
H min =$ ' = 0.0296m
2
$ (1)(0.848) (2g /3)1/ 2 (0.381) '
# 3 &

Try upper limit for H/l:

H max /l = 0.33

Therefore, l = 0.138 /0.33 = 0.418m (length of the weir l = 0.42m )

Check Hmin/l:

H min /l = 0.0296 /0.418 = 0.0708

€ €
This value is slightly less than the lower limit (>= 0.08), but it is OK.

Set H /(H + P) = 0.35 for H = H max

Solve for P : 0.138 /0.35 = 0.138 + P

€ €
Therefore, P = 0.256m (height of the weir P = 0.26m )
€ € to check assumption of C = 1:
Need v

€ €
Calculate Cv for Hmax:
Cd A∗ / A1 = (0.848)(LH) /(L(H + P)) = (0.848)(0.381)(0.138) /(0.381(0.138 + 0.256)) = 0.297
€
From Figure 2.26: Cv ≈ 1.02

Calculate Cv for Hmin:

€
Cd A∗ / A1 = (0.848)(LH) /(L(H + P)) = (0.848)(0.381)(0.0296) /(0.381(0.0296 + 0.256)) = 0.0879
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 18 of 31

From Figure 2.26: Cv ≈ 1.00

Since Cv is either = 1 or very nearly = 1, we can conclude that our calculations for Hmin and Hmax are OK. But to
be sure, we can re-calculate Hmax with Cv = 1.02 instead of = 1.00).
€
" %2 / 3
$ (0.0283) '
H max =$ ' = 0.136m
2 1/ 2
$ (1.02)(0.848) (2g /3) (0.381) '
# 3 &

H max /l = 0.33

l = 0.136 /0.33 = 0.412m

The length of the weir remains relatively unchanged with Cv = 1.02.

We can conclude our design of the broad-crested weir with values of P = 0.26m (height of weir) and l = 0.42m
(length of the weir). With these values of P and l the weir will behave as a proper broad-crested weir. The value
of P + Hmax (= 0.26+0.136 = 0.396m) is also less than the maximum allowable approach flow depth of
45.72cm.

Plot the relationship between H and Q.

0.140$

0.120$

0.100$
H"(m)"

0.080$

0.060$

0.040$ Broad0crested$weir$

0.020$
0.000$ 0.005$ 0.010$ 0.015$ 0.020$ 0.025$ 0.030$ 0.035$
Q"(m3/s)"

Question 8

Rectangular sharp-crested weir:

 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 19 of 31

L /b = 0.3048 /1.524 = 0.2

From Table 2.3: Cde = 0.589 − 0.0018(H /P)

Head-discharge relationship (Eq. 2.43):

2€
Q= 2gCde Le H e3 / 2
3

where: Le = L + kL and H e = H + kh

kh = 0.001m
€ From Figure 2.23c:
€ kL = 0.0025m

Le = 0.3048 + 0.0025 = 0.3073

He = H + €
0.001

2 H
Q= 2g(0.589 − 0.0018 )(0.3073)(H + 0.001) 3 / 2
3 P

For 90o V-notch sharp-crested weir

8 θ
Q = Cde 2g tan H e5 / 2
15 2

From Figure 2.24b: Cde = 0.578

From Figure 2.24c: kh = 0.0009m

He = H + €
kh = H + 0.0009
€ 8
Q = (0.578) 2g tan 45 (H + 0.0009) 5 / 2
15

Plotting these two relationships demonstrates the following relationships:

 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 20 of 31

0.160#

0.140#

0.120#

0.100#
H"(m)"

0.080#
Sturm, T.W., Open Channel Hydraulics, 2nd Edition CHAPTER 2

0.060#
Integrating, the result is
0.040#
3 / 2 H h1 Rectangular#notch#weir#
H H
H 3/ 2 5/ 2
0.020#Qt 2g L 2 2 g tan( / 2)
3/ 2 0
3 / 2V:notch#weir#
H h
5/ 2 H h1
1

0.000#
Evaluating 0.000#
the limits0.005#
and collecting
0.010# terms,
0.015#and0.020#
introducing the coefficient
0.025# 0.030# 0.035# 0.040# Cd, to
of discharge,
Q"(mresult
compensate for the earlier assumptions, the final 3/s)"
for the actual discharge, Q, is

2 4 5/ 2 2 2
Q 2 g C d L( H h1 ) 3 / 2 2 2 g tan( / 2) C d H H (H h1 ) 3 / 2 (H h1 ) 5 / 2
Question
3 9 15 3 5

2.22. A trapezoidal flume has a bottom width of 1.0 m and side slopes of 1:1. A sill with a height of 0.5
m is placed in the flume forming a trapezoidal critical control section. The length of the sill is 1.5
m in the flow direction. Calculate the discharge if the approach flow head is measured to be 0.60
m above the sill.

Solution.

The coefficient of discharge is determined first from Equation 2.51:

0.018 0.018
He 0.60
Cd 0.07 0.07 0.980
l 1 .5

in which the approach velocity head has been ignored for now. The discharge Q is given by
Equation 2.50, but the value of yc in that equation depends on the unknown Q. An additional
equation is obtained by using F2 = 1.0, or equivalently, Equation 2.20, which incorporates F2 =
1.0. Then the solution involves a trial and error procedure to obtain yc after which Equation 2.50
is solved for Q. If we begin with Equation 2.20, the bottom width of the trapezoidal crest is
(1.0+2×0.5) = 2.0 m, and the value of Ec = 0.6 m so that (2.20) becomes

Ac
Ec yc
2 Bc
yc (2 yc )
0.6 yc
2( 2 2 y c )

from which yc = 0.421 m and Ac = 0.421(2.0+1×0.421) = 1.019 m2. Then substituting into (2.50),
we have

Q Cd Ac 2 g ( H e yc ) 0.98 1.019 19.62(0.6 0.421) 1.87 m 3 / s

 Equation 2.50, but the value of yc in that equation depends on the unknown Q. An additional
equation is obtained by using F2 = 1.0, or equivalently, Equation 2.20, which incorporates F2 =
1.0. Then the solution involves a trial and error procedure to obtain yc after which Equation 2.50
CEE 4476b
is solved for Q. If we begin with Equation 2.20, the bottom width of the trapezoidal Winter
crest is 2013
Environmental
(1.0+2×0.5) = 2.0Hydraulics
m, and theDesign
value of Ec = 0.6 m so that (2.20) becomes Page 21 of 31

Ac
Ec yc
2 Bc
yc (2 yc )
0.6 yc
2( 2 2 y c )

from which yc = 0.421 m and Ac = 0.421(2.0+1×0.421) = 1.019 m2. Then substituting into (2.50),
we have

Q Cd Ac 2 g ( H e yc ) 0.98 1.019 19.62(0.6 0.421) 1.87 m 3 / s

Alternatively, from Figure 2.28, mHe/b = 1.0×0.6/2.0 = 0.3 and yc/He = 0.7 to give yc = 0.42 m
which can be substituted into Equation 2.50 to obtain the discharge. The approach flow area for a
depth
Sturm, T.W., of yChannel
Open 1 = (0.5 Hydraulics,
+ 0.6) = 1.12nd is A1 = y1(1.0+my1) = 1.1(1.0+1.0×1.1) =2.31 m2. TheCHAPTER
mEdition approach 2
flow velocity is V1 = Q/A1 = 1.87/2.31 = 0.810 m/s and the velocity head is 0.033 m. Iterating
twice more produces He = 0.642 m and yc = 0.451 m, and a final value of Q = 2.10 m3/s.
2.23. Find the upstream head in the long-throated rectangular flume of Example 2.5 for the minimum
discharge of 0.02 m3/s which has a tailwater depth of 0.225 m. The sill length in the flow
direction is 0.54 m and the height is 0.15 m as in Example 2.5. Also check if submergence will
Question
occur.
10
37

Solution.

Assume that Cd = 0.96, so the head becomes

2/3 2/3

Q 0.02
He 0.118 m
2 2 2 2
Cd gL (0.96) g (0.3)
3 3 3 3

Checking Equation 2.51 for He/l = 0.118/0.54 = 0.218, the result is Cd = 0.966. Repeating one
more time with Cd = 0.966, the value of He = 0.118 m as before so this is the final answer. The
approach flow energy head E0 = (0.118+0.15) = 0.226 m, so the approach flow depth is obtained
from:

Q2 0.02 2
y0 y0 0.226
2 gA02 19.62 [ y 0 (0.75 y 0 )] 2

The result is y0 = 0.2256 m which means that the approach velocity head is negligible, and H =
He = 0.118 m.

From Example 2.5, ld = 0.9 m and lt = 3.3 m. The velocity in the critical section on the sill is Vc =
Q/Ac = 0.02/(0.3 yc ) = 0.847 m/s in which yc = (2/3) He = 0.0787 m. For the downstream tailwater
section, assume that the maximum tailwater is equal to the actual tailwater for the first iteration.
Then the velocity for a depth of 0.225 m is Vt = Q/At = 0.02/[0.225(0.75+ 0.225)] = 0.0912 m/s.
The hydraulic radius in the critical section is

Ac 0.3(0.0787)
Rc 0.052 m
Pc [0.3 2(0.0787)]

while the hydraulic radius of the tailwater section is given by

A 0.225(0.75 0.225)
 approach flow
approach flow energy head EE00 == (0.118+0.15)
energy head (0.118+0.15) == 0.226
0.226 m,
m, so
so the
the approach
approach flow
flow depth
depth is
is obtained
obtained
from:
from:

CEE 4476b Q Q22 0222

00..02 Winter 2013
y
y 00 y
y 00 00..226
226
Environmental Hydraulics
22gA
gA 22 19Design
19 ..62
62 [[yy00((00..75 )]22
75 yy00)] Page 22 of 31
00

The result
The is yy00 == 0.2256
result is 0.2256 m
m which
which means
means that
that the
the approach
approach velocity
velocity head
head is
is negligible,
negligible, and
and H
H ==
H = 0.118
Hee = 0.118 m.m .

From Example
From 2.5, lldd == 0.9
Example 2.5, 0.9 m
m and
and lltt == 3.3
3.3 m.
m. TheThe velocity
velocity inin the
the critical
critical section
section onon the
the sill
sill is
is VVcc ==
Q/Acc == 0.02/(0.3
Q/A 0.02/(0.3 yycc )) == 0.847
0.847 m/s
m/s in
in which
which yycc == (2/3)
(2/3) H
Hee == 0.0787
0.0787 m.m. For
For the
the downstream
downstream tailwater
tailwater
section, assume
section, assume that
that thethe maximum
maximum tailwater
tailwater is is equal
equal to
to the
the actual
actual tailwater
tailwater for
for the
the first
first iteration.
iteration.
Then the velocity for a depth of 0.225 m is V = Q/A = 0.02/[0.225(0.75+
Then the velocity for a depth of 0.225 m is Vtt = Q/Att = 0.02/[0.225(0.75+ 0.225)] = 0.0912 m/s.0.225)] = 0.0912 m/s.
The hydraulic radius in the critical section
The hydraulic radius in the critical section is is

AAcc 00..33((00..0787
0787))
RRcc 00..052
052mm
PPcc [[00..33 22((00..0787
0787)]
)]

while the
while the hydraulic
hydraulic radius
radius of
of the
the tailwater
tailwater section
section is
is given
given by
by

AAtt 00..225
225((00..75
75 00..225
225))
RRtt 00..158
158mm
PPtt 00..75
75 22 22((00..225
225))

Now for
Now for the
the friction
friction loss,
loss, we
we have
have by
by substituting
substituting into
into Equation
Equation 2.54
2.54 with
with ff 0.018
0.018 for
for aa smooth
smooth
surface over
surface over this
this Reynolds
Reynolds number
number range:
range:

00..90 84722
90 11nd 00..847 091222
00..0912 33..33 091222
00..0912
H
H 0
0 .
.
Sturm, T.W., Open Channel
ff
018
018
Hydraulics, 2 Edition 00..018
018 00..0015
0015 m
CHAPTER m2
19..62
19 62 22 44 00..052
052 44 00..158
158 44 00..158
158 19 19..62
62

The expansion loss comes from substituting into Equation 2.57 to produce

(0.847 0.0912) 2
H ex 0.66 0.019 m
19.62
38
38
Finally, we check the possibility of submergence from Equation 2.58 to give

He Ha Hf H ex 0.118 (1 0.9661 / 1.5 )(0.118) 0.0015 0.019 0.095

The energy loss through the structure gives a tailwater energy head of 0.095 m, which is
acceptable because it is greater than the actual tailwater head of 0.075 m relative to the sill (not
including the velocity head, which is very small for this example).

2.24. A rectangular canal has a bottom width of 6.0 ft. A circular broad-crested weir is placed in the
ASSIGNMENT #3
canal by constructing a headwall across the canal through which a 3.0 ft diameter circular pipe is
placed. The pipe is horizontal with the invert located 0.5 ft above the bottom of the canal, and it
Handed-out:
has a length ofThursday,
7.5 ft. If theJanuary 31,head
upstream 2013 Due:
on the weir Monday,toFebruary
is measured 4, 2013toatthe
be 1.5 ft relative 12:30pm
invert of the pipe, calculate the discharge in the canal.

Solution. 1
Question
For a flow rate of Q = 145 m3/s in the compound channel cross-section shown in Fig. 1a there are three values
ofThe coefficient
critical depth.of For
discharge is determined
this flow rate the first from energy
specific Equationcurve
2.51: takes the form shown in Fig. 1b. Critical depth
values for yc1 and yc2 are 0determined
.018
to be0.018
1.6 m and 2.005 m, respectively. Determine the value of the third
critical depth (y H ). Use Newton’s 1 .5
method
C d
c3 e 0.07 0.07 solve.
to 0.964
l 7.5

in which the approach velocity head has been ignored for now. The discharge Q is given by
Equation 2.50, but the value of yc in that equation depends on the unknown Q. Use the graphical
solution method of Figure 2.28 as suggested in Exercise 2.22. The value of He/d = 1.5/3.0 = 0.5
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 23 of 31

Question 2
A hydraulic jump is to be formed in a trapezoidal channel with a base width of 6.10 m and side slopes of 2:1.
The upstream depth is 0.38 m and Q = 28.32 m3/s. Find the downstream (sequent) depth and the head loss (EL)
in the jump. Solve by manual calculations and verify the sequent depth calculation by the graphical method
(Figure 3.2).

Question 3
A circular culvert has a diameter of 1.8 m. The discharge is 2.8 m3/s. Near the downstream end of the culvert,
the flow is uniform with a depth of 0.70 m. The tailwater is 1.2 m above the outlet invert. Will a hydraulic jump
occur in the culvert, or will it be swept out?

Question 4
A steady flow is occurring in a rectangular channel, and it is controlled by a sluice gate. The upstream depth is
1.0 m, and the upstream velocity is 3.0 m/s. If the gate is slammed shut abruptly, determine the depth and the
speed of the resulting surge.

Question 5
For a river flow between bridge piers 3 m in diameter with a spacing of 20 m, determine the backwater ( h1∗ )
using the momentum method if the downstream depth is 4.0 m and the downstream velocity is 1.9 m/s. Assume
a coefficient of drag (CD) of 2.0 for the bridge piers. Solve by manual calculations and verify your solution with
the graphical method.
€
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 24 of 31

OPTIONAL ADDITIONAL QUESTION:

Question 6 (OPTIONAL)
A parabolic channel has a bank-full depth of 2.0 m and a bank-full width of 10.0 m. If the downstream sequent
depth is of a hydraulic jump in the channel is 1.5 m for a flow rate of 8.5 m3/s, what is the upstream sequent
depth? (See Table 3.1 for momentum functions for various channel geometries).

Question 7 (OPTIONAL)
A horizontal laboratory flume has a width of 0.38 m and a maximum flow depth of 0.76 m upstream of a
vertical sluice gate. If a free hydraulic jump is positioned just downstream of the gate, calculate its supercritical
Froude number and the sequent depth of the jump for Q = 0.014 m3/s and Q = 0.057 m3/s if the gate
opening is adjusted so that the depth upstream of the gate is the same with a value of 0.76 m for both
discharges. Neglect energy losses through the gate.

SOLUTIONS

Question 1

For the critical depth above the bank of the main channel (yc3):

b = 22m (main channel)

b f = 22 + 2 + 2 +185 +185 = 396m (floodplain)

Expression for area A in overbank flow scenario:

A = (y − H)[b f + m(y − H)] + y(b + my) where H = 2m

A = (y − 2)[(396 + (y − 2)] + 2(22 + 2) = (y − 2)(394 + y) + 48

€
A = y 2 + 392y − 740

Expression for top width B in overbank flow scenario:

B = 2my

B = 396 + 2(y − 2) = 396 − 4 + 2y = 392 + 2y

" Q2 B %1/ 2
Critical depth must satisfy: $ 3 ' = 1
# gA &

€
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 25 of 31

Q2 B
=1
gA 3

A 3 /B − Q2 /g = 0

[y 2 + 392y − 740]3 /[392 + 2y] − (145) 2 /9.81 = 0

[y 2 + 392y − 740]3 /[392 + 2y] − 2143.22 = 0

[y 2 + 392y − 740]3 − 840142.71 − 4286.44 y = 0

Use Newton’s method to solve for y:

F(y) = (y 2 + 392y − 740) 3 − 4286.44 y − 840142.71 = 0

Take derivative of F(y):

F "(y) = 3(y 2 + 392y − 740) 2 ⋅ (2y + 392) − 4286.44

F(y)
Newton’s method: y n +1 = y n −
F #(y)

n yn (m) F(y) F’(y)

0 2.1 -176692.62 9118827.24
1 €
2.119 15953.09 10788890.90
2 2.118 97.99 10656490
3 2.118 0.004 10655669.20

Therefore, the critical depth yc3 = 2.118m.

Question 2

Calculate the critical depth to limit the root search for y2.

Set Froude number = 1:

Q2 Bc
=1
gAc3

From Table 2.1 (Sturm) retrieve the expressions for the area and top width of a trapezoidal cross-section:

A c = y c (b + my c ) = y c (6.10 + 2y c ) Bc = b + 2my c = 6.10 + 4 y c

Rearranging:
€
 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 26 of 31

Ac3 /Bc = Q2 /g = 28.32 2 /9.81 = 81.76

y c3 (6.10 + 2y c ) 3 /(6.10 + 4 y c ) = 81.76

Solve by trial and error for yc:

Try y c = 1.1m LHS = 72.5 ≠ RHS

Try y c = 1.14m LHS = 81.78 ≈ RHS Therefore, y c = 1.14m

€ €
Using Table 3.1 (Sturm) set the momentum function for a trapezoidal channel equal upstream and downstream
of the hydraulic jump.
€ € €
i.e., M1 = M 2

by12 my13 Q2
M1 = + +
€ 2 3 gy1 (b + my1 )

(6.10)(0.38) 2 (2)(0.38) 3 (28.32) 2

M1 = + + = 31.84
2 3 g(0.38)(6.10 + (2)(0.38))

Therefore, 31.84 = M 2

(6.10)y 22 (2)y 23 (28.32) 2

31.84 = + +
€ 2 3 gy 2 (6.10 + 2y 2 )

31.82 = (2 /3)y 23 + 3.05y 22 + 81.76 /[(y 2 (6.10 + 2y 2 )]

Solve by trial and error for the sequent depth y2 (must be larger than yc = 1.14m):

Try y 2 = 2.25m RHS = 26.46 ≠ LHS

Try y 2 = 2.45m RHS = 31.14 ≈ LHS

€ €
Therefore the sequent depth is approximately y 2 = 2.45m .
€ €
For energy loss (head loss) in the jump: E L = E 1 −E 2
€
E 1 = y1 + Q2 /2gA12 = 0.38 + (28.32) 2 /(2g(2.61) 2 ) = 6.38m
€
E 2 = y 2 + Q2 /2gA22 = 2.45 + (28.32) 2 /(2g(26.95) 2 ) = 2.51m

E L= 6.38 − 2.51 = 3.87m

 discharge,
crested Q so
weir = 0.03403
that the tailwater 0.0129y3mis3 /s.
0.38 = depth Next,
given by assume that the tailgate behaves as a sharp-
crested weir so that the tailwater depth y3 is given by
2/3 2/3
CEE 4476b Q 2/3 0.0129 2/3 Winter 2013
y3 0.15 Q 0.15 0 . 0129 0.219 m
Environmental
y3 0.15 (2Hydraulics
/ 3) 2 g C d Design
L 0.15 (2 / 3) 19.62 0.636 0.38 Page 27mof 31
0.219
(2 / 3) 2 g C d L (2 / 3) 19.62 0.636 0.38
Therefore,
in which C the energy
= 0.636 loss
from in the
Table 2.3jump is =3.87m.
for L/b 1.0 and after some iteration. The corrections on H
d
in which
and L areCsmall
d = 0.636 frombeen
and have Tableneglected.
2.3 for L/bFinally,
= 1.0 and after some
calculate iteration.
the sequent Theycorrections
depth, on H
3 , for a hydraulic
Check
and L solution
are small with
and the
have graphical
been method
neglected. presented
Finally,
jump in the flume with an upstream depth of 1.0 cm: in
calculateFigure
the 3.2
sequent (Sturm).
depth, y3 , for a hydraulic
jump in the flume with an upstream depth of 1.0 cm:
3 / 2 1/ 2 5 / 2 3/2
Z trap = yQm /g b 0.01
= (28.32)(2) /[g1/ 2 (6.10) 5.2 ] = 0.278
y3 y 22 ( 1 1 8F222 ) 0.01 ( 1 1 8 10.86 22 ) 0.149 m
y3 2 ( 1 1 8F2 ) 2 ( 1 1 8 10.86 ) 0.149 m
my1 /b =2(2)(0.38) /(6.10) = 0.125 2
Now because the tailwater depth, y3, is greater than the sequent depth, the jump will be drowned
Nowjust
out because the tailwater
downstream the ydepth, y3, is greater than the sequent depth, the jump will be drowned
From Figure 3.2 we of
find sluice gate.
= 6.5 , and therefore y 2 = 6.5 × 0.38 = 2.47m
2 / y1 gate.
out just downstream of the sluice
3.13. A circular culvert has a diameter of 1.8 m. The discharge is 2.8 m33/s. Near the downstream end of
3.13. The
the
graphical solution
A circular
culvert,culvert
the flow
matches of
hasisauniform
diameter very well
with1.8
a depth
with
m. The the manual
discharge
of 0.70 m. Theis 2.8 calculations.
m /s. Near
tailwater is 1.2the downstream
m above end of
the outlet
the culvert,
invert. Will the flow is uniform
a hydraulic withina the
jump occur depth of 0.70
culvert, m. The tailwater is 1.2 m above the outlet
€
invert. Will a hydraulic € or
jump occur in the culvert,
will it be swept out?
or will it be swept out?
Question
Solution. 3
Solution.
First calculate the Froude number of the uniform flow in the culvert:
First calculate the Froude number of the uniform flow in the culvert:
y 0.70
2 cos 11 (1 2 y ) 2 cos 11 (1 2 0.70 ) 2.693 rad
2 cos (1 2 d ) 2 cos (1 2 1.8 ) 2.693 rad
d 1.8
sin 2.693 sin 2.693
A sin d 2 2.693 sin 2.693 (1.8) 22 0.915 m 22
2
A 8 d 8 (1.8) 0.915 m
8 8
B d sin( / 2) 1.8 sin(2.693 / 2) 1.755 m
B d sin( / 2) 1.8 sin(2.693 / 2) 1.755 m
QB11// 22 2.8 1.75511// 22
F QB 2.8 1.755 1.353
F g A33 // 22 9.81 0.91533 // 22 1.353
gA 9.81 0.915
The uniform flow is supercritical. Using Figure 3.3, Zcirc = Q/(g1/2 d 5/2) = 2.8/(9.811/2×1.85/2) =
The uniform flow is supercritical. Using Figure 3.3, Zcirc = Q/(g1/2d 5/2) = 2.8/(9.811/2×1.85/2) =
0.206,
Sturm, T.W., andChannel
Open the sequent depth ratio,
Hydraulics, nd y2/y1 1.35 for y1/d = 0.7/1.8 = 0.4. The sequent depth3is
0.206, and the sequent depth 2ratio,
Edition CHAPTER
y2/y1 1.35 for y1/d = 0.7/1.8 = 0.4. The sequent depth is
1.35y1 = 0.94 m. Because the tailwater is higher than the sequent depth, it will back up into the
1.35y1 = 0.94 m. Because the tailwater is higher than the sequent depth, it will back up into the
culvert until it matches the sequent depth. Thus, the jump will be located in the culvert rather than
being swept out.

3.14. 62
A steady flow is occurring in a rectangular channel, and it is controlled by a sluice gate. The
62
upstream depth is 1.0 m, and the upstream velocity is 3.0 m/sec. If the gate is abruptly slammed
shut, determine the depth and speed of the resulting surge.

Solution.

Vs

V2 = 0
y2
y1 V1

Write the continuity and momentum equations for the unsteady flow problem made stationary by
superimposing a velocity of Vs to the right:

(V1 Vs ) y1 Vs y 2
2
(V1 Vs ) 1 y2 y2
 culvert until it matches the sequent depth. Thus, the jump will be located in the culvert rather than
being swept out.
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 28 of 31
3.14. A steady flow is occurring in a rectangular channel, and it is controlled by a sluice gate. The
upstream depth is 1.0 m, and the upstream velocity is 3.0 m/sec. If the gate is abruptly slammed
Question 4
shut, determine the depth and speed of the resulting surge.

Solution.

Vs

V2 = 0
y2
y1 V1

Write the continuity and momentum equations for the unsteady flow problem made stationary by
Sturm, T.W., Open Channel Hydraulics, 2nd Edition CHAPTER 3
superimposing a velocity of Vs to the right:

(V1 V
Divide through y11 + yV4s);ymultiply
bys )(y 2 numerator and denominator of the term on the right hand
+ y4);Vand
side by (y1(V ) 2 assume y
1 y 1y 4 yield
y to
1 s 2 2
1
gy1 2 y1 y1
C D a V12 q2
y y
in which the 1boundary
4 condition V2 = 0 has ( y12 imposed
2 2been
y 42 ) owing to the closed gate. Solve the
s of2 gVs to2obtain
continuity equation in terms gy1 y 4

Applying the energy

V1 y1 equation
3.0from point 1 to point 4 assuming that the head loss is written in
Vs approach
terms of the velocity head, and rearranging,(1)we have
y2 y1 y 2 1.0
2 2 2
Substitute the V q 1 1 q
y values
1 y of K V1 1and y1 into the momentum equation
4 L ( y 2 andy 2rearrange
) to give
1 4
2g 2 g y 42 y12 2 gy12 y 42

Vs 2.2147
Upon comparison of the ytwo
2 ( yequations,
2 1) 3.0it is clear that(2)
KL = CD a/s under this set of rather
restrictive assumptions.
Equating (1) and (2) and solving, we get y2 = 2.12 m and Vs = 2.69 m/s.

3.17.
3.15. For adepths
The river flow between
upstream and bridge piers 3ofma in
downstream diameter
sluice with
gate in a spacing of
a rectangular 20 m, determine
channel are 8 ft andthe
2 ft,
backwater using the momentum
respectively, for steady flow. method if the downstream depth is 4.0 m and the downstream
Question is51.9ism/s.
velocityWhat Assume a coefficient of drag
(a) the value of the flow rate per unit of 2.0 for
width q? the bridge piers.
(b) If q in part (a) is reduced by 50 percent by an abrupt partial closure of the gate, what will
Solution.
be the height and speed of the surge upstream of the gate?

Apply Equation 3.21, in which CD a/s = 2.0 3.0/20 = 0.30, and the downstream Froude number,
Solution.
F4 = V4/(gy4)1/2 = 1.9/(9.81 4.0)1/2 = 0.303, with the result given by
(a) Write the energy equation from point 1 immediately upstream of the gate to point 3 just
downstream of the gate to produce
( 1)( 2)
F42
CD a / s 2
( 1)( 2)
0.3032 0.0918 63
0.30 2

Solving for , we obtain = h1*/y4 = 0.0148 in agreement with Figure 3.17, and thus, h1* =
0.0148 4.0 = 0.0592 m.

3.18. The main river channel downstream of a bridge can be approximated as a rectangular cross-
section in which the flow depth is 2.0 m and the velocity is 3.0 m/s. The bridge has circular piers
 ( y 2 / y1 )

from which y2/y1 = 4.43 and y2 = 0.66 m.

from4476b
CEE which y2/y1 = 4.43 and y2 = 0.66 m. Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 29 of 31
3.5. A parabolic channel has a bank-full depth of 2.0 m and a bank-full width of 10.0 m. If the
3.5. A parabolic channel has a bank-full depth of 2.0 m and a bank-full width of 10.0 m. If the
downstream sequent depth of a hydraulic jump in the channel is 1.5 m for a flow rate of 8.5 m33/s,
downstream sequent depth of a hydraulic jump in the channel is 1.5 m for a flow rate of 8.5 m /s,
what is the upstream
Question sequent depth?
what is the6 upstream
(OPTIONAL)
sequent depth?
Solution.
Solution.
In order to limit the root search for the sequent depth, calculate the critical depth for the parabolic
In order to limit the root search for the sequent depth, calculate the critical depth for the parabolic
channel by equating the Froude number squared to a value of one.
channel by equating the Froude number squared to a value of one.

Q2B
F 2
2 Q 2 B3cc 1.0
F gA 1.0
gAcc3
y
Q 22 B0 y cc
Q B0 y 0 27 Q2
y0 27 Q22 1 .0
3
8 B 1 .0
2 B 3
8 g B002 y c44
g 2 B00 y c33 // 22 g y yc
g 3 y0 yc y 00
3 y0
1/ 4
1/ 4

27 8 .5 2
y 27 8 .5 2 2 0.84 m
y cc 8 10 0.84 m
8 9.81 10 2
9.81 2.0
2 .0

Hence, the given depth of 1.5 m is indeed subcritical, and the sequent depth is supercritical and
Hence,
less thanthe given
0.84 m. depth of 1.5
Calculate themmomentum
is indeed subcritical, andthe
function for thedownstream
sequent depth is supercritical and
depth:
less than 0.84 m. Calculate the momentum function for the downstream depth:

4 B 3 Q2
M 4 B00 y 255 // 22
3 Q2
M 22 15 y y 2 2 B0 3 / 2
15 y 00 2 g B0 y 23 / 2
g y0 y2
y0
4 10 5/ 2 3 8 .5 2
M 4 10 1.55 / 2 3 8 .5 2 6.0466 m 33
M 22 15 Hydraulics,
2 1.52nd Edition
2 10 6.0466 m
Sturm, T.W., Open Channel
15 2 2 99..81
81 10 1.533 // 22 CHAPTER 3
2 1 .5
2
Now set M1 = M2, and solve for the sequent depth:

4 B0 5 / 2 3 54
Q 2 54
M1 y1 6.0466
15 y 0 2 g B0 y 3 / 2
1
y0
4 10 5 / 2 3 8.52
y1 6.0466
15 2 2 10 3 / 2
9.81 y1
2
1.562
1.8856 y15 / 2 6.0466
y13 / 2

Solving, we get y1 = 0.415 m.

3.6. A hydraulic jump occurs on a sloping rectangular channel that has an angle of inclination, . The
sequent depths are d1 and d2 measured perpendicular to the channel bottom. Assume that the
jump has a length, Lj, and a linear profile. Derive the solution for the sequent depth ratio, and
 CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 30 of 31

Question 7 (OPTIONAL)

For Q = 0.014 m3 /s

q = Q /b = 0.014 /0.38 = 0.0368 m2 /s

€
Apply the energy equation to determine the depth just downstream of the sluice gate (y2):

q2 q2
y1 + = y 2 +
2gy12 2gy 22

(0.0368) 2 (0.0368) 2
0.76 + = y2 +
2g(0.76) 2 2gy 22
6.90 × 10 −5
0.763 = y 2 +
y 22

Solve for y2 (trial and error):

y 2 = 0.00956m

Determine the Froude number just downstream of the sluice gate (F1):

q =V⋅ y V = q/y

q 0.0368
F2 = = = 12.57
gy 23 € 9.81 × 0.00956 3

Use the hydraulic jump equation to determine the sequent depth (y3):

y2 # 0.00956 #
y3 = % −1+ 1+ 8F22 &( = % −1+ 1+ 8(12.57) 2 &( = 0.165m
2$ ' 2 $ '

Therefore, the sequent depth of the jump for Q = 0.014 m3/s is y3 = 0.165m.

Repeat the problem for Q = 0.057 m3/s:

For Q = 0.057 m3 /s

q = Q /b = 0.057 /0.38 = 0.15 m2 /s

€
Apply the energy equation to determine the depth just downstream of the sluice gate (y2):
CEE 4476b Winter 2013
Environmental Hydraulics Design Page 31 of 31

q2 q2
y1 + = y 2 +
2gy12 2gy 22

(0.15) 2 (0.15) 2
0.76 + = y2 +
2g(0.76) 2 2gy 22

1.15 × 10 −3
0.7732 = y 2 +
y 22

Solve for y2 (trial and error):

y 2 = 0.0395m

Determine the Froude number just downstream of the sluice gate (F1):

q =V⋅ y V = q/y

q 0.15
F2 = = = 6.10
gy 23 € 9.81 × 0.0395 3

Use the hydraulic jump equation to determine the sequent depth (y3):

y 2 #% & 0.0395 #% &

y3 = −1+ 1+ 8F22 ( = −1+ 1+ 8(6.10) 2 ( = 0.322m
2 $ ' 2 $ '

Therefore, the sequent depth of the jump for Q = 0.057 m3/s is y3 = 0.322m.