COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

Prof. Oscar Reyes – Universidad Industrial de Santander

DISCLAIMER
This presentation is meant for educational purposes only. It is based
on the book: “Communication Systems”, by Simon Haykin.
4th Ed. 2001, Wiley.
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LESSON 15

Baseband transmission
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Line Codes
1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0

NRZ-L

NRZ-M

NRZ-S

RZ

Biphase-L

Biphase-M

Biphase-S
Differential
Manchester

Bipolar

Source: en.wikibooks.org
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Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

• Form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent
symbols.

• Multipath propagation
• Bandlimited channels.

Transmit data
SLICE LEVEL
Receive signal
ERRORED
“ZERO” ERRORED
“ONE”
Receive data

[http://en.wikipedia.org/]
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Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

𝑠(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑥0 (𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑛𝑇)
Tx filter Channel Rx filter Decision
𝑔(𝑡) “0” or “1”
ℎ 𝑇 (𝑡) ℎ𝑐 (𝑡) ℎ𝑅 (𝑡) device

𝑤(𝑡) Threshold

Input waveform, 𝑔(𝑡) Individual pulses Received waveform, x 𝑡

1 0 0 0

t t t
0 0
𝑇𝑠
Intersymbol interference
1 0 1 1

t t t
0 0
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
Sampling points
(transmiter clock) Sampling points Sampling points
(receiver clock) (receiver clock)
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Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

𝑠(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑥0 (𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑛𝑇)
Tx filter Channel Rx filter Decision
𝑔(𝑡) “0” or “1”
ℎ 𝑇 (𝑡) ℎ𝑐 (𝑡) ℎ𝑅 (𝑡) device

𝑤(𝑡) Threshold

𝑔 𝑡 ∗ ℎ𝑐 𝑡 = 𝑥(𝑡)
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Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

Nyquist ISI criterion
1; 𝑛 = 0
ℎ 𝑛𝑇𝑠 =
0; 𝑛 ≠ 0

[http://en.wikipedia.org/]
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Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

Raised Cosine Filter
1, 0 ≤ 𝑓 < 𝑓1
1 𝜋( 𝑓 − 𝐵)
𝐻 𝑓 = 1 − sin , 𝑓1 ≤ 𝑓 < 2𝐵 − 𝑓1
2 2𝐵 − 2𝑓1
0, 𝑓 ≥ 2𝐵 − 𝑓1

𝑓
𝛼 = 1 − 𝐵1: rolloff factor

𝐵𝑇 = 2𝐵 − 𝑓1 = 𝐵(1 + 𝛼)

cos 2𝜋𝛼𝐵𝑡
ℎ 𝑡 = 2𝐵sinc(2𝐵𝑡)
1 − 16𝛼 2 𝐵2 𝑡 2
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Intersymbol Interference (ISI)

Raised Cosine Filter
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Baseband pulse transmission

Eye patterns

[http://en.wikipedia.org/]
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Baseband pulse transmission

Eye patterns

• The width of the eye opening defines the time interval over which the received
wave can be sampled without error from ISI.
• The preferred time for sampling is the instant of time at which the eye is open
widest.
• The sensitivity of the system to timing error is determined by the rate of
closure of the eye as the sampling time is varied.
• The height of the eye opening, at a specified sampling time, defines the
margin over noise.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/]
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Baseband pulse transmission

Eye patterns
Amount of distortion Signal-to-noise ratio at
(set by signal-to-noise-ratio) the sampling point

Time variation
of zero crossing
Slope indicates
sensitivity to timing
error; the smaller,
the better

Measure of jitter Best time to sample (decition point)

Most open part of eye = best signal-to-noise ratio
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Matched Filter
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
𝑔(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑛𝑇)

𝑤(𝑡)

𝑔0 𝑛𝑇 2
𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑔0 𝑡 + 𝑛(𝑡) ⇒ Maximize: 𝜂 =
𝐸[𝑛2 𝑡 ]

∞ 𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑛𝑇 2
−∞
𝐺 𝑓 𝐻 𝑓 𝑒 𝑑𝑓
𝜂=
𝑁0 ∞ 2 𝑑𝑓
𝐻 𝑓
2 −∞

Using Schwarz’s inequality:

∞ 2 𝑑𝑓 ∞ 2 𝑑𝑓 ∞
−∞
𝐺 𝑓 −∞
𝐻 𝑓 2 2 𝑑𝑓
𝜂≤ = 𝐺 𝑓
𝑁0 ∞ 2 𝑑𝑓 𝑁0
𝐻 𝑓 −∞
2 −∞
∞
2 2 𝑑𝑓
⇒ 𝜂max = 𝐺 𝑓
𝑁0 −∞
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Matched Filter
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡)
𝑔(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑛𝑇)

𝑤(𝑡)
𝐻𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑓 = 𝑘𝐺 ∗ 𝑓 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑛𝑇 ⇒ ℎ𝑜𝑝𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑘𝑔(𝑛𝑇 − 𝑡)

Received signal
𝑏0 = 0 𝑏3 = 0

𝑏1 = 1 𝑏2 = 1 𝑏4 = 1

Correlator output
𝑇 2𝑇 3𝑇 4𝑇 5𝑇

Matched filter
output
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Matched Filter
The matched filter is the linear filter, ℎ(𝑡), that
maximizes the output signal-to-noise ratio.

1 1 0 1 1
Sampling
AWGN Matched &
Channel Filter Threshold 11011
Decisor

∗ℎ 𝑡 =

𝑡
ℎ 𝑡 =Π
𝑇 [Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/ ]
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Bit Error Ratio / Bit Error Rate

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑦(𝑛𝑇)
Decision
𝑔(𝑡) ℎ(𝑡) “0” or “1”
device

𝑤(𝑡) Threshold

• Bit errors: number of received bits of a data stream over

a communication channel that have been altered
Causes: noise, interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors.
• Bit error rate (BER): number of bit errors per unit time.
• Bit error ratio (also BER): number of bit errors divided by the total
number of transferred bits during a time interval.
• Bit error probability pe: expectation value of the bit error ratio.
• BERT or bit error rate test: testing method for digital communication
circuits that uses predetermined stress patterns consisting of a
sequence of logical ones and zeros generated by a test pattern
generator.
[http://en.wikipedia.org/]
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BER: Bit Error Ratio

Examples:
Binary symmetric channel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_symmetric_channel#/media/File:Binary_symmetric_channel_(en).svg

AWGN channel without fading

1 𝐸𝑏
For BPSK or QPSK: 𝑃𝑒 = 2 erfc 𝑁0
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BER: Bit Error Ratio

1 𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑒 = erfc
2 𝑁0

𝑥
2 2
erf 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋 0

erfc 𝑥 = 1 − erf(𝑥)
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BER: Bit Error Ratio and Bit Error Rate

1 𝐸𝑏 Bit rate: 𝟏𝟎𝟓 bps
𝑷𝒆 = erfc
𝑬𝒃 /𝑵𝟎 [dB] 2 𝑁0 About one error [bit error per
every… second]

4.3 10−2 10−3 s 103

8.4 10−4 10−1 s 10

10.6 10−6 10 s 0.1

12.0 10−8 20 min 8.33 × 10−4

13.0 10−10 1 day 1.16 × 10−5

14.0 10−12 3 months 1.29 × 10−7

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BER: Bit Error Ratio

100

10−2
BER

10−4

10−6
BPSK / QPSK
8-PSK
16-PSK
10−8
0 2 4 6 𝐸𝑏 8 10 12 14 16 18
𝑁0 (𝑑𝐵)
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References
[Wikipedia] Wikipedia in English, the free Encyclopedia. Visited on Jan. 2014.
[Frenzel, 2007] Frenzel, Louis E. Principles of Electronic Communication
Systems”, 3rd Ed. McGraw-Hill, 2007.
[Haykin, 2001] Haykin, Simon. Communication Systems. 4th Ed. Wiley, 2001.
[FCC]. www.fcc.gov. Propagation characterization