Metal structures – Laboratory
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1. PRYING EFFECT IN BOLTED END – PLATE CONNECTIONS
1.1 THICKNESS OF END - PLATE
A) Thickness of end – plate in non preloaded connection according to old polish standard
PN-90/B-03200
In non preloaded connections minimum value of the end plate thickness is determined from:
c S Rt
t t min 1,2
bs fd
where : SRt - design tension resistance of the bolt,
fd - design tensile strength of the end – plate steel,
c - distance between root radius of I or H section or weld and edge of the bolt
hole,
bs - effective width of T-stub per one bolt row.
Whereat is limited c d , and b s 2 c d , where d is the bolt diameter.
c do
bs
Fig.1
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Lecture 4: Prying effect in bolted end – plate connections.
Metal structures – Laboratory
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B) Thickness of end – plate in preloaded connection according to old polish standard
PN-90/B-03200
In preloaded connections or in joints where end-plate is stiffened more than one edge,
minimum value of the end plate thickness is determined from equation:
Rm
t t min d 3
1000
where : d - bolt diameter,
Rm - ultimate tensile strength for bolt material (fub).
In case when prying force effect is occur, the connection should be checked from condition as
for non preloaded connection. These rules led to using very thick end – plates.
1.2 MODES OF FAILURE END – PLATE CONNECTIONS.
In bo1ted connections an equivalent T-stub in tension is used to model of the part of joint in
tension zone. The T-stub behaviour describe design resistance basic component under loads.
A) Connections with thin end - plate according to Eurocode 3.
In connections where thin end-plate relative to tensile bolt resistance is used, complete yield
of the plate flange is observed. Bolt rupture is not occur in first phase working of the joint. Design
resistance Ft,Rd of the T-stub can be obtain from equation:
Ft
4 M pl. Rd F m F
Ft. Rd P P
m
where : Mpl.Rd- yielding moment of end - plate,
m - distance between bolt axis and weld or root radius of I or H profile.
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Lecture 4: Prying effect in bolted end – plate connections.
Metal structures – Laboratory
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B) Connections with medium thickness end - plate according to Eurocode 3.
In connections where thickness end – pate is greater than in above, a partial plasticization of
the end – plate by stiffener is observed. Deformations of the end - plate cause the increase in force
in bolts and finally destroying them failure. Tensile resistance of the connection can be obtain from
equation:
Ft
2 M pl . Rd 2 n Bt .Rd m Fn
Ft .Rd F
mn P P
where : Mpl.Rd- yielding moment of end - plate,
Bt.Rd - design tension resistance of the bolt with taken into account the design
punching shear resistance of the bolt head and the nut,
m - distance between bolt axis and weld or root radius of I or H profile.
n - distance between bolt axis and edge of the end- plate, but n 1, 25 m .
C) Connections with thick end - plate according to Eurocode 3.
In connections where the thick end-plate is used, her deforming is very small and damage will
take place through breaking bolts. Design resistance Ft,Rd of the T-stub can be obtain from equation:
Ft
Ft. Rd 2 Bt. Rd F m F
where: Bt.Rd - design tension resistance of the bolt with taken into account the design
punching shear resistance of the bolt head and the nut,
Yielding moment of end – plate can be obtained from equation:
M pl. Rd 0,25 Leff t 2bp f y / M 0
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Lecture 4: Prying effect in bolted end – plate connections.
Metal structures – Laboratory
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1.3 PRYING EFFECT.
In case of end - plate about an average thickness towards the tensile resistance of bolts, an
increase in the tensile force is taking place in the bolt on account of partial plasticity of the end
plate. Additionally, on account of uneven pressures, this bolt is bending. The increase in the tensile
force in the bolts causes the so-called prying effect. Prying effect is included in calculation by the
prying effect coefficient .
Tensile resistance of the simply connection (i. e. so, which force dissolves evenly into every of
bolts) can be taken from:
1
Ft .Rd S Rt
where: SRt - - design tension resistance of the bolt, and
- prying effect coefficient.
Value of the ping effect coefficient can be obtained from:
t
2.67 1
t min
c S Rt
tmin 1.2 (4)
bs f d
where : SRt - design tension resistance of the bolt,
fd - design tensile strength of the end – plate steel,
c - distance between root radius of I or H section or weld and edge of the bolt
hole,
bs - effective width of T-stub per one bolt row.
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Lecture 4: Prying effect in bolted end – plate connections.
