Thesis

Chapter -1
Introduction
A heat exchanger is a device in which the flow of heat takes place between hot
and cold fluids due to temperature difference between those fluids. The main function
of the heat exchanger is either to add heat to a fluid or to remove heat from a fluid.
Thermal properties of fluids play a vital role in heating and cooling applications in
industries.
Conventional fluids such as water, engine oil and ethylene glycol are normally
used as heat transfer fluids. Although, various techniques are applied to enhance the
heat transfer, the low heat transfer performance of these conventional fluids obstructs
the performance enhancement and the compactness of the heat exchangers. Improving
the thermal conductivity is the key idea to improve the heat transfer characteristics of
conventional fluids. Since a solid metal has a more thermal conductivity than a base
fluid, suspending metallic solid fine particles into the base fluid is expected to
improve the thermal conductivity of that fluid.
The enhancement of thermal conductivity of conventional fluids by

suspension of solid particles, such as millimetre or micro meter sized particles, has
been well-known for many years.However, they have not been of interest for practical
applications due to problems such as sedimentation leading to increased pressure drop
in the flow channel. The recent advance in material technology has made it possible to
produce innovative heat transfer fluids by suspending nano-sized particles in base
fluids which can change the transport and thermal properties of the base fluid.
Nanofluids are solid-liquid composite materials consisting of solid nano

particleswith size typically of 1 to 100nm suspended in liquid. The nanofluid is not a
simple liquid-solid mixture, the most important criterion of nanofluid is agglomerate-
free suspension for long durations without causing any chemical changes in the base
fluid. This can be achieved by minimizing the density between solids and liquids or
by minimizing the density between solid and liquids or by increasing the viscosity of
the liquid by using nanometre-sized particles. Nanofluids have attracted great interest
recently because of reports of enhanced thermal properties.
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By using helical coil with core rod inserts in the passage of fluid, it results in
development of the secondary flow which is perpendicular to the axial direction and it
produces swirl motion to enhance the heat transfer.
1.1 Heat transfer Augmentation Techniques:

Heat transfer augmentation techniques are commonly used in areas such as
process industries, heating and cooling in evaporators, thermal power plants, air-
conditioning equipment, refrigerators, radiators for space vehicles, automobiles, etc.
Different heat transfer augmentation techniques are
1. Passive techniques
2. Active techniques
3. Compound technique
1.1.1 Passive techniques

These techniques generally use surface or geometrical modifications to the
flow channel by incorporating inserts or additional devices. They promote higher heat
transfer coefficients by disturbing or altering the existing flow behaviour which leads
to increase in the pressure drop and effective heat transfer area in case of extended
surfaces.Passive techniques hold the advantage over the active techniques as they do
not require any direct input of external power and the insert manufacturing process is
simple and these techniques can be employed in existing heat exchanger. In the design
of compact heat exchangers passive techniques of heat transfer augmentation can play
an important role if a proper passive insert configuration can be selected according to
the heat exchanger working condition.
Heat transfer augmentation by this technique can be achieved by using:
1. Different types of inserts
2. Rough surfaces
3. Extended surfaces
4. Coiled tubes
5. Additives for fluids
6. Swirl flow devices
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1.1.2 Active techniques
These techniques are more complex from the use and design point of view as
the method requires some external power input to cause the desired flow modification
and improvement in the rate of heat transfer. It finds limited application because of
the need of external power in many practical applications. In comparison to the
passive techniques, these techniques have not shown much potential as it is difficult to
provide external power input in many cases.
Various active techniques are as follows:
1. Mechanical aids
2. Surface vibration
3. Electrostatic fields
4. Fluid vibration
5. Injection
6. Suction
1.1.3 Compound techniques

A compound augmentation technique is the one where more than one of the
above mentioned techniques is used in combination with the purpose of further
improving the thermo-hydraulic performance of a heat exchanger.
1.2 Emergence of Nanofluids
Eastman and Choi have put efforts in the field of Nanotechnology and developed the
“Nanofluids” by suspending the different metals and metal oxides of nano particles in
Argonne National Laboratory. Nanofluids are colloidal suspension of ultra-fine
metallic or non-metallic particles in a given fluids. Nanofluids can be of two kinds
such as metallic nanofluids and non-metallic nanofluids. Metallic nanofluids are
prepared by dispersing nanoparticle made from metals such as aluminium, copper,
nickel etc. and non-metallic nanofluids are made by dispersing nanoparticles of non-
metals i.e. metal oxides, various allotropes of carbon (Graphene, CNT) etc. Recent
publications reported in the literature shows the increased interest in the nanofluids
due to the opportunity of customization of nanofluids to suit the needs of heat transfer
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enhancement. Thus, nanofluids emerged as another means to enhance the heat transfer
in thermal equipment.
1.2.1. Materials of nanoparticles
Commonly used nanoparticles are generally made of oxides such as TiO2, ZnO2,
iron oxides etc; metal carbides such as silicon carbide; nitrides such as aluminium nitride,
silicon nitride; metals such as aluminium, copper, silicon etc. These nanoparticles will be
mixed in base fluids such as water; ethylene or triethylene glycols and coolants; oils and
other lubricants to increase the thermal conductivity. In order to get stability of nano
particles, surfactants must be added for two step process depending on type of nano
particles otherwise it causes particle sedimentation problem.
1.3 Nanofluid preparation methods and characterization
A nano-fluid is a new advanced fluid comprises nano-metre sized particles that

are less than 100nm known as nano particles and these nanofluids are engineered colloidal
dispersions of nano particles in common base fluids such as water, ethylene glycol and
engine oil.
Generally nano particles mixing in a fluid are made of metals, oxides, carbon
nano tubes or carbides.
The heat transfer performance can be developed by dispersing nano particles in
base fluids. The main reasons are discussed as follows:
 Addition of nanoparticles in base fluid increases the surface area, due to greater
surface area greater amount the body can absorb the heat and enhance the heat capacity
of the base fluid.
 The addition of nano particles can enhance the thermal conductivity of the base fluid.
The heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of thermal conductivity.
 The addition of nano particles raises the temperature difference of the fluid.
 The interaction and collision among the nano particles and the fluid are intensified.
1.3.1 Methods of Nanofluid preparation
Fe3O4 Nano particles with an average size of ≤ 50nm have been used to prepare
the nanofluid with distilled water as the base fluid. One of is the difficulty of uniform
dispersion in the base fluid and the sedimentation of Nano particles with time. Presently
three methods are available for nanofluid preparation.
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Method 1:
Nanofluid is prepared by direct mixing of the Nano particles to the fluid (water)
and stirred for certain duration. This procedure of preparation is not stable and has
sedimentation of Nano particles which can be observed after some time.
Method 2: Mixing Nano particles to base fluid in the acidic range.
Hydrochloric acid is added to distilled water and pH altered from 7 to 3.A
measured quantity of the Nano particles is then added and is stirred for uniform
distribution. The mixture is stable for a considerable duration of time (more than one
month) however, the Nanofluid may cause corrosion of the test section while in operation.
Method 3: Use of surfactants to the base liquid
Addition of small quantities of surfactants to the base fluid helps sustain
dispersion of Nano particles. To achieve uniform dispersion of Nano particles and sustain
the fluid for longer duration from sedimentation, stirring the mixture for 12 to 16 hour
duration is adopted.
Surfactants commonly used in Nanofluid preparation include
(1) Poly oxy ethylene sorbitinmonoliate(Tween 800)
(2) Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate(SDBS)
Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate has been used as surfactant in the
preparation of Nanofluids.
Preparation with SDBS surfactant
To prepare Nanofluids of specific volume concentration, samples are first

prepare by adding SDBS surfactant in different proportions to water and the mixtures
stirred in a magnetic bath for 10 minutes. The Nano particles are then added and stirred
continuously for 16 hours and the samples observed for dispersion and stability. It is
observed that SDBS weighing one tenth the weight of Nano particles added to base fluid
gives uniform dispersion without sedimentation. Hence Nanofluids preparation is done in
this manner to obtain a specific volume concentration using Eq.(1.1).
(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠)
𝜙 = (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠)+(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟)…………… Eq. (1.1)
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1.4 Properties and correlations of Nanofluids:
1.4.1 Density of the Nanofluid:
After dispersing nano particles in the base fluids, density of nanofluid is

more comparing to base fluid. By using Xuan et al [8] correlation, the density of
nanofluid in terms of volume concentration can be calculated by using Eq. (1.2) is
given below
ρnf = (1 − ∅)ρbf + ∅ρp ………. Eq. (1.2)
1.4.2Specific heat of Nanofluid:
By using Pak and Cho [1] correlation, the specific heat of nanofluid in terms of
volume concentration can be calculated by Eq.(1.3)
(1−𝛷)𝜌𝐶𝑝 +𝛷𝜌𝑝 𝐶𝑝𝑝

𝐶𝑝 = ……………Eq. (1.3)
𝜌𝑛𝑓
1.4.3Viscosity of Nanofluids:
The Brinkman[14] correlation for viscosity of nanofluid as given by Eq.(1.4)

1
µ𝑛𝑓 = (1−𝛷)2.5 µ𝑤 ………..Eq. (1.4)
1.4.4 Thermal conductivity of Nanofluids:

Thermal conductivity of nanofluid will be enhanced by reducing the size of
nano particles because when the particle size decreases surface area increases, due to
greater surface area greater amount the body can absorb the heat. The enhancement in
thermal conductivity of nanofluid is mainly due to Brownian movement of nano
particles because this motion produces micro-mixing.
Under the assumption that randomly dispersed and uniformly sized spherical
nano particles by Maxwell [15] correlation, the effective thermal conductivity can be
calculated by Eq. (1.5)
𝑘𝑝 +2𝑘𝑏𝑓 +2𝜙(𝑘𝑝 −𝑘𝑏𝑓 )

𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘𝑏𝑓 ……..Eq. (1.5)
𝑘𝑝 +2𝑘𝑏𝑓 −𝜙(𝑘𝑝 −𝑘𝑏𝑓 )
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Chapter - 2
Literature Review
A detailed literature review of experimental investigations on heat exchangers

for heat transfer enhancement is presented in the following sub sections.
2.1. Heat Transfer Enhancement using Nanofluids
Pak and Cho [1] had experimentally examined the frictional factor and heat
transfer characteristics of dispersed fluids. In this study, two various metal oxides such as
gamma-aluminium oxide and titanium oxide with size of 13nm and 27nm were used as
suspended nano particles. They considered the Reynolds number range of 10,000–100,000
and Prandtl range of 6.5 – 12.3. After suspending gamma-aluminium oxide and titanium
oxide in the base fluids, the viscosity measurements were conducted using viscometer and
the viscosities at 10% volume fraction were 200 and 3 times larger compared to the water.
For fully developed turbulent flow conditions, they have found that Nu increases with the
increase of volume fraction and mass flow rate. At constant average velocity conditions,
they observed that the convective heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid at 3% (v/v) was
12% smaller compared to the pure water. A new correlation has been developed to find
out convective heat transfer coefficient under turbulent conditions for dilute dispersed
fluids with submicron particles is given by
Nu = 0.021Re0.8Pr0.5
Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [2] had conducted an experimental study on

heat transfer performance and pressure drop characteristics in a double pipe counter
flow heat exchanger by TiO2-water nanofluid under turbulent flow conditions. As per
the experiment, they had found that at 1.0 vol.% there is increase in heat transfer
coefficient of the nanofluid approximately 26% greater than that of pure water.
However, at the particle concentration of 2.0 vol.%, it was found that the heat transfer
coefficient of the nanofluid was roughly 14% smaller than that of pure water. A new
correlation for predicting the Nusseltnumber is proposed for nanofluid as given by
Nu = 0.074 Re0.707Pr0.385ϕ0.074
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Reza et al. [3] had conducted an experimental study on enhancement of heat
transfer coefficient and Nusselt number in a double pipe heat exchanger using
aluminium oxide nanofluid with a particle diameter of 20nm for volume
concentrations 0.1 %-0.3%. In this experiment, they have investigated the effect of
concentration of aluminium oxide nano particles on Nusselt number and heat transfer
coefficient under counter turbulent flow conditions. From the experimental results,
they have found that heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number increased up to
19%-24%. They showed an acceptable agreement by comparing experimental data
with theoretical data using semi empiricalcorrelations. Also, it has been observed that
heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in volume fraction of nano particles
and nanofluid temperature.
Aghayari et al. [4] had done an experimental investigation on the heat

transfer in a double pipe heat exchanger with Fe2O3/water nanofluid..In this study
they observed that the average variation of Nusselt number for the heat exchanger is
3.56, 5.3 and 8.10% at the concentrations of 0.12 and 0.2%v/v respectively in the
range of 2500 to 20500 Reynolds number.
Senthilraja and Vijayakumar [5] had carried out an experimental study on heat
transfer coefficient in a double pipe heat exchanger using CuO/water nanofluid. In this
present study, deionised water used as basefluid and copper oxide nanoparticles of size
27nm at various volume concentrations (0.1% and 0.3%) were used for this investigation.
They had found that heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing the volume
concentration of nano particles and Nusselt number increases with increasing mass flow
rate.
V.Murali Krishna [6] had study the enhancement of heat transfer in concentric
tube heat exchanger by using Fe2O3-water nanofluid with volume concentrations of 0.1,
0.3 and 0.5%. In this study he have found that the overall heat transfer coefficient for
Fe2O3-water nanofluid is increased by 14% with the volume fraction of 0.5% of
nanoparticles compared with water.
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Chandra Shekar Reddy et al. [7] had carried an experimental investigation to
find out heat transfer coefficient in a double pipe heat exchanger using TiO2/water
nanofluid for different volume concentrations. In this study, nanofluid flows through the
inner tube which is made of copper while hot fluid flows through the outer tube which is
made of PVC tubes. They have considered Reynolds number range up to 23000 in this
work. From the results, they found that heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing
volume concentration. Finally, it is seen that heat transfer coefficient is increased up to
40.12% at 0.006% volume fraction compared to pure basefluid at same Reynolds number.
Xuan and Li [8]had built an experimental study to determine the heat transfer
coefficient and flow performance of the copper oxide/water nanofluid which flows
through the inner tube under turbulent conditions. According to their results, after
suspending nano particles at same Reynolds number they found that there is a greater
enhancement in heat transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid. They noticed that heat
transfer coefficient enhanced by 40% at 2% volume concentration at the condition that
velocity is fixed at all concentrations. Xuan and Le correlation has been used which is a
function of ϕ and Peclet number to validate with experimental data and finally they got
good agreement between experimental and theoretical results.
2.2. Heat Transfer Enhancement using Passive techniques:
Reddy et al. [9] experimentally studied the behaviour of heat transfer

coefficient and friction factor of TiO2nanofluid flowing in a double pipe heat
exchanger with and without helical coil inserts. For this study, results demonstrated
that the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor get enhanced by 10.73% and
8.73% for 0.02% volume concentrations of nanofluids when compared to base fluid
flowing in a tube with helical coil inserts of pitch ratio (p/d)=5.
Prasad et al. [10] experimentally investigated the heat transfer and friction
factor of Al2O3nanofluid in hairpin heat exchanger with helical tape inserts. For this
study the heat transfer rate and friction factor for 0.03% concentrations of nanofluid
with helical tape inserts of (p/d)=5 shows an enhancement of 32.91%and 1.38 times
as compared to water.
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Garcia et al. [11] experimentally studied the heat transfer enhancement with
wire coil inserts in laminar – transition – turbulent regimes at different Prandtl
numbers. They found that within the transition region, if wire coils are fitted inside a
smooth tube, heat transfer rate can be increased up to 200% keeping pump power
constant.
L.Syam sundar et al.[12] experimentally studied the heat transfer and friction
factor of Al2O3nanofluid in a tube with twisted tape inserts. Experiments are
conducted in the Reynolds number range of 10,000 -22,000 with tapes of various
twist ratios in the range of 0<H/D<83.The heat transfer coefficient and friction factor
of 0.5% volume concentration of Al2O3nanofluid with twist ratio of five is 33.51%
and 1.096 times respectively higher compared to water
2.3. Inferences from the Survey:

Most of the research available in the literature has focussed on the Al2O3, CuO2,
and TiO2, Silica etc., as nanofluid with either water or ethylene glycol as the base fluid.
There observed to be almost very limited literature on the application of Iron oxide
(Fe3O4-Iron oxide) nano particles and helical wire coil with core rod in heat transfer
applications. The range of volume concentration considered in the present research is
very low, even less than 0.1%, viz., from 0.005% to 0.06%, on which limited research is
reported. Thus, based on the literature review the objective of the present work is set as
follows:
In this present study, it is proposed to perform experimental investigations on

the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient using iron oxide nanofluid, at low
concentrations of 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% in a U-bend double pipe heat
exchanger for counter flow arrangement and also along with helical wire coil with
core rod inserts of p/d ratios of 1.34 and 1.79 in inner tube.
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Chapter-3
Objectives and Methodology
Based on the literature survey, it is observed that very limited research is

reported on the use of Iron oxide nanofluid at low concentrations in a U-Bend double
pipe heat exchanger. There observed to be a limited literature found on the effect of
iron oxide nanofluid on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in a U-Bend
double pipe heat exchanger under turbulent flow conditions. In this present study, it is
proposed to perform experimental investigations on the enhancement of heat transfer
coefficient using iron oxide nanofluid, at low concentrations of 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and
0.06% in a U-Bend double pipe heat exchanger for counter flow arrangement and also
along with helical wire coil with core rod insert in inner tube.
3.1 Objectives:
 To experimentally determine the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor using
Iron oxide nanofluid at low concentrations of 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% in U-Bend
double pipe heat exchanger for counter flow arrangement as compared to that of plain
tube with water
 To experimentally determine the heat transfer coefficient and friction factor using
helical wire coil with core rod inserts in a U-Bend double pipe heat exchanger for
counter flow arrangement as compared to that of plain tube with water.
 To experimentally determine the combined effect of nanofluids and helical wire coil
with core rod inserts on heat transfer coefficient and friction factor.
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3.2 Methodology
The following methodology is adopted in the realization of the objectives.
 To prepare the iron oxide nanofluid at various concentrations using two- step process.
 To find the thermal conductivity of the fluid experimentally.
 To validate the experimental setup with water as working fluid.
 To repeat the experiments with iron oxide nanofluid as hot fluid at different volume
concentrations.
 To repeat the experiments with helical wire coil with core rod inserts inserts with
different p/d ratios.
 To repeat the experiments with combination of iron oxide nanofluid and helical wire
coil with core rod inserts.
 To compare experimental data with that of existing correlations and infer from the
results.
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Chapter –4
Experimental setup and Procedure
4.1 Preparation of bulk Iron oxide nanofluid

In this present work, Iron oxide nanoparticles of less than 50nm diameter was
procured from Nano Wings Private Limited is as shown in Fig.4.1.The colour of the
nanoparticles is black.
Fig.4.1 Iron oxide Nano particles
The amount of Iron oxide nano particles to be mixed in base fluid i.e. water for
various volume concentrations is calculated by using following Eq. (4.1)
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝜙 = (𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠+𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟) 𝑋100…Eq. (4.1)
Initially high concentrations are selected for doing experiment but at high volume
concentrations due to lack of sonicators and particle sedimentation problem, low
concentrations are selected for this study. There are two methods to prepare Nanofluids –
one step process and two step process. Two step processes has been selected to prepare
Iron oxide-water nanofluid for this experimental investigation.
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Nanofluid at various volume concentrations in the range 0.005-0.06% is
prepared for this experimental study. For example, to prepare Iron oxide nanofluid of
0.03% concentration, for 15 litres of water, 23.32 grams of Iron oxide nanoparticles
are to be added. To prepare nanofluid of specific volume concentrations, samples are
first prepared by adding SDBS surfactant in different proportions to water and then
mixtures stirred in a tank for 10 minutes. The preparation of nanofluid using
mechanical stirrer is shown in Fig.4.2.
Fig.4.2 Nanofluid preparation using mechanical stirrer
The Iron oxide nanoparticles are then added and stirred continuously for 24
hours using mechanical stirrer as shown in Fig 4.2 and the nanofluid observed for
dispersion and stability. It is observed that SDBS weighing 1/10th the mass of Iron
oxide nanoparticles added to base fluid gives uniform dispersion without
sedimentation. Hence nanofluid preparation is done using this procedure to obtain a
specific volume concentration.
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4.1.1 Stability test
The following steps are conducted for stability test:
 Firstly, 250ml of distilled water is taken in conical flask.

 SDBS surfactant weighing 1/10th the mass of nano particles concentration is mixed in
distilled water and continuously stirred for 10 minutes using stir bead.
 After that Iron oxide nano particles are added as per required concentration in that
mixture and continuously stirred for 24 hours.
 After stirring process, it is observed how much time the particles are uniformly
dispersed in the base fluid.
The Fig.4.3 shows the Iron oxide nanofluid before sedimentation and Fig.4.4 shows
the Iron oxide nanofluid after sedimentation.
Fig.4.3 Before Sedimentation Fig.4.4 After sedimentation
From the results, it has been observed that the nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed
in the base fluid up to 6-8 hours using SDBS surfactant.
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4.2 Experimental Setup of U-Bend double pipe heat exchanger
This heat exchanger comprises two concentric tubes, two reservoirs – one is
hot water tank and another is cold water tank, 2KW immersion heater and U-tube
manometer as shown in Fig.4.5.The inner tube and outer tube is welded in parallel
and is made of mild steel material. The inner diameter of outer tube is 50mm and the
outer diameter of outer tube is 56mm.
Fig.4.5U-bend double pipe heat exchanger equipment
This unit contains two concentric tubes and each of length 2.26 m long. Hot
water flows through the inner tube and cold water flows through the annulus .Valves
are used to control the flow rates of fluid manually. Thermocouples are fixed at
different locations to measure the inlet and outlet temperatures of both hot and cold
fluids.
Initially the experimental setup is validated with water as working fluid, later
experiment conducted with inserts, nanofluids and nanofluids with inserts.
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The helical wire coil with core rod inserts are placed in the inner pipe of the
hairpin heat exchanger to enhance the heat transfer rate and is as shown in Fig.4.6.
Fig.4.6 Helical wire coil with core rod inserts
4.3Experimental procedure for hair U-Bend double pipe heat

exchanger using nanofluid
 The experiment is conducted for counter flow arrangement under turbulent flow
conditions, keeping cold water flow rate as constant i.e. 16lpm and varying hot water
flow rates at 8lpm, 10lpm, 12lpm and 14lpm.
 Pure water is used as hot fluid or tube fluid initially.
 Two water reservoirs are provided i.e. cold water and hot water reservoirs with pumps
two circulate cold water and hot water through pipes.
 Cold water is filled in cold water reservoir and pure water is filled in hot water
reservoir.
 The 2KW immersion heater is fixed at the bottom of the reservoir, which is used to
heat the tube fluid to the desired temperature.
 After getting the desired temperature, centrifugal pump is switched on to circulate the
hot fluid through the inner tube.
 After that the cold water is supplied through the annulus at constant flow rate for all
experimental conditions.
 The inlet and outlet temperatures of both cold and hot fluids and their flow rates,
surface and ambient temperatures were noted after the system has reached the steady
state.
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 The procedure is repeated for different flow rates of hot water, keeping the cold water
flow rate as constant.
 The procedure is repeated with helical wire coil with core rod of different p/d ratios
for different flow rates of hot water, keeping the cold water flow rate as constant.
 The same procedure has been repeated at various concentrations of nanofluid at
different flow rates.
 The same procedure has been repeated with the combination of helical wire coil with
core rod inserts and various concentrations of nanofluid at different flow rates.
 Water is drained out from both the tanks after completion of experiment.
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Chapter-5
Characterization of Fe3O4/ water Nanofluid

In this chapter the characteristic properties of nanofluid with different volume
concentrations are presented with their correlations.
5.1 Experimental determination of thermal conductivity of Fe3O4 /

water nanofluid using Nanofluid Ultrasonic Interferometer
The ultrasonic interferometer is used to measure the velocity of ultrasonic

wave in nanofluids and to study the effect of temperature on velocity in nanofluids of
different concentrations and Fig.5.1 shows the nanofluid ultrasonic
interferometer.Nanofluid interferometer generates sound waves in nanofluidsof
diverse concentrations at dissimilar temperatures .It is an alternate test instrument for
study of nanofluid compressibility and inter molecular interactions with temperature
variations.In this instrument ultrasound waves of known frequency are produced by a
piezo-electric transducer and its wavelength is measured using digital micrometer
with high accuracy. The setup consists of the three major parts, they are wave
generator, nanofluid cell and temperature controller unit as shown in Fig.5.2.
Fig.5.1Nanofluid ultrasonic Interferometer
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Fig.5.2The line diagram of the Nanofluid ultrasonic Interferometer
5.1.1Experimental Procedure of Nanofluid Ultrasonic Interferometer:
 The top reflector assembly from the nanofluid cell is removed and the experimental
liquid is poured into the cell.
 The cell is inserted in the base and fixed it with the side screw provided
 The base is connected to the wave generator by co-axial cable provided with the
instrument.
 The R-1 knob and R-2 knob are placed at middle and maximum positions
approximately. The micrometer is moved slowly either in clockwise or anticlockwise
direction and digital micro-meter will show change in readings.
 The readings of micrometer corresponding to the maximum in digital micro-ammeter
are noted down.
 Once the wavelength (𝝀) is known the velocity (V) of ultrasonic wave in the given
liquid of known concentrations can be calculated with the help of the relation
The observation tables are enclosed in Annexure-A.
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5.1.2Calculations of the thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity of the nanofluid is determined using the following
procedure. Thermal conductivity of the nanofluid for a volume concentration of
𝜙=0.03%v at a temperature of 40℃
a). The mass of Iron oxide nanoparticles added in the 15 lit of water
𝑉np
𝜙= 𝑉 × 100
np+𝑉bf
(Vbf) = 15 lit, 𝜙=0.03%, (np)= 5180 Kg/m3

mnp = (𝛒np)× 𝑉np
= 23.32 g
b). No. of moles of Iron oxide nano particles
𝑚np 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
np= =
𝑀np 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠
= 0.100706 moles
c). No. of moles of base fluid i.e. water
Mass of water = (density of water)× (volume of water)
=14.955 Kg
𝑚bf 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
nbf = =
𝑀bf 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
= 829.911 moles0
d). Mole fraction of the Iron oxide nano particle
𝑛p
Xnp=
𝑛p+𝑛bf
=1.213308× 10^-4
e). Mole fraction of the base fluid
𝑛bf
Xbf = 𝑛 +𝑛 = 0.999878
bf p
21
f). Molar mass of nanofluid
nf = ( Xnp)*(Mnp)+(Xbf)*(Mbf)
=18.0459 g/mole
g). Density of the nanofluid
𝛒nf = (1-𝜙)*(𝛒bf) + (𝛒np)*𝜙
= 998.2549 Kg/m
h). Molar volume of the nanofluid
𝑛f
VM =
𝜌nf
=1.80774× 10-5 m3/mole
i). Wave length of the sound wave
2×𝐷 2×𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝝀= =
𝑛 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑠
=1.416 × 10-3 m
j). The velocity of the sound wave
V= f× 𝝀f =1MHZ
=1416 m/s
k). Thermal conductivity of the nanofluid
k =3.0 (N/V΄)(2/3)K.V
Where,
N is Avogadro's Number= 6.02e23
K (Boltzmann’s constant) = 1.3807e-23 J/K
𝑁A 2/3
k= 3 × ( ) × 𝑃 × 𝑉s
𝑉m
= 0.60722 W/m-K
22
5.1.3 Experimental Results of Nanofluid Ultrasonic Interferometer
The following tables show the experimental thermal conductivity and

theoretical max-well thermal conductivity values of nanofluid with different volume
concentrations at different temperatures.
Maxwell [15] correlation,
𝑘𝑝 + 2𝑘𝑏𝑓 + 2𝜙(𝑘𝑝 − 𝑘𝑏𝑓 )

𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑘
𝑘𝑝 + 2𝑘𝑏𝑓 − 𝜙(𝑘𝑝 − 𝑘𝑏𝑓 ) 𝑏𝑓
Table 5.1 Thermal conductivity of Iron oxide nanofluid (0.005%v)
Temperature℃ 30 40 50 60 70 80
Experimental
thermal 0.66560 0.57589 0.65907 0.77698 0.80966 0.79312
conductivity
(W/m-K)
Theoretical
thermal 0.60544 0.62809 0.63974 0.65139 0.66009 0.66879
conductivity
(W/m-K)
Table 5.1 shows the experimental and theoretical thermal conductivity

values for 0.005%v of Fe3O4-water nanofluid at at different temperatures from 30 to
80 0C.
Table. 5.2 Thermal conductivity of Iron oxide nanofluid (0.01%v)
Temperature℃ 30 40 50 60 70 80
Experimental
thermal 0.59512 0.79141 0.59076 0.70278 0.64422 0.52358
conductivity
(W/m-K)
Theoretical
thermal 0.6055 0.6281841 0.63983 0.651490 0.660193 0.668895
conductivity
(W/m-K)
23
Table 5.2 shows the experimental and theoretical thermal conductivity
values for 0.01%of Fe3O4-water nanofluid at different temperatures from 30 to 800C.
Table. 5.3 Thermal conductivity of Iron oxide nanofluid (0.03%v)
Temperature℃ 30 40 50 60 70 80
Experimental
thermal 0.60722 0.68177 0.67266 0.67379 0.657726 0.658748
conductivity
(W/m-K)
Theoretical
thermal 0.60586 0.62855 0.64021 0.65187 0.66058 0.66930
conductivity
(W/m-K)
Table 5.3 shows the experimental and theoretical thermal conductivity values
for 0.03%v of Fe3O4-water nanofluid at at different temperatures from 30 to 80 0C.
Table 5.4 Thermal conductivity of Iron oxide nanofluid (0.06%v)
Temperature℃ 30 40 50 60 70 80
Experimental
thermal 0.63698 0.66045 0.66387 0.68953 0.73086 0.72813
conductivity
(W/m-K)
Theoretical
thermal 0.60642 0.62830 0.64077 0.65244 0.66116 0.66987
conductivity
(W/m-K)
Table 5.4 shows the experimental and theoretical thermal conductivity values
for 0.06%v of Fe3O4-water nanofluid at different temperatures from 30 to 80 0C.
The following graphs shows the comparison between the experimental and
max-well thermal conductivity values of nanofluid with different concentrations.
24
Fig. 5.3 Comparison of thermal conductivity with other investigators for 𝜙=0.005%
Fig.5.3 shows the variation of the thermal conductivity with temperature for
iron oxide nanofluid of volume concentration 𝜙=0.005%. From the experimental
results, it is observed that as the temperature increases the thermal conductivity of
iron oxide nanofluid increases. Maxwell equation is used to find the theoretical
thermal conductivity of the iron oxide nanofluid. As the temperature increases from
30oC to 80oC the average deviation between theoretical and that of the experimental
data is 13.6% in the present study.
25
26
Summary of Results
The deviation between experimental data and that of Maxwell is observed to

decrease gradually with increase in the volume concentration of nanofluid from 0.005
to 0.06%.
5.2 Density of the Nanofluid
After dispersing nano particles in the base fluids, density of nanofluid is

more compared to base fluid. By using Xuan et al [8] correlation, the density of
nanofluid in terms of volume concentration is calculated by using below equation.
ρnf = (1 − ∅)ρbf + ∅ρp
27
5.3 Specific heat of Nanofluid
By using Pak and Cho [1] correlation, the specific heat of nanofluid in terms of
volume concentration is calculated.
(1 − 𝛷)𝜌𝐶𝑝 + 𝛷𝜌𝑝 𝐶𝑝𝑝

𝐶𝑝 =
𝜌𝑛𝑓
5.4 Viscosity of Nanofluids
The Brinkman[14] correlation for viscosity of nanofluid is given below
1
µ𝑛𝑓 = µ
(1 − 𝛷)2.5 𝑤
28
Chapter-6
Sample calculations and calculation Results

The Experimental observations on U-bend double pipe heat exchanger with
water, helical wire coil with core rod inserts, nanfluid and nanofluid with helical wire
coil with core rod inserts are enclosed in Annexure-B. The dimensions of the test
section are as follows.
6.1Dimensions of the Test Section:
Annulus pipe:
Outer diameter Do = 56 mm
Inner diameter Di = 50 mm
Inner Pipe:
Outer diameter do = 25 mm
Inner diameter di = 19 mm
Length of the pipe L = 4.52 m
Insert:
Wire diameter dw = 2.5 mm
Core rod diameter dc = 9 mm
d = dc + 2 dw= 14 mm
pitch p = 18.76 mm for (p/d)=1.34
pitch p = 25.06 mm for (p/d)=1.79
6.2. Sample Calculations

The data reduction is performed by calculating the heat duty of the heat
exchanger, followed by the calculation of Overall heat transfer coefficient. Annulus
heat transfer coefficient is calculated analytically using Gnielinski’s correlation.
Based on this, experimental heat transfer coefficient is calculated for each case. The
friction factor is evaluated based on the pressure drop data which is obtained from U
tube manometer.
29
The sample calculations are shown to obtain friction and heat transfer
coefficients for the case of nanofluid of volume concentration of 0.005%, helical wire
coil with core rod insertof (p/d)=1.34 and a flow rate of 3.9 lpm. All properties are
taken at bulk mean temperatures of corresponding hot and cold fluids.
Bulk mean temperature of cold fluid ( water)TbC = (Tci + Tco)/2 0C
Bulk mean temperature of hot fluid ( nanofluid) Tbh = (Thi+ Tho )/2 0C
(𝛒nf)=992.9094Kg/m3; Cp,nf= 4179.15J/Kg-K ; µnf = 0.000612N-s/m2

Knf = 0.614242 W/m K
The measured inlet and outlet temperatures for the cold and hot fluids are
Tci = 32.6 0C; Tco = 35.2 0C ; Thi = 48.5 0C ; Tho =40.7 0C
The purpose of the calculation is to obtain the inside film heat transfer coefficient (hi),
which is done in the following steps
1. Calculation of overall heat transfer coefficient (Ui)
Heat gained by the cold water Qc = (mc)*(Cp,c)*(Tco-Tci)
Heat lost by the hot water Qh= (mh)*(Cph)*(Thi-Tho)
Qavg = (Qh +Qc)/2 W
𝛥T1= Thi - Tco 0C
𝛥T2 = Tho - Tci 0C
𝛥𝑇1−𝛥𝑇2
LMTD = 𝛥𝑇1
ln( )
𝛥𝑇2
Ui= Qavg /Asi*(LMTD) W/m2 k
Asi=𝜋diL m2
2. Calculation of outside film transfer coefficient (ho)

dHo=Di - do
Reynolds number of cold fluid Rec=4mc/𝜋µdH0
From Gnielinski [13] equation
30
𝑓 2
(8)𝑅𝑒𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑐 𝑑 3
Nuo= 2 [1 + ( 𝐻0 ) ] 𝐹
𝐿
1+12.7√𝑓/8 (𝑃𝑟 3 −1)
𝑑
Where F = 0.86( 𝐷𝐻𝑜 )−0.16
𝑖
𝑓 = (1.8 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑅𝑒𝑐 − 1.5)−2
𝑁𝑢𝑜 ×𝑘o
(ho)= W/m2 k
𝑑h
3. Inside film heat transfer coefficient (hi)exp
1 1 1
= −
(ℎi) 𝑈i ℎo
The different values obtained are shown below
Qavg=3236.613 W; Ui = 1020.372W/m2K
dHo= 0.025 ; Rec=5925.417 ; Prc= 5.1574 ;
ho=1260.097 W/m2K
hi-exp= 5363.506 W/m2K
4. Friction factor for the inner tube wall (f)

From experiment
2𝛥𝑝𝑑𝐻𝑖
fexp =
𝜌𝑙𝑣2
Where V=mnf/Ai𝛒nf
For without inserts:
Ai= (π/4)di2 m2
dHi= di
For with inserts:
𝜋
Ai= ( ) × (𝑑𝑖2 − 𝑑𝑐2 − 𝑑𝑤
2
) m2
4
dHi= 4𝐴𝑖 /(𝜋𝑑𝑖 + 𝜋𝑑𝑐 ) m

From the above
fexp= 0.218011
31
5. Nusselt number of hot fluid
Nu = ℎ𝑖 𝑑𝐻𝑖 /𝐾𝑛𝑓
Nu = 85.37188
6. Reynolds number of hot fluid
Re =𝛒nfVh dHi / µ𝑛𝑓
Where Vh= mh / 𝛒nf Ai
Re = 4797.686
6.2 Result table of plain tube

Table 6.1 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger with water for plain tube:
Cold Hot
water water (hi)Exp 𝛥P
Re Nu fexp
flow rate flow rate 2
(W/m K) ( pa)
(Kg/s) (Kg/s)
0.266162 0.13226 14832.28 1791.697 53.60083 247.212 0.009474
0.266172 0.1654 18295.71 2534.607 75.95132 370.818 0.009091
0.266156 0.19855 21731.82 3024.738 90.75515 494.424 0.008415
0.266132 0.231583 25539.1 3227.445 96.74823 618.03 0.00773
Table 6.1 shows that the increase in convective heat transfer coefficient,
Nusselt number and pressure drop with increase in Reynolds number and decrease in
friction factor with increase in Reynolds of water as hot fluid.
6.3 Results tables for helical wire coil with core rod inserts with
water as hot fluid
Table 6.2 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger with helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d) =1.34
Cold Hot
water water (hi)exp 𝛥P
Re fexp
(W/m K) Nu (Pa)
(Kg/s) (Kg/s)
0.266042 0.064488 4881.345 3960.521 61.00849 4326.21 0.206426
0.266055 0.086015 6441.811 4029.49 62.15076 6921.936 0.185704
32
0.266055 0.107518 8052.264 6964.41 107.4189 10012.09 0.171926
0.266072 0.129087 9523.4 7422.235 114.6912 14832.72 0.176754
friction factor with increase in Reynolds of water as hot fluid with helical wire coil
with core rod insert of (p/d)=1.34..
Table 6.3 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger with helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d) =1.79
Cold Hot
water water (hi)exp Nu 𝛥P
Re fexp
(W/m K) (Pa)
(Kg/s) (Kg/s)
0.266059 0.064477 4906.728 3219.35 49.55953 3584.574 0.171009
0.266062 0.086006 6460.714 3882.043 59.85454 5438.664 0.145896
0.266066 0.107496 8099.66 4943.156 76.18711 8281.602 0.142182
0.266079 0.129074 9550.941 6172.881 95.35055 11371.75 0.135525
friction factor with increase in Reynolds of water as hot fluid with helical wire coil
with core rod insert of (p/d)=1.79.
6.4 Result tables for different concentrations of nanofluid

Table 6.4 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid at concentration 𝜙=0.005%v
Hot
Cold water (hi)exp Nu 𝛥P
water
flow rate Re fexp
flow rate 2
(Pa)
(Kg/s) (W/m K)
(Kg/s)
0.265717 0.132185 15055.82 1857.722 55.54531 370.818 0.01422
0.265707 0.165277 18579.55 2477.513 74.91057 494.424 0.012133
0.26571 0.198382 22404.12 2998.959 90.31835 618.03 0.010525
0.265707 0.231506 25826.53 3562.011 108.4194 741.636 0.009278
33
friction factor with increase in Reynolds of 0.005%v nanofluid as hot fluid.
Table 6.5 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid at concentration 𝜙=0.01%v
Cold Hot
water water (hi)exp Nu 𝛥P
Re fexp
(W/m K) (Pa)
(Kg/s) (Kg/s)
0.265714 0.132383 15160.46 1882.737 55.92713 494.424 0.018974
0.26571 0.166276 18864.49 2803.896 83.94554 618.03 0.015039
0.265707 0.199188 22407.19 3650.01 110.0709 741.636 0.012579
0.265704 0.232106 25930.72 4297.291 130.3652 865.242 0.010811
.
Table 6.6U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid at concentration 𝜙=0.03%v
Cold water Hot water (hi)exp Nu 𝛥P

flow rate flow rate Re 2
fexp
(Kg/s) (Kg/s) (W/m K) (Pa)
0.265717 0.133531 15097.19 2266.292 67.76143 618.03 0.023514

0.265714 0.167708 18815.11 3010.548 90.60762 741.636 0.017893
0.265704 0.200843 22549.9 4113.782 123.7298 865.242 0.014555
0.2657 0.234098 25884.16 4293.538 130.8598 988.848 0.01225
34
Table6.7 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid at concentration 𝜙=0.06%v
Cold water Hot water

flow rate flow rate (hi)exp Nu 𝛥P
Re fexp
(Kg/s) (Kg/s) 2
(W/m K) (Pa)
0.265714 0.135212 15137.23 2556.359 76.58477 741.636 0.027866

0.265707 0.169798 18935.82 3504.799 105.3441 865.242 0.020618
0.265697 0.203361 22643.76 4545.82 136.8143 988.848 0.016428
0.265704 0.236985 26145.77 4909.511 148.9379 1112.454 0.013613
6.5Results table for nano fluids with helical wire coil with core rod
inserts
Table 6.8 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid of concentration
𝜙=0.005%vwith helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d) =1.34
Cold
Hot water (hi)exp Nu 𝛥P
water
flow rate Re fexp
flow rate 2
(Pa)
(Kg/s) (W/m K)
(Kg/s)
0.265674 0.064539 4797.686 5363.506 85.37188 4573.422 0.218011
0.26568 0.086095 6305.863 5359.931 86.48645 7045.542 0.188824
0.265677 0.107611 7899.186 6144.866 98.94817 10382.9 0.178104
0.265677 0.129153 9438.653 7330.863 118.533 13967.48 0.166358
friction factor with increase in Reynolds of 0.005%v nanofluid as hot fluid with
helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d)=1.34.
35
Table 6.9 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid of concentration 𝜙=0.005%v
with helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d) =1.79
Cold
Hot water
water (hi)exp Nu 𝛥P
flow rate
flow rate Re fexp
(Kg/s) 2
(Pa)
(Kg/s) (W/m K)
0.265684 0.064552 4770.127 4991.283 79.87993 3955.392 0.188512

0.265674 0.086072 6355.607 4342.905 69.55074 5438.664 0.145799
0.265677 0.10759 7944.508 4976.225 79.69323 8405.208 0.144208
0.26568 0.129124 9499.343 6829.174 109.7417 11248.15 0.134
friction factor with increase in Reynolds of 0.005%v nanofluid as hot fluid with
helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d)=1.79.
Table6.10 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid of concentration 𝜙=0.01%v
Cold
Hot water
flow rate
flow rate Re fexp
(Kg/s) 2
(Pa)
(Kg/s) (W/m K)
0.265694 0.064579 4743.3 4718.031 75.92042 4326.21 0.2061

0.265687 0.086118 6297.444 5423.328 87.62973 7292.754 0.195398
0.26568 0.107647 7871.805 5529.362 89.34303 10630.12 0.182283
0.265677 0.129183 9432.768 7620.659 123.3036 14461.9 0.172206
friction factor with increase in Reynolds of 0.01%v nanofluid as hot fluid with helical
wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d)=1.34.
36
Cold
Hot water
flow rate
flow rate Re fexp
(Kg/s) 2
(Pa)
(Kg/s) (W/m K)
0.26568 0.06458 4739.918 3595.83 57.90212 3584.574 0.170765

0.26568 0.086111 6310.892 5234.221 84.40009 5438.664 0.145731
0.26568 0.107639 7888.615 5086.118 82.01198 7910.784 0.135663
0.26569 0.129206 9386.181 8683.569 141.182 10630.12 0.126557
with helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d)=1.34
Cold
Hot water
flow rate
flow rate Re fexp
(Kg/s) 2
(Pa)
(Kg/s) (W/m K)
0.265707 0.064602 4810.168 5876.159 93.34222 5562.27 0.26489

0.265714 0.086156 6372.044 6840.965 109.3331 8034.39 0.215174
0.265727 0.107754 7841.088 7199.495 116.8108 12978.63 0.222334
0.265727 0.129322 9376.163 8494.851 138.3051 16563.2 0.197017
37
Table6.13 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid of concentration 𝜙=0.03%v
Cold
Hot water
flow rate
flow rate Re fexp
(Kg/s) 2
(Pa)
(Kg/s) (W/m K)
0.265727 0.064627 4758.507 4899.952 78.63247 5191.452 0.247137

0.265727 0.086169 6344.676 4815.398 77.27557 6674.724 0.178733
0.265734 0.107733 7885.702 5453.039 87.98882 9023.238 0.154606
0.265737 0.129305 9409.306 5239.358 85.00783 12236.99 0.145576
Table 6.14 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid of concentration 𝜙=0.06%V
Cold
water
flow rate Re fexp
flow rate 2
(Pa)
(Kg/s) (W/m K)
(Kg/s)
0.265724 0.064702 4774.616 5583.547 89.35847 5933.088 0.282114

0.265727 0.086302 6298.351 6272.328 101.4175 8528.814 0.22803
0.265727 0.107877 7872.939 6203.679 100.3076 10877.33 0.186125
0.26572 0.129459 9434.135 6843.174 110.8 14091.08 0.167434
38
Table 6.15 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid of concentration 𝜙=0.06%V
Cold
water
flow rate Re fexp
flow rate 2
(Pa)
(Kg/s) (W/m K)
(Kg/s)
0.26573 0.064725 4727.119 4962.779 80.18822 5438.664 0.258514

0.265717 0.086302 6298.351 5467.525 88.40464 7045.542 0.188373
0.26573 0.107885 7856.212 5278.378 85.52284 9517.662 0.162847
0.265727 0.129459 9434.135 6521.754 105.5958 12484.21 0.148341
6.6 Summary
For nanofluids:
 The heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number and pressure drop is observed to
increase with increase in Reynolds number and volume concentration of
nanofluid.
 The friction factor is decreasing with increase in Reynolds number and
increasing with increase in volume concentration of nanofluid.
For helical wire coil with core rod inserts:
 The heat transfer coefficient, Nusselt number and pressure drops are
increasing with increase in Reynolds number and decrease in p/d ratios of
helical wire coil with core rod inserts respectively.
 The friction factor is decreasing with increase in Reynolds number and
increase in p/d ratios of helical wire coil with core rod inserts respectively.
39
Chapter – 7
Results and Discussion
In this chapter, the results are represented graphically in the following sections
forplain tube, nanofluids, helical wire coil with core rod inserts and combination of
helical wire coil with core rod inserts and nanofluids.
7.1Validation of Experimental setup
The experimental values of hot water heat transfer coefficient and friction
factors are validate with following Dittus-Boelter and Blasius correlations
respectively.
Dittus-Boelter:
Nu = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.3
𝑁𝑢𝐾
hi =
𝑑𝑖
Blasius:
f = 0.316 Re-0.25/4
Fig. 7.1a Comparison of heat transfer coefficient with other investigators for plain tube
40
Fig.7.1a shows the variation of the convective heat transfer coefficient with
Reynolds number. From the experimental results, it is found that the convective heat
transfer coefficient increases from 1792 to 3227 with increasing Reynolds number
from 14800 to 26000.As the Reynolds number increases the deviation of heat transfer
coefficient determined by Dittus-Boelter decreases from 29 % to 17 % with that of the
experimental heat transfer coefficient, which is well within the experimental accuracy.
Thus the experimental setup, the U-bend double pipe heat exchanger is validated with
pure water as tube fluid.
Friction factor (f)
Reynolds number (Re)

Fig. 7.1b Friction factor comparison with other investigators for plain tube
Fig.7.1b shows the variation of the friction factor with Reynolds number for
plain tube with water. It is witnessed that the friction factor of both experimental and
analytical are decreasing with increasing Reynolds number. As the Reynolds number
increases from 14800 to 25500, the deviation of experimental friction factor decreases
from 32.34 to 23.69 % with that of the Blasius friction factor. As the variation
between the experimental data and that of correlations is within experimental
accuracy, the experimental setup is validated. Now, the further results with inserts,
nanofluids and nanofluids with inserts is presented as follows:
41
7.2 Helical wire coil with core rod inserts
The experimental values of heat transfer coefficient and friction values for the
helical wire coil with core rod inserts immersed in water are compared with Smith et
al., [21] correlations given below.
Nusselt number:
Nu = 0.0094 Re0.96 Pr1/3
𝑁𝑢𝐾𝑛𝑓
hi= 𝑑𝐻𝑖
Friction factor:
fi = 15 Re-0.478
7.2.1 Helical wire coil with core rod insert of p/d = 1.34
Heat transfer coefficient h (W/m2K)

Fig. 7.2a Comparison of heat transfer coefficient for helical wire coil with core rod insert of p/d = 1.34
The Fig 7.2a shows the comparison of experimental heat transfer coefficient
for helical wire coil with core rod insert of p/d = 1.34with heat transfer coefficient of
Smith correlation. The experimental heat transfer coefficient value is increases from
4670.735 to 7106.948 W/m2K as Reynolds number increases from 7800 to 9300.The
deviation between heat transfer coefficient of experimental and Smith correlation is
from 12.15 % to 13.20 % at Reynolds number from 7800 to 9300 respectively.
42
Friction factor (f)
Fig. 7.2b Comparison of friction factor for helical wire coil with core rod insert of p/d = 1.34
The Fig 7.2b shows the comparison of experimental friction factor for helical
wire coil with core rod insert of p/d = 1.34 with friction factor of Smith correlation.
As the Reynolds number increases from 7800 to 9300 the deviation of experimental
friction factor is from 15.20 % to 7.04 % with that of the Smith friction factor.
7.2.2 Helical wire coil with core rod insert of p/d = 1.79
Fig. 7.3a Comparison of heat transfer coefficient for helical wire coil with core rod insert of p/d = 1.79
43
The Fig 7.3a shows the comparison of experimental heat transfer coefficient
for helical wire coil with core rod insert of p/d = 1.79 with heat transfer coefficient of
Smith correlation. The experimental heat transfer coefficient value varies from
6657.83 to 6306.95 W/m2K as Reynolds number increases from 7800 to 9300.The
deviation between heat transfer coefficient of experimental and Smith correlation is
from 20.61 % to 18.97 % at Reynolds number from 7800 to 9300 respectively.
Friction factor (f)
Fig. 7.3b Comparison of friction factor for helical wire coil with core rod insert of p/d = 1.79
The Fig 7.3b shows the comparison of experimental friction factor for helical
wire coil with core rod insert of p/d = 1.79 with friction factor of Smith correlation.
As the Reynolds number increases from 7800 to 9300 the deviation of experimental
friction factor is from 30.52 % to 27.90 % with that of the Smith friction factor.
44
Fig. 7.4 Variation of experimental heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds number for p/d ratios of 1.34
and 1.79with water.
Fig 7.4 shows the variation of the experimental heat transfer coefficient with
Reynolds number for helical wire coil with core rod inserts of (p/d)=1.34 and
1.79.The results shows that the average convective heat transfer coefficient increases
with decreasing p/d ratio with the increase of the Reynolds number from 7800 to 9300
compared to the base fluid. The average enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient
compared to the base fluid is 210.4 % and 151.94 % for a p/d ratio of 1.34 and 1.79
respectively. The enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient might be due to the
following reasons – (1) Increase in swirl flow velocity component. (2) Increases the
residence time of the fluid in the hair pin heat exchanger. (3) Boundary layer
breakage.
45
Friction factor (f)

Fig. 7.5Variation of experimental friction factor with Reynolds number for p/d ratios of 1.34 and
1.79with water
Fig.7.5 shows the variation of the experimental friction factor with Reynolds
number for helical wire coil with core rod inserts of (p/d) = 1.34 and 1.79. The results
shows that the friction factor increases with decreasing p/d ratio with the increase of
the Reynolds number from 7800 to 9300 compared to the base fluid. The average
increase of the friction factor compared to the base fluid is 1671 and 1374 % for a p/d
ratio of 1.34 and 1.79 respectively.
7.2.3Thermal performance factor
To study the combined effect of heat transfer enhancement and increase in

friction factor, Thermal performance factor (𝜂) is calculated by using below equation
from Durga Prasad et al [10].
(𝑁𝑢)insert
( )
(𝑁𝑢)plain
Thermal performance factor (η) = (𝑓)insert
( (𝑓) )1/3
plain
46
Fig 7.6 Thermal performance factor of helical wire coil with core rod inserts of p/d= 1.34 and 1.79
Fig 7.6 shows the variation of thermal performance factor (η) of helical wire
coil with core rod inserts of p/d =1.34 and 1.79. It is found that for water as hot fluid
the average thermal performance factor value is increases from 1.039 to 1.191 with
decrease in p/d ratio from 1.79 to 1.34 at Reynolds number from 7800 to 9300
respectively.
7.2.3 Summary
 The average heat transfer coefficient value is increasing with the decrease in
the p/d ratio from 1.79 to 1.34 for water as hot fluid.
 The average friction factor value is increasing with the decrease in the p/d
ratio from 1.79 to 1.34 with water as hot fluid.
 The average thermal performance value is increases with decrease in p/d ratio
from 1.34 to 1.79 with water as hot fluid.
47
7.3 Nanofluids
The experimental values of Iron oxide nanofluid heat transfer coefficient

values are compare with following Pak &Cho and Duangthongsuk and Wong wise
correlations.
Pak &Cho [1]
Nu = 0.021Re0.8Pr0.5
hi =
𝑑𝑖
Duangthongsuk and Wong wise [2]
Nu = 0.074 Re0.707Pr0.385ϕ0.074
hi =
𝑑𝑖
7.3.1 Nanofluid with 0.005% volume concentration
Fig. 7.7 Comparison of heat transfer coefficient with other investigators for 0.005%v
48
Fig.7.7 shows the variation of the convective heat transfer coefficient with
Reynolds number for iron oxide nanofluid of 0.005% volume concentration. From the
experimental results, it is found that as the increasing Reynolds number from 15000 to
25900, the convective heat transfer coefficient increases from 1858 to 3562.As the
Reynolds number increases from 14800 to 25900, both Pak & Cho and
Duangthongsuk correlations are over predicting the heat transfer coefficient values
than experimental. The difference between heat transfer coefficient of experimental
data and that of Pak &Cho and Duangthongsuk and Wong wise correlations varies
from 38.84% to 23.96% and from 26.58 % to 3.58% respectively.
Fig. 7.8Comparison of heat transfer coefficient with other investigators for 0.01%v
Reynolds number iron oxide nanofluid of 0.01% volume concentration. From the
experimental results, it is found that the increasing Reynolds number from 15,100 to
25,900, convective heat transfer coefficient increases from 1893 to 4297. As Reynolds
number increases the deviation between heat transfer coefficient of experimental data
and that of Pak &Cho and Duangthongsuk and Wong wise correlations varies from
38.27% to 8.45% and from 29.68% to 10.2% respectively.
49
Fig. 7.9 Comparison of heat transfer coefficient with other investigators for 0.03%v
25900 convective heat transfer coefficient increases from 2,266 to 4,293. As Reynolds
number increases the deviation between heat transfer coefficient of experimental data
and that of Pak &Cho and Duangthongsuk and Wong wise correlations varies from
25.35% to 8.26% and from 21.54% to 1.86% respectively.
50
Fig. 7.10Comparison of heat transfer coefficient with other investigators for 0.06%v
Fig.7.10a shows the variation of the convective heat transfer coefficient with
26,100, convective heat transfer coefficient from 2,556 to 4,909.As the Reynolds
number increases from 15,100 to 26,100, the deviation between heat transfer
coefficient experimental data and that of the Pak &Cho and Duangthongsuk and
Wong wise correlations varies from 15.76% to 4.37% and 15.88 to 10% respectively.
51
Fig. 7.11 Variation of experimental heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds number for
different concentrations
Fig.7.11 shows the variation of experimental the heat transfer coefficient with
Reynolds number for iron oxide nanofluid of 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% volume
concentration. The results shows that the convective heat transfer coefficient increases
with increasing volume concentration of nanoparticles and Reynolds number range
14800 to 26200 compared to the base fluid. The average enhancement of the heat
transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid is 7.02, 19.11, 29.76, and 47.39% for a
corresponding volume concentration of 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% respectively. The
enhancement of heat transfer coefficient might be due to following reasons – (1)
increased heat transfer surface between the suspended particle and the fluid.(2)
Uncontrolled movement of nanoparticles in the base fluid.
52
Fig. 7.12 Variation of experimental friction factor with Reynolds number for different concentrations
number for iron oxide nanofluid of volume concentration 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and
0.06%.The results shows that the friction factor increases with increasing volume
concentration of nano particles and Reynolds number range from 14,800 to 26,200
compared to the base fluid. The average deviation of friction factor compared to the
base fluid is 35.06, 70.04, 103.33, and 135.12% for a volume concentration of 0.005,
0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% respectively.
7.3.5 Thermal performance factor
To study the combined effect of heat transfer enhancement and increase in

friction factor, Thermal performance factor (η) is calculated for nanofluid by using
below equation from Chaiwat et al [22].
(𝑁𝑢)nf
( )
(𝑁𝑢)plain
Thermal performance factor (η) = (𝑓)nf
((𝑓) )
plain
53
Thermal performance factor (η)
Fig 7.13 Thermal performance factor of nanofluids
Fig 7.13 shows the variation of the thermal performance factor (η) with
Reynolds number for different volume concentrations. From the above graph, it is
found that the thermal performance is generally increased with increase of volume
concentration at Reynolds number From 15000 to 19000.The maximum average
thermal performance factor of 0.6621is observed for a volume concentration of 0.03%
at Reynolds number from 14000 to 26000.
7.3.6 Summary
The following summary is observed at the Reynolds number range from 15000 to
26000.
 The average deviation between heat transfer coefficient experimental data and
that of the Pak & Cho correlations is decreased as 31.4, 23.36, 16.805 and
10.03% as the increase in the volume concentration of nanofluid from 0.005,
0.01, 0.03 and 0.006% respectively. Hence it is observed that the experimental
values of heat transfer coefficient are good deal with the analytical values.
 The average deviation between heat transfer coefficient experimental data and
that of the Duangthongsuk and Wong wise correlations is 15.08, 19.94, 11.7
and 12.7% for the volume concentration of nanofluid 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and
0.006% respectively. Hence it is observed that the experimental values of heat
transfer coefficient are good deal with the analytical values.
54
 The average enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient compared to the base
fluid is increased from 7.02, 19.11, 29.76, and 47.39%with increase in the
volume concentration of nanofluid from 0.005 to 0.006% respectively.
 The average friction factor compared to the base fluid is increased from 35.06,
70.04, 103.33, and 135.12% with increase in the volume concentration of
nanofluid from 0.005 to 0.006%.respectively.
 The maximum thermal performance factor is observed at 0.03% volume
concentration of nanofluid.
7.4 Nanofluids with helical wire coil with core rod inserts
The experimental values of heat transfer coefficient and friction factor of

helical wire coil inserts and nanofluids are compared with the experimental values of
heat transfer coefficient and friction factor values of plain tube with base fluid at same
Reynolds number.
Thermal performance factor (η) is calculated by using below equation from

Durga Prasad et al [10].
(Nu)insert+nf
( )
(Nu)plain
Thermal performance factor (η) = (f)insert+nf
( (f) )1/3
plain
7.4.1 0.005% volume concentration of nanofluid with helical wire coil with core
rod inserts

Fig. 7.14 Variation of experimental heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds numbers for 0.005%v with
p/d ratios of 1.34 and 1.79
55
Fig.7.14 shows the variation of the experimental heat transfer coefficient with
Reynolds number for helical wire coil with core rod inserts of (p/d) =1.34 and 1.79
with Iron oxide nanofluid of volume concentration 0.005%.The results shows that the
convective heat transfer coefficient increases with decreasing p/d ratio and with the
increases of the Reynolds number from 7800 to 9300 compared to the base fluid. The
average enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient compared to the base fluid is
194.143 and 150.432% for a p/d ratio of 1.34 and 1.79 respectively. The enhancement
of the heat transfer coefficient might be due to the following reasons – (1) Increase in
swirl flow velocity component. (2) Increases the residence time of the fluid in the hair
pin heat exchanger. (3) Boundary layer breakage. (4) Increase in thermal conductivity
of the nanofluid.
Friction factor (f)
Fig. 7.15 Variation of experimental friction factor with Reynolds numbers for 0.005%v with p/d ratios
of 1.34 and 1.79.
number for helical wire coil with core rod inserts of (p/d) =1.34 and 1.79 with Iron
oxide nanofluid of volume concentration 0.005%.The results shows that the friction
factor increases with decreasing p/d ratio with the increase of the Reynolds number
from 7800 to 9300 compared to the base fluid. The average increase of the friction
factor compared to the base fluid is 1663 and 1319 % for a p/d ratio of 1.34 and 1.79
respectively.
56

Fig 7.16 Thermal performance factor of 0.005%v nanofluid with helical wire coil inserts.
Fig 7.16 shows the variation of thermal performance factor (η) of 0.005%v
nanofluid with helical wire coil with core rod inserts of p/d =1.34 and 1.79 in the
Reynolds number from 7800 to 9300. It is found that for 0.005%v nanofluid as hot
fluid the thermal performance factor is increases with decrease in p/d. The average
thermal performance factor values of p/d ratio of 1.34 and 1.79 are 1.13 and 1.03.
rod inserts

p/d ratios of 1.34 and 1.79
57
with Iron oxide nanofluid of volume concentration 0.01%. The results shows that the
convective heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing p/d ratio with the
increases of Reynolds number from 7800 to 9300 compared to the base fluid. The
177.73 and 186 % for a p/d ratio of 1.34 and 1.79 respectively. The enhancement of
the heat transfer coefficient might be due to the following reasons – (1) Increase in
of the nanofluid.
Friction factor (f)
Fig. 7.18 Variation of experimental friction factor with Reynolds numbers for 0.01%v with p/d ratios
of 1.34 and 1.79
oxide nanofluid of volume concentration 0.01%. The results shows that the friction
respectively.
58

Reynolds number from 7800 to 9300. The average thermal performance factor values
of p/d ratio of 1.34 and 1.79 are 1.057 and 1.20 respectively.
rod inserts
various p/d ratios
59
convective heat transfer coefficient increases with decreasing p/d ratio with the
244.82 and 143.88 % for a p/d ratio of 1.34 and 1.79 respectively. The enhancement
of the nanofluid.
Friction factor (f)
Fig. 7.21 Variation of experimental friction factor with Reynolds numbers for 0.03%v with
various p/d ratios
Fig.7.21shows the variation of the experimental friction factor with Reynolds

respectively.
60

thermal performance factor values of p/d ratio of 1.34 and 1.79 are 1.233 and 0.98
respectively.
rod inserts
Fig. 7.23Variation of experimental heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds numbers for 0.06%v with
various p/d ratios
61
Fig.7.23shows the variation of the experimental heat transfer coefficient with
Reynolds number for helical wire coil with core rod inserts of (p/d)=1.34 and 1.79
convective heat transfer coefficient increases with decreasing p/d ratio with the
189.60 and 157.46 % for a p/d ratio of 1.34 and 1.79 respectively. The enhancement
of the nanofluid.
Friction factor (f)
Fig. 7.24 Variation of experimental friction factor with Reynolds numbers for 0.06%v with various
p/d ratios
Fig.7.24shows the variation of the experimental friction factor with Reynolds

respectively.
62
thermal performance factor values of p/d ratio of 1.34 and 1.79 are 1.098 and 1.021
respectively.
7.4.5 Summary
 The average convective heat transfer coefficient is increases with decrease in

p/d ratio and increase in volume concentration of nanofluid respectively.
 The average friction factor is increases with decrease in p/d ratio and increase
in volume concentration of nanofluid respectively.
 The average thermal performance factor increases with decrease in p/d ratio
and increase in volume concentration of nanofluid respectively.
 Comapare with all,the maximum enhancement of average heat transfer
coefficient 244.822 % and the maximum average thermal performance factor
1.233 are observed at 0.03%v nanofluid with p/d ratio of 1.34.
63
Chapter – 8
Conclusions
In the present work, U-bend double pipe heat exchanger is used to study the
heat transfer enhancement at low volume concentrations of the Iron oxide nanofluid
with helical wire coil with core rod inserts of different p/d ratios at different flow
rates. The hot nanofluid is allowed to pass through the inner tube, while cold water at
constant flow rate passed through the annulus. Under these conditions, experiments
are performed with helical wire coil with core rod of different p/d ratios of 1.34 and
1.79 at low volume concentrations of 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% of Iron oxide
particles mixed in water, for turbulent flows.
Conclusions of the present work are summarized as follows
 The U-bend double pipe heat exchanger with helical wire coil with core rod inserts
has resulted into the enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient, with an average
enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient compared to that of the base fluid as
210.4 and 202.5151.94 % for corresponding p/d ratios of 1.34 and 1.79.
 The addition of Iron oxide nanoparticles, even at low volume concentrations has
resulted into the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient, with an average
enhancement of the heat transfer coefficient compared to that of the base fluid as 7.02,
19.11, 29.76, and 47.39% for a corresponding volume concentration of 0.005, 0.01,
0.03 and 0.06% respectively.
 The combination of Iron oxide nanoparticles and helical wire coil with core rod
inserts, has resulted into the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient, with an average
194.143, 177.73, 244.822 and 189.60 % corresponding to a volume concentration of
0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% for a helical wire coil with core rod of p/d=1.34
respectively.
64
 The combination of Iron oxide nano particles and helical wire coil with core rod
inserts, has resulted into the enhancement of heat transfer coefficient, with an average
150.432, 186, 143.888 and 157.466 % corresponding to a volume concentration of
0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% for a helical wire coil with core rod of p/d=1.79
respectively.
 The maximum enhancement of an average heat transfer coefficient is nearly,

244.822% for a volume concentration of 0.03% with helical wire coil with core rod of
p/d=1.34.
 The addition of Iron oxide nano particles, even at low volume concentrations has
resulted into the increase in friction factor, with an average increase of the friction
factor compared to that of the base fluid as is 35.06, 70.04, 103.33, and 135.12% for a
volume concentration of 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06% respectively.
 The maximum thermal performance factor value of 1.23 is observed for iron oxide
nanofluid of volume concentration 0.03% with helical wire coil with core rod of
p/d=1.34, compare with Iron oxide nanofluid volume concentrations with out inserts
and with helical wire coil with core rod inserts.
Scope of the future work

• In the present work, experimental investigations are conducted with water, Iron oxide
nanofluid as working fluid with helical wire coil with core rod inserts of different p/d
ratios for different flow rates. This investigations can be extended in the following
areas
• The experiments can be conducted using different nanofluids with different volume
concentrations using various inserts like twisted tapes, wire coil and various cut
sections.
65
Annexure-A
Experimental observations of Nanofluid Ultrasonic

Interferometer
The raw experimental data measured using ultrasonic interferometer for the
iron oxide nanofluids are obtained at different temperatures ranges from 30 0C to 800C
concentrations 0.005, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.06%. The same are presented from TableA.1 to
Table A.24. The least count (LC) for the interferometer is 0.1.
A.1 Experimental observations for 0.005%v nanofluid
Table A.1 Data from ultrasonic interferometer for iron oxide nanofluid (0.005%v) at 300C
No.of
S. No antinodes P.S.R H.S.R P.S.R+(L.C*H.S.R) Deviation
1 5 3.5 31 6.6 4.2

2 10 7 38 10.8 4.3
3 15 11 41 15.1 4.1
4 20 15.5 37 19.2 2.7
5 25 19 29 21.9 4.1
6 30 23 30 26 D=3.88
TableA.2. Data from ultrasonic interferometer for iron oxide nanofluid (0.005%v) at 40 0C
No.of
1 5 3.5 34 6.9 2.8

2 10 7.5 22 9.7 2.9
3 15 11.5 11 12.6 6.7
4 20 15 43 19.3 2.5
5 25 19 28 21.8 1.9
6 30 23 7 23.7 D=3.36
66
Table A.3. Data from ultrasonic interferometer for iron oxide nanofluid (0.005%v) at 50 0C
No.of
1 5 3.5 38 7.3 2.85
2 10 7.5 26.5 10.15 3.75
3 15 11.5 24 13.9 2.8
4 20 15.5 12 16.7 7.2
5 25 19 49 23.9 2.7
6 30 23.5 31 26.6 D=3.86
No.of
1 5 4.5 19.5 6.45 4.55
2 10 8.5 25 11 4.6
3 15 13 26 15.6 6.5
4 20 17.5 46 22.1 2.3
5 25 21.5 29 24.4 4.9
6 30 25.5 38 29.3 D=4.57
No. Of
1 5 4.5 37 8.2 2.7
2 10 9.5 14 10.9 6.3
3 15 14 32 17.2 4.5
4 20 19.5 22 21.7 6.5
67
5 25 23.5 47 28.2 3.9
6 30 28 41 32.1 D=4.78
No. Of
1 5 3.5 6 4.1 5.4
2 10 7.5 20 9.5 3.9
3 15 11.5 19 13.4 5.9
4 20 15.5 38 19.3 2.2
5 25 20 15 21.5 6.1
6 30 24 36 27.6 D=4.7
Table A.1 to Table A.6 shows the readings of the thermal conductivity of the
iron oxide nanofluid for a volume concentration of 0.03% at different temperatures
ranges from 30 0C to 80 0C and it shows the deviation of the ultrasonic wave generated
in the nanofluid cell of the ultrasonic interferometer.
No. Of
1 5 3.5 34 6.9 2.2
2 10 7.5 16 9.1 5.8
3 15 11 39 14.9 2.45
4 20 15 23.5 17.35 4.5
5 25 18 38.5 21.85 2.45
6 30 22.5 18 24.3 D=3.48
68
Table A.8 Data from ultrasonic interferometer for iron oxide nanofluid (0.01%v) at 40 0C
No. of
1 5 3.5 10 4.5 4.4
2 10 7 19 8.9 4.25
3 15 11.5 16.5 13.15 6.75
4 20 15 49 19.9 4.5
5 25 19.5 49 24.4 3.2
6 30 23.5 41 27.6 D=4.62
No. of
1 5 3.5 44 7.9 3.2
2 10 7.5 36 11.1 0.95
3 15 12 10.5 12.05 8.15
4 20 15.5 47 20.2 4.1
5 25 19.5 48 24.3 0.9
6 30 22.5 27 25.2 D=3.46
No. of
1 5 3.5 46 8.1 3.5
2 10 7.5 41 11.6 2.5
3 15 11.5 26 14.1 3.7
4 20 15.5 23 17.8 4
5 25 20 18 21.8 6.95
69
6 30 24 47.5 28.75 D=4.13
No. of
1 5 3.5 36 7.1 0.9
2 10 8 0 8 5.65
3 15 11.5 21.5 13.65 4.95
4 20 15.5 31 18.6 3.7
5 25 20 23 22.3 3.8
6 30 24 21 26.1 D=3.8
No. Of
1 5 4 48 8.8 4
2 10 8 48 12.8 1.25
3 15 11.5 25.5 14.05 3.75
4 20 15.5 2.3 17.8 4.9
5 25 19.5 3.2 22.7 1.6
6 30 24 0.3 24.3 D=3.1
Table A.7 to Table A.12 shows the readings of the thermal conductivity of the
iron oxide nanofluid for a volume concentration of 0.01% at different temperatures
ranges from 30 0C to 80 0C and it shows the deviation of the ultrasonic wave generated
in the nanofluid cell of the ultrasonic interferometer.
70
No. Of
1 5 3.5 16 5.1 2.5
2 10 7.5 1 7.6 6.7
3 15 10.5 38 14.3 4.2
4 20 14.5 40 18.5 1.9
5 25 18.5 19 20.4 2.4
6 30 22.8 0 22.8 D=3.54
No. Of
1 5 4 20 6 2
2 10 7 10 8 6.5
3 15 10.5 40 14.5 2
4 20 14.5 20 16.5 2.9
5 25 18.5 9 19.4 6.5
6 30 22 39 25.9 D=3.98
No. Of
1 5 3 1 3.1 4.1
2 10 7 2 7.2 5.2
3 15 10.5 19 12.4 2.2
4 20 14.5 1 14.6 4.3
5 25 18.5 4 18.9 3.9
71
6 30 22.5 3 22.8 D=3.94
No. Of
1 5 4 48 8.8 2.6
2 10 7.5 39 11.4 3.4
3 15 11.5 33 14.8 5.2
4 20 16 40 20 4.15
5 25 20 41.5 24.15 4.45
6 30 24.5 41 28.6 D=3.96
No. Of
1 5 3.5 35 7 3.3
2 10 6.5 38 10.3 4.3
3 15 10.5 41 14.6 3.2
4 20 14.5 33 17.8 3.9
5 25 18.5 32 21.7 4.7
6 30 22 44 26.4 D=3.88
No. Of
1 5 3.5 43 7.8 2.05
2 10 7.5 23.5 9.85 4.6
3 15 11.5 29.5 14.45 2.45
4 20 15.5 14 16.9 2.95

5 25 19.5 3.5 19.85 7.45
6 30 23 43 27.3 D=3.9
72
Table A.13 to Table A.18 shows the readings of the thermal conductivity of
the iron oxide nanofluid for a volume concentration of 0.03% at different
temperatures ranges from 30 0C to 80 0C and it shows the deviation of the ultrasonic
wave generated in the nanofluid cell of the ultrasonic interferometer.
No. Of
1 5 4 20 6 2
2 10 7 10 8 6.5
3 15 10.5 40 14.5 2
4 20 14.5 20 16.5 2.9
5 25 18.5 9 19.4 6.5
6 30 22 39 25.9 D=3.98
No. Of
1 5 3.5 44 7.9 3.2
2 10 7.5 36 11.1 0.95
3 15 12 10.5 12.05 8.15
4 20 15.5 47 20.2 4.1
5 25 18.5 48 24.3 0.9
6 30 22.5 27 25.2 D=3.46
73
No. Of
1 5 4.5 19.5 6.45 4.55
2 10 8.5 25 11 4.6
3 15 13 26 15.6 6.5
4 20 17.5 46 22.1 2.3
5 25 21.5 29 24.4 4.9
6 30 25.5 38 29.3 D=4.57
No. Of
1 5 3.5 36 7.1 0.9
2 10 8 0 8 5.65
3 15 11.5 21.5 13.65 4.95
4 20 15.5 31 18.6 3.7
5 25 20 23 22.3 3.8
6 30 24 21 26.1 D=3.8
No. Of
1 5 4.5 37 8.2 2.7
2 10 9.5 14 10.9 6.3

3 15 14 32 17.2 4.5
4 20 19.5 22 21.7 6.5
5 25 23.5 47 28.2 3.9
6 30 28 41 32.1 D=4.78
74
No. Of
1 5 4.5 19.5 6.45 4.55
2 10 8.5 25 11 4.6
3 15 13 26 15.6 6.5
4 20 17.5 46 22.1 2.3
5 25 21.5 29 24.4 4.9
6 30 25.5 38 29.3 D=4.57
Table A.19 to Table A.24 shows the readings of the thermal conductivity of
the iron oxide nanofluid for a volume concentration of 0.03% at different
temperatures ranges from 30 0C to 800C and it shows the deviation of the ultrasonic
wave generated in the nanofluid cell of the ultrasonic interferometer.
75
Annexure-B
Experimental observations from U-bend double pipe

heat exchanger
In this chapter, experimental observations are presented for plain tube, twisted
tapes, nanofluids and combination of nanofluids and helical inserts for different mass
flow rates of the hot water and keeping the cold water flow rate constant.
B.1 Experimental observations of the plain tube

Table B.1 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger with water in plain Tube
Cold Hot
Pressure
water water
Drop
flow Cold water flow Hot water
(mm of
rate Temperatures (oC) rate Temperatures (oC)
Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
mc Tci Tco ΔTc mh Thi Tho ΔTh ΔP
16 31.4 33.7 2.3 8 48.6 43.6 5 2
16 31.2 33.6 2.4 10 47.4 43 4.4 3
16 31.4 33.9 2.5 12 46.2 42.8 3.4 4
16 31.7 34.3 2.6 14 46.5 43.5 3 5
Table B.1 shows plain tube mass flow rates of cold water as constant and hot water
with different flow rates. The inlet and outlet temperatures of cold and hot water and
also average of the temperatures, it also shows the pressure drop in plain tube.
76
B.2 Experimental observations with helical wire coil with core rod inserts
Table B.2 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using water with helical wire coil with core rod
insert of (p/d)=1.34
Cold Cold water Hot Hot water Pressure

water Temperature (oC) water Temperature(oC) drop
flow flow (mm of
rate rate Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 33.1 35.6 2.5 3.9 50.4 41.8 8.6 35
16 32.9 35.4 2.5 5.2 48.7 41.8 6.9 56
16 32.8 35.5 2.7 6.5 48.5 42.4 6.1 81
16 32.6 35.2 2.6 7.8 46.6 41.5 5.1 120
Table B.3 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using water with helical wire coil with core rod
insert of (p/d)=1.79
Cold Hot Pressure

water Cold water water Hot water drop
flow Temperature (oC) flow Temperature(oC) (mm of
rate rate Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 32.8 35.4 2.6 3.9 50.3 41.2 9.1 29
16 32.8 35.3 2.5 5.2 48.4 41.7 6.7 44
16 32.6 35.4 2.8 6.5 48.1 42 6.1 67
16 32.5 35.1 2.6 7.8 46.8 41.7 5.1 92
Table B.2 and Table B.3 shows the readings of U-bend double pipe heat
exchangerwith helical wire coil with core rod insert of(p/d)=1.34 and 1.79. Mass flow
77
rate of the cold water is kept constant (16lpm) and hot water with different flow rates.
The pressure drop increases with the decrease of the p/d ratio.
B.3 Experimental observations for different concentration of the nanofluid
Table B.4 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid at concentration
ϕ=0.005%v in plain tube
Cold Hot
Pressure
water water
drop
flow flow
Cold water (mm of
rate rate Hot water
Temperatures(oC) Hg)
(lpm) (lpm) Temperatures(oC)
Tci Tco ΔTc mh Thi Tho ΔTh ΔP

mc
16 32 34.5 2.5 8 49.7 44.6 5.1 3
16 32.1 34.7 2.6 10 48.4 44.2 4.2 4
16 32 34.7 2.7 12 48.6 44.6 4 5
16 32 34.8 2.8 14 47.4 44.2 3.2 6
Table B.5 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid at concentrations of
Cold Hot
Pressure
water water
drop
flow flow
Cold water Hot water (mm of
rate rate
Temperature(oC) Temperatures(oC) Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 32 34.6 2.6 8 50.3 45 5.3 4
16 32 34.7 2.7 10 49.5 44.6 4.9 5
16 32 34.8 2.8 12 48.6 44.4 4.2 6
16 32 34.9 2.9 14 47.8 44.3 3.5 7
78
Table B.6 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid at concentrations
of ϕ= 0.03%v in plain tube
Cold Hot
Pressure
water water
drop
flow flow
rate rate
Temperature (oC) Temperature (oC) Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 31.9 34.6 2.7 8 49.9 44.4 5.5 5
16 31.9 34.7 2.8 10 49 44.3 4.7 6
16 32 34.9 2.9 12 48.9 44.5 4.4 7
16 32.1 34.9 2.8 14 47.4 44 3.4 8
Table B.7 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid at concentrations of
Cold Hot
Pressur
water water
e drop
flow flow
rate rate
Temperature(oC) Temperature (oC) Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 31.9 34.7 2.8 8 49.8 44.2 5.6 6
16 32 34.8 2.8 10 49.3 44.2 5.1 7
16 32.1 35 2.9 12 48.9 44.4 4.5 8
16 32 34.9 2.9 14 47.9 44.2 3.7 9
Table B.4, Table B.5, Table B.6 and Table B.7 shows the readings of U-bend
double pipe heat exchanger with iron oxide nanofluid of volume concentration 0.005,
0.01, 0.03 and 0.06%. Mass flow rate of the cold water is kept constant (16 lpm) and
hot water with different flow rates. The hot water temperature difference and pressure
drop increases with the increase of the nanofluid volume concentration.
79
B.3 Experimental observations with helical wire coil with core rod insert and
nanofluid
Table B.8 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid of
concentrationϕ=0.005%v with helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d)=1.34
Cold Hot
Pressure
water water
Cold water Hot water drop
flow flow
Temperature (oC) Temperature (oC) (mm of
rate rate
Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 32.6 35.2 2.6 3.9 48.5 40.7 7.8 37
16 32.6 35 2.4 5.2 46.6 40.6 6 57
16 32.6 35.1 2.5 6.5 46.3 41.2 5.1 84
16 32.6 35.1 2.5 7.8 45.6 41.3 4.3 113
Table B.9 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid of concentrationϕ=
0.005%v with helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d)=1.79
Cold Hot
Pressure
water water
flow flow
rate rate
Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 32.5 35 2.5 3.9 48 40.4 7.6 32
16 32.7 35.1 2.4 5.2 47.4 40.9 6.5 44
16 32.6 35.1 2.5 6.5 46.8 41.5 5.3 68
16 32.5 35.1 2.6 7.8 46.2 41.6 4.6 91
80
Table B.8 and B.9 shows the readings of U-bend double pipe heat
exchangerwith helical wire coil with core rod inserts of (p/d)=1.34 and 1.79 for a
volume concentration of 0.005%. Mass flow rate of the cold water is kept constant (16
lpm) and hot water with different flow rates. The pressure drop increases with the
decrease of the p/d ratio.
Table B.10 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid of concentration
ϕ=0.01%v with helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d)=1.34
Cold Hot Pressure

water water drop
Cold water Hot water
flow flow (mm of
Temperature (oC) Temperature (oC)
rate rate Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 32.4 34.8 2.4 3.9 47.7 39.9 7.8 35
16 32.5 34.9 2.4 5.2 46.6 40.4 6.2 59
16 32.6 35 2.4 6.5 46.1 40.9 5.2 86
16 32.6 35.1 2.5 7.8 45.6 41.2 4.4 117
Cold Hot
Pressure
water water
flow flow
rate rate
Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
mc Tci Tco ΔT mh Thi Tho ΔTh ΔP
16 32.7 34.9 2.2 3.9 47.5 40 7.5 29
16 32.6 35 2.4 5.2 46.7 40.6 6.1 44
16 32.6 35 2.4 6.5 46.2 41.1 5.1 64
16 32.4 34.9 2.5 7.8 45.2 40.9 4.3 86
81
exchanger with helical wire coil with core rod inserts of (p/d)=1.34 and 1.79 for a
lpm) and hot water with different flow rates. The hot water temperature difference and
pressure drop increases with the decrease of the p/d ratio.
Cold Hot
Pressure
water Cold water water Hot water
drop
flow Temperature (oC) flow Temperature (oC)
(mm of
rate rate
Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 32 34.8 2.8 3.9 48.7 40.8 7.9 45
16 31.9 34.7 2.8 5.2 47.6 41 6.6 65
16 31.8 34.4 2.6 6.5 45.7 40.7 5 105
16 31.8 34.4 2.6 7.8 45.1 40.8 4.3 134
Cold Hot
Pressure
water water
Hot water Cold water drop
flow flow
Temperature (oc) Temperature (oC) (mm of
rate rate
Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 31.8 34.4 2.6 3.9 47.5 40.5 7 42
16 31.8 34.4 2.6 5.2 47.2 40.8 6.4 54
16 31.7 34.3 2.6 6.5 46.3 40.9 5.4 73
16 31.7 34.2 2.5 7.8 45.5 40.9 4.6 99
82
Table B.14 U-bend double pipe heat exchanger using Iron oxide nanofluid of concentrationϕ=
0.06%v with helical wire coil with core rod insert of (p/d)=1.34
Cold Hot
water water Pressure
flow Hot water flow Cold water drop
rate Temperature (oC) rate Temperature (oC) (mm of
(lpm) (lpm) Hg)
16 31.8 34.5 2.7 3.9 47.9 40.5 7.4 48
16 31.8 34.4 2.6 5.2 46.3 40.6 5.7 69
16 31.8 34.4 2.6 6.5 46.1 40.8 5.3 88
16 31.9 34.5 2.6 7.8 45.6 41.1 4.5 114
Cold Hot
Pressure
water water
flow flow
rate rate
Hg)
(lpm) (lpm)
16 31.8 34.3 2.5 3.9 46.8 40.2 6.6 44
16 32 34.5 2.5 5.2 46.4 40.5 5.9 57
16 31.8 34.3 2.5 6.5 45.9 40.7 5.2 77
16 31.8 34.4 2.6 7.8 45.8 40.9 4.9 101
83
84
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87

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Chapter -1

The enhancement of thermal conductivity of conventional fluids by

Nanofluids are solid-liquid composite materials consisting of solid nano

1.1 Heat transfer Augmentation Techniques:

1.1.1 Passive techniques

Heat transfer augmentation by this technique can be achieved by using:

1. Different types of inserts

5. Additives for fluids

6. Swirl flow devices

Various active techniques are as follows:

1.1.3 Compound techniques

1.2 Emergence of Nanofluids

1.2.1. Materials of nanoparticles

1.3 Nanofluid preparation methods and characterization

A nano-fluid is a new advanced fluid comprises nano-metre sized particles that

1.3.1 Methods of Nanofluid preparation

Preparation with SDBS surfactant

To prepare Nanofluids of specific volume concentration, samples are first

1.4.1 Density of the Nanofluid:

After dispersing nano particles in the base fluids, density of nanofluid is

ρnf = (1 − ∅)ρbf + ∅ρp ………. Eq. (1.2)

1.4.2Specific heat of Nanofluid:

(1−𝛷)𝜌𝐶𝑝 +𝛷𝜌𝑝 𝐶𝑝𝑝

The Brinkman[14] correlation for viscosity of nanofluid as given by Eq.(1.4)

1.4.4 Thermal conductivity of Nanofluids:

𝑘𝑝 +2𝑘𝑏𝑓 +2𝜙(𝑘𝑝 −𝑘𝑏𝑓 )

A detailed literature review of experimental investigations on heat exchangers

2.1. Heat Transfer Enhancement using Nanofluids

Duangthongsuk and Wongwises [2] had conducted an experimental study on

Aghayari et al. [4] had done an experimental investigation on the heat

2.2. Heat Transfer Enhancement using Passive techniques:

Reddy et al. [9] experimentally studied the behaviour of heat transfer

2.3. Inferences from the Survey:

In this present study, it is proposed to perform experimental investigations on

Objectives and Methodology

Based on the literature survey, it is observed that very limited research is

counter flow arrangement as compared to that of plain tube with water.

The following methodology is adopted in the realization of the objectives.

 To find the thermal conductivity of the fluid experimentally.

 To validate the experimental setup with water as working fluid.

different p/d ratios.

coil with core rod inserts.

Experimental setup and Procedure

4.1 Preparation of bulk Iron oxide nanofluid

Fig.4.1 Iron oxide Nano particles

Fig.4.2 Nanofluid preparation using mechanical stirrer

The following steps are conducted for stability test:

 Firstly, 250ml of distilled water is taken in conical flask.

Fig.4.3 Before Sedimentation Fig.4.4 After sedimentation

Fig.4.5U-bend double pipe heat exchanger equipment

Fig.4.6 Helical wire coil with core rod inserts

4.3Experimental procedure for hair U-Bend double pipe heat

Characterization of Fe3O4/ water Nanofluid

5.1 Experimental determination of thermal conductivity of Fe3O4 /

The ultrasonic interferometer is used to measure the velocity of ultrasonic

Fig.5.1Nanofluid ultrasonic Interferometer

5.1.1Experimental Procedure of Nanofluid Ultrasonic Interferometer:

The observation tables are enclosed in Annexure-A.

(Vbf) = 15 lit, 𝜙=0.03%, (np)= 5180 Kg/m3

b). No. of moles of Iron oxide nano particles

c). No. of moles of base fluid i.e. water

Mass of water = (density of water)× (volume of water)

d). Mole fraction of the Iron oxide nano particle

𝛒nf = (1-𝜙)(𝛒bf) + (𝛒np)𝜙

Heat gained by the cold water Qc = (mc)(Cp,c)(Tco-Tci)

Heat lost by the hot water Qh= (mh)(Cph)(Thi-Tho)