HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT

USING NANO FLUIDS

Introduction

Preparation methods

Thermal conductivity & viscosity measurement

Effect of various parameters on k

Applications of nanofluids

Nanofluids are the suspension of ultra-fine metallic or nonmetallic particles

in a base fluids.

Fig: Principle of Nanofluids

TYPES: Metallic nanofluids and Nonmetallic nanofluids

Materials used as nanoparticles include chemically stable

Aluminium, copper)
metal oxides (e.g., alumina, silica, zirconia, titania)
carbon in various forms (e.g., diamond, graphite,
nanotubes, fullerene).

metals(e.g.

carbon

Conventional method to increase heat flux rates:

- extended surfaces such as fins and micro-channels
- increasing flow rates increases pumping power

In 1974 Scientist Norio Taniguchi first used the term

Nanotechnology.

Choi et al. first prepared nanofluids by mixing nano particles

with base fluids.

In recent years, many researchers have investigated the effects

of nanofluids on the enhancement of heat transfer in thermal
engineering devices.

PREPARATION METHODS FOR NANOFLUIDS

SINGLE STEP TECHNIQUE:

Fig: One-step preparation process of nanofluids

The single step simultaneously makes and disperses the

nanoparticles directly into a base fluid;
Best for metallic nanofluids.
One-step physical method is not suitable for synthesizing
nanofluids in large scale and the cost is also high.

TWO STEP TECHNIQUE:

Fig: Two step preparation process of nanofluids

Nanoparticles was first produced as dry powders and

dispersed into the base fluids with the help of ultrasonic
agitation.
Good for oxides nanoparticles.
Most economic method.
To increase the stability, surfactant is also used.

TRANSIENT HOT-WIRE METHOD (THW):

Fig: Construction details of test Section

knf =

Fig: Schematic diagram of experimental setup for measuring CuO nanofluid dynamic viscosity

Fig: Photographic view of Brook field viscometer apparatus

Fig: Variation of absolute viscosity with the temperature

Hilding et al. conducted this expt. With water-propylene glycol based CuO nanofluid, the
measured viscosity of the CuO nanofluids was observed to be decreasing exponentially with an
increase in the nanofluid temperature .
It can be also observed from the results that the trend in the change of viscosity with temperature
for all the concentrations of CuO nanofluid is similar.

HEAT CONDUCTION MECHANISMS IN NANOFLUIDS:

The four possible mechanisms in nano fluids which may
contribute to thermal conduction are,
(i)

Brownian motion of Nano particles.

(ii) Liquid layering at the liquid/particle interface.

(iii) Ballistic nature of heat transport in nanoparticles.
(iv) Nano particle clustering in Nano fluids.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF

NANOFLUIDS:

EFFECT OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS

CONDUCTIVITY OF NANOFLUIDS:

TEMPERATURE:

Fig: Variation of thermal conductivity of CuO nanofluids with

temperatures for different volume concentrations

ON

THERMAL

PARTICAL SIZE:

Fig: Effect of particle size for CuO in ethylene glycol

VOLUME CONCENTRATION:

Fig: Effect of volume concentration of SiC in water

APPLICATIONS OF NANOFLUIDS

Industrial cooling applications

Space and defense vehicles

Solar absorption

Transformer cooling

Transportation

CONCLUSIONS

Nanofluids, i.e., well-dispersed metallic nanoparticles at low volume

fractions in liquids, enhance the mixtures thermal conductivity over the
base-fluid values.

Nanofluids provide a promising technical selection for enhancing heat

transfer.

The performance of nanofluid critically depends upon the size, quantity

(volume percentage), shape and distribution of dispersoids, and their
ability to remain suspended.

Development of suitable surfactants for better stability of nanofluids

may be a topic of interest.

Fault free economic production technique is the most important thing

for the commercialization of nanofluids.