University of San-Jose Recoletos

Cebu City

Senior High School Department

TEACHING-LEARNING GUIDE
AY 2018-2019

Grade : 11 Quarter: 1st

Subject Title : General Mathematics No. of Hours: 4 hours

TOPIC
Logical Equivalence
CONTENT STANDARD:
The Learners demonstrate an understanding of the key concepts of propositional logic; syllogisms and fallacies.
PERFROMANCE STANDARD:
The Learners shall be able to appropriately apply a method of proof and disproof in real-life situations.
FORMATION STANDARD:
The students will be able to independently use their learning to put forth an argument in a logical and respectful
manner, stand up to something they believe in choose to be truthful at all times, even when it is difficult.

Lesson Learning Strategies

Stages
Introduction 1. The learning competencies for the topic will be presented to the class.
2. As a review, let the learners to construct the truth tables of the conjunction
(p→q) ˄ (q→p ) and biconditional p↔q.

p q (p→q) ˄ (q→p ) p↔q.

T T
T F
F T
F F
table 1

Motivation 3. From the table 1’s output, let the students observe the output through this guide
questions.
GUIDE QUESTIONS:
a. What have you observe of the output of the third column?
b. What have you observe of the output of the fourth column?
c. What is your conclusion? Or its relationship between third column and
fourth column? Or are there any relationship between them?

3. For the lecture, the teacher will ask this question to the class, “What do you
Instruction/Delive mean by logically equivalent?”
ry 4. Learner’s answers will be processed.

Discussion Input

LC 47.
Illustrates different
types of
tautologies and
fallacies  The logical equivalence between propositions is analogous to the concept of
equality between numbers.

5. The teacher will show Example1 to apply the logical equivalence between two
proposition. As shown below:

, we shall call this equivalence the Switcheroo

law.

Solution. We show that (p→q) and (~p) V q have the same truth tables.
The third and fifth columns show that (p→q) and (~p) V q have the same truth
tables. Hence (p→q) ↔ [(~p) V q].

Alternate solution. We can show that (p→q) ↔ [(~p) V q] is a tautology.

The final column shows that (p→q) ↔ [(~p) V q] is a tautology.

- A tautology is a statement/propositional form that is always TRUE.

- The negation of any tautology is a contradiction, and The negation of any

contradiction is a tautology.

- A contradiction is a statement that is always FALSE.

- A contingency is a propositional form that is neither a tautology nor a

contradiction.

6. “ I am expert”. The learners will be grouped having 10 members each group.

7. Each group will be given the Table of Logical Equivalences. Then they will
appoint a leader to assign each member a topic or law to analyze and discuss it to
the group.
8. The group will be given 15 minutes for this activity. Four minutes to prepare and
analyze the assign topic or law and 1 minute to discuss it in the group.

 The following table presents logical equivalences which are commonly used
in logical manipulations.

9. After the activity,5. The teacher will show Example2 to apply the given table of
logical equivalence.

Solution. On way to do this is to show that ~ (p → q) and p ˄ ( ~q) have the same
truth tables. However, in this example, we use logical equivalences to transform ~
(p → q) into p ˄ ( ~q); As shown in the table below:
 LC 46. 10. From the above table, let the students observe the output through this guide
Illustrates the questions.
different forms of GUIDE QUESTIONS:
conditional A. Why do we use Switcheroo to transform its equivalence?
proportions. B. Why do we use De Morgan’s Laws to transform its equivalence?
C. Why do we use Double Negation to transform its equivalence?
D. What is your conclusion? Or are there any relationship between them?

11. The teacher will show Example3. Let p and q be propositions. Construct the
truth tables of the following conditionals: p→ q, q → p, ~ p → ~q, ~ q → ~ p.

Solution. The combined truth table is given below.

12. The teacher will process the solution which states that:

Practice 13. Show the following logical equivalences (a) using truth table and (b) using the
known logical equivalences.

Enrichment 14. Show that completing the table below:

Evaluation 15. Show that completing the table below:

Prepared by: MRS. TIMELYN L. CENIZA

Subject Teacher/s

Checked by: JOHN NICKO M. COYOCA

 Cluster Head, Math and Research

Approved by: MRS. NILA N. GARCIA

Principal